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Yanayin muhalli

Daga Wikipedia, Insakulofidiya ta kyauta.

Tsarin muhalli, ko yanayin yanayi, shine canji a cikin abubuwan biotic_component" ="Abiotic component">abiotic (marasa rai) ta hanyar sarari (ko lokaci). Matsalolin muhalli na iya danganta da dalilai kamar tsawo, zurfin, zafin jiki, danshi na ƙasa da hazo. Sau da yawa, abubuwa masu yawa na rayuwa (rayayyu) suna da alaƙa da waɗannan gradients; sakamakon canji a cikin Yanayin muhalli, abubuwa kamar yawan jinsuna, yawan jama'a, morphology, yawan aiki na farko, farauta, da daidaitawa na gida na iya tasiri.[1]

Bambance-bambance a cikin matsakaicin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara a fadin iyakantaccen kewayon (a nan, Afirka) na iya zama yanayin muhalli.

Tasirin kwayar cuta

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

An yi nazarin rarraba nau'in nau'in nau'in gradients na muhalli sosai saboda manyan bayanan bayanan kasancewar jinsuna (misali GBIF).  Abubuwan da ke tattare da kwayoyin halitta gradients na iya samun tasiri kai tsaye kan rayuwar kwayoyin halitta.  Gabaɗaya, rarrabawar kwayoyin halitta yana da alaƙa da waɗannan abubuwan ƙwayoyin cuta, amma har ma da yanayin muhalli na nau'in kwayoyin halitta guda ɗaya yana ba da haske game da yadda rarraba nau'ikan zai iya kama.  Misali, bangarori na shimfidar wuri kamar abun da ke cikin kasa, zafin jiki, da hazo duk abubuwan da ke haifar da ingantacciyar ra'ayi na yankin da ake zaune da nau'in tsiro zai iya mamayewa;  bayani kan ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan abubuwan na iya taimakawa wajen samar da yanayin yanayin muhalli wanda za'a iya samar da rarrabuwar nau'ikan kusanci.  Hakazalika, tare da rafi-ƙasa na kogin, ƙungiyoyin kifin (ƙungiyoyi) na iya bambanta a cikin nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'i da nau'i daban-daban;  An lura da wuraren zama na sama, waɗanda suka kasance a cikin tudu mafi girma, don haɓaka nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan halaye.  Tare da manyan yankuna mafi tsananin jin tasirin sauyin yanayi kuma ana danganta waɗannan tasirin da haɓaka nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan a cikin yankuna da abin ya shafa, wannan muhimmin abin la'akari ne wajen ba da fifikon wuraren zama don ƙoƙarin kiyayewa A ecotone, nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan suna canzawa cikin sauri idan aka kwatanta da gradient na muhalli..

Hadin gwiwar kwayoyin halitta

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Kodayake yanayin muhalli ya ƙunshi sauyawa a hankali da kuma abubuwan da za a iya hangowa na wani abu na abiotic, akwai karfi tsakanin abubuwan da suka shafi biotic-biotic da kuma abubuwan biotic-abiotic. Misali, yawan jinsuna yawanci yana canzawa tare da yanayin muhalli a hanyar da za a iya hangowa. Koyaya, yawan nau'in tare da gradient na muhalli ba wai kawai an ƙayyade shi ta hanyar abiotic factor da ke da alaƙa da gradient ba amma, ta hanyar canji a cikin hulɗar halittu, kamar gasa da farauta, tare da gradiant na muhallu.[2][3]

Daidaitawa na cikin gida tare da yanayin muhalli

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Dangane da girman wuri mai faɗi da kuma kwayar halitta tsakanin al'ummomi, daidaitawa na gida na iya tasowa tsakanin al'ummar da ke zaune a wurare biyu na wuri mai faɗi. Tsakanin adawa a cikin yanayin abiotic da ke fuskantar tsakanin jama'a da rashin daidaitattun kwayoyin halitta na iya gabatar da yanayin da jama'a biyu ke iya rarrabewa.[4] Sau da yawa lokacin da ake kwatanta dacewa ko dabi'u na phenotypic a fadin yanayin muhalli, ana daidaita bayanai a cikin tsarin amsawa. Ta wannan hanyar, mutum na iya kimanta sauye-sauye kai tsaye a fadin wani wuri mai faɗi na wani nau'in jinsin ko kwatanta lafiya jiki da nau'ikan jama'a a cikin jinsin a fadin yanayin muhalli (musamman lokacin da ake gudanar da nazarin sakewa).

Tasirin canjin yanayi

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Current[yaushe?] models predict that as climate change intensifies, certain environmental gradients may experience the effects as changing rates of natural processes or impacts on distribution and characteristics of species within them.[5][6][7] Given the interconnectedness of abiotic factors, long-term disturbances of one gradient have the possibility of affecting other gradients.

Halayen ƙasa

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Rashin numfashi a ƙasa, tsarin ƙasa da ke fitar da carbon dioxide a cikin yanayi, yana aiki a matsayin misali na wannan. A yankunan da danshi na ƙasa ba ya iyakancewa (tare da danshi kasancewa babban ɓangare na tsarin numfashi), numfashi na ƙasa yana ƙaruwa tare da hauhawar yanayin zafi; don haka, alamu na numfashi suna samar da gradient, kuma ana lura da hayaki mafi girma a cikin yanayin halittu mai zafi. Hakazalika, yawan hazo yana da kyakkyawar alaƙa da numfashi (kamar yadda danshi ba ya zama abin iyakancewa). Don haka, ba wai kawai shi ne gradient nasa ba (ma'aunin hazo a fadin kewayon), har ma yana haɗawa da gradient na numfashi kuma yana tasiri.[8]

Tsawon tsawo

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Girman tsawo shine mahimmin la'akari wajen fahimtar tsarin ƙaura saboda tasirin dumamar duniya. Yayin da yanayin zafi ke ƙaruwa, itatuwan da suka dace da yanayin zafi za su yi ƙaura zuwa tudu don samun damar hasken rana, kuma ta haka ne yawan itatuwa masu sanyi ko sanyi da wuraren da suka dace su za su ragu.[9]

Yanayin muhalli a cikin al'umma

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Rarraba radiation da ke tafiya waje daga shafin da Bala'in nukiliya na Fukushima Daiichi ya samar da yanayin muhalli na mutum a tsibirin Honshu na Japan.

Gudun muhalli ba'a iyakance su ga bambance-bambance na halitta a cikin abubuwan muhalli a fadin kewayon; an kuma halicce su ta hanyar aikin ɗan adam da masana'antu. Rashin gurɓataccen iska yana nan a matsayin yanayin muhalli a yankunan da ke dauke da tsire-tsire masu amfani da wutar lantarki, masana'antu, da sauran wuraren da ke fitar da gurɓata, kamar guba na muhalli, kamar ƙarfe mai nauyi, radiation, da magungunan kashe kwari; gabaɗaya magana, maida hankali yana raguwa yayin da nisa daga asalin wurin ya karu.[10][11][12] Bambance-bambance a cikin bayyanar waɗannan abubuwa a duk faɗin jama'a saboda kusanci da asalin shafin ya zama babban damuwa ga masu gwagwarmayar muhalli da kiwon lafiya na jama'a, waɗanda suka ambaci bambancin kiwon lafiya da ke da alaƙa da waɗannan gradients a matsayin damuwa game da Adalci na muhalli. [13][14]

  1. ↑ Floret, C.; Galan, M. J.; LeFloc'h, E.; Orshan, G.; Romane, F. (1990). "Growth forms and phenomorphology traits along an environmental gradient: tools for studying vegetation?". Journal of Vegetation Science (in Turanci). 1 (1): 71–80. doi:10.2307/3236055. ISSN 1654-1103. JSTOR 3236055.
  2. ↑ Rydgren, Knut; Økland, Rune Halvorsen; Økland, Tonje (2003). "Species response curves along environmental gradients. A case study from SE Norwegian swamp forests". Journal of Vegetation Science (in Turanci). 14 (6): 869–880. doi:10.1111/j.1654-1103.2003.tb02220.x. ISSN 1654-1103.
  3. ↑ Werner, Earl E.; McPeek, Mark A. (1994). "Direct and Indirect Effects of Predators on Two Anuran Species along an Environmental Gradient". Ecology. 75 (5): 1368–1382. doi:10.2307/1937461. ISSN 0012-9658. JSTOR 1937461.
  4. ↑ Hereford, Joe; Winn, Alice A. (2008). "Limits to local adaptation in six populations of the annual plant Diodia teres". The New Phytologist. 178 (4): 888–896. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.2008.02405.x. ISSN 1469-8137. PMID 18384510.
  5. ↑ Pardi, Melissa I.; Graham, Russell W. (2019). "Changes in small mammal communities throughout the late Quaternary across eastern environmental gradients of the United States". Quaternary International (in Turanci). 530-531: 80–87. Bibcode:2019QuInt.530...80P. doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2018.05.041. S2CID 134434800.
  6. ↑ Wehn, Sølvi; Lundemo, Sverre; Holten, Jarle I. (2014). "Alpine vegetation along multiple environmental gradients and possible consequences of climate change". Alpine Botany (in Turanci). 124 (2): 155–164. doi:10.1007/s00035-014-0136-9. ISSN 1664-2201. S2CID 16764321.
  7. ↑ Henry, P.; Russello, M. A. (2013). "Adaptive divergence along environmental gradients in a climate-change-sensitive mammal". Ecology and Evolution (in Turanci). 3 (11): 3906–3917. doi:10.1002/ece3.776. ISSN 2045-7758. PMC 3810883. PMID 24198948.
  8. ↑ Reynolds, Lorien L.; Johnson, Bart R.; Pfeifer-Meister, Laurel; Bridgham, Scott D. (2015). "Soil respiration response to climate change in Pacific Northwest prairies is mediated by a regional Mediterranean climate gradient". Global Change Biology (in Turanci). 21 (1): 487–500. Bibcode:2015GCBio..21..487R. doi:10.1111/gcb.12732. ISSN 1354-1013. PMID 25205511. S2CID 205142081.
  9. ↑ Ruiz-Labourdette, Diego; Nogués-Bravo, David; Ollero, Helios Sáinz; Schmitz, María F.; Pineda, Francisco D. (2012). "Forest composition in Mediterranean mountains is projected to shift along the entire elevational gradient under climate change: Forest dynamics under climate change". Journal of Biogeography (in Turanci). 39 (1): 162–176. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2699.2011.02592.x. S2CID 82037043.
  10. ↑ Semenova, Yuliya; Pivina, Lyudmila; Zhunussov, Yersin; Zhanaspayev, Marat; Chirumbolo, Salvatore; Muzdubayeva, Zhanna; Bjørklund, Geir (2020). "Radiation-related health hazards to uranium miners". Environmental Science and Pollution Research (in Turanci). 27 (28): 34808–34822. doi:10.1007/s11356-020-09590-7. ISSN 0944-1344. PMID 32638305. S2CID 220398252.
  11. ↑ Tsai, Wen-Tien (2005). "An overview of environmental hazards and exposure risk of hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs)". Chemosphere (in Turanci). 61 (11): 1539–1547. Bibcode:2005Chmsp..61.1539T. doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2005.03.084. PMID 15936055.
  12. ↑ Ameh, Thelma; Sayes, Christie M. (2019). "The potential exposure and hazards of copper nanoparticles: A review". Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology (in Turanci). 71. doi:10.1016/j.etap.2019.103220. PMID 31306862. S2CID 196810894.
  13. ↑ Evans, Gary W.; Kantrowitz, Elyse (2002). "Socioeconomic Status and Health: The Potential Role of Environmental Risk Exposure". Annual Review of Public Health (in Turanci). 23 (1): 303–331. doi:10.1146/annurev.publhealth.23.112001.112349. ISSN 0163-7525. PMID 11910065.
  14. ↑ Lauriola, Paolo; Crabbe, Helen; Behbod, Behrooz; Yip, Fuyuen; Medina, Sylvia; Semenza, Jan C.; Vardoulakis, Sotiris; Kass, Dan; Zeka, Ariana; Khonelidze, Irma; Ashworth, Matthew (2020-03-17). "Advancing Global Health through Environmental and Public Health Tracking". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health (in Turanci). 17 (6): 1976. doi:10.3390/ijerph17061976. ISSN 1660-4601. PMC 7142667. PMID 32192215.
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