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Yanayin yanayi na Brazil

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Yanayin yanayi na Brazil
climate of geographic location (en) Fassara
Bayanai
FuskarBrazil da yanayi
ƘasaBrazil
Nau'ikan yanayi na Köppen na Brazil
Yanayin yanayi na teku a lokacin hunturu, tare da dusar ƙanƙara a Caxias do Sul, Yankin Kudu
Yanayin zafi a lokacin rani, a Porto de Galinhas, yankin Arewa maso gabas

Sauyin yanayi a Brazil ya bambanta sosai daga mafi yawan arewacin wurare masu zafi (ma'auni yana ratsa bakin Amazon) zuwa yankuna masu matsakaici a kudancin Tropic na Capricorn (23 ° 26 'S latitude). [1]

Yanayin zafi

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Yanayin zafi a arewacin Tropic na Capricorn, musamman a yankunan da ke ƙasa, suna da girma, matsakaicin sama da 25 °C (77 °F) ° C (77 ° F), amma ba su kai ga matsanancin lokacin rani har zuwa 40 °C (104 °F) ° C (104 ° F) a cikin yankuna masu matsakaici ba. Akwai ƙananan bambancin yanayi kusa da ma'auni ban da yawan ruwan sama. Matsakaicin yanayin zafi a ƙasa da Tropic na Capricorn yana da sauƙi, daga 13 °C (55 °F) ° C (55 ° F) zuwa 22 °C (72 °F) ° C (72 ° F).

Mafi girman zafin jiki da aka yi rajista a Brazil ya kasance 44.8 °C (112.6 °F) ° C (112.6 ° F) a Araçuaí, jihar Minas Gerais, a ranar 19 ga Nuwamba 2023.[2] Mafi ƙarancin zafin jiki da aka rubuta a Brazil ya kasance -14 ° C (7 ° F) a Caçador, jihar Santa Catarina, a ranar 11 ga Yuni 1952. Koyaya, taron koli na Morro da Igreja, dutse da ke cikin garin Urubici, kuma a cikin Santa Catarina, ya rubuta zafin jiki na -17.8 ° C (0.0 ° F) a ranar 30 ga Yuni 1996 ba bisa ka'ida ba. Akwai sanyi a kudancin Tropic na Capricorn a lokacin hunturu (Yuni-Satumba).

Kodayake mafi yawan Brazil suna cikin wurare masu zafi, fiye da kashi 60 cikin dari na yawan mutanen ƙasar suna zaune a yankunan da ke sanyaya ko dai ta hanyar tsawo, iskar teku ko gaban polar. Wasu biranen bakin teku na Rio de Janeiro, Recife da Salvador na iya samun zafi sosai, tare da yanayin zafi sama da 40 °C (104 °F) ° C (104 ° F) a cikin raƙuman zafi. Misali, Rio ta kai 43.2 °C (110 °F) ° C (110 ° F) a ranar 26 ga Disamba 2012.[3] Koyaya, biranen tsaunuka kamar São Paulo, Brasília da Belo Horizonte suna da yanayi mai sauƙi, kuma biranen kudancin Porto Alegre da Curitiba suna da hunturu mai sauƙi, amma yayin da Curitiva ke da lokacin rani mai dumi saboda matsakaicin tsawo na mita 934.6 (3,066 , Porto Alegra yana da lokacin zafi, tare da matsakaicin matsakaicin tsayi na mita 10 kawai (33 .

Duk da shahararren hoton Amazon Rainforest a matsayin yanki mai zafi da zafi, yanayin zafi sama da 35 °C (95 °F) ° C (95 ° F) ba sabon abu ba ne. Matsakaicin zafin jiki na shekara-shekara a yankin shine 22 zuwa 26 ° C (72 zuwa 79 ° F), ba tare da bambanci mai yawa tsakanin watanni mafi zafi da mafi sanyi ba. Duk da haka, a wasu lokuta iska mai zurfi yana rinjayar yanayi, yana haifar da zafin jiki ya sauka ƙasa da 18 °C (64.4 °F) ° C (64.4 ° F). [4] Garin da ke cikin gandun daji na Cruzeiro do Sul ya yi rikodin yanayin zafi a ƙasa da 2.5 °C (36.5 °F) ° C (36.5 ° F) sau biyu.[5]

Yankin da ya fi zafi a Brazil shine arewa maso gabas, inda ake yin rikodin Yanayin zafi sama da 38 ° C (100 ° F) akai-akai a lokacin fari tsakanin Mayu da Nuwamba. Tare da gabar tekun Atlantika daga Recife zuwa Rio de Janeiro, matsakaicin yanayin zafi ya kasance daga 23 zuwa 27 ° C (73 zuwa 81 ° F). A cikin ƙasa, a ƙasa mafi girma, yanayin zafi ya fi ƙasa, daga 19 zuwa 21 ° C (66 zuwa 70 ° F). Kudancin Rio lokutan sun fi bayyanawa kuma kewayon yanayin zafi ya fi girma, tare da matsakaicin shekara-shekara yana faɗuwa tsakanin 17 da 19 ° C (63 da 66 ° F). Biranen Belo Horizonte da Brasília suna da matsakaicin yanayin zafi, yawanci tsakanin 15 da 30 ° C (59 da 86 ° F), saboda tsayinsu na mita 852 (2,795 [6] da mita 1,172 (3,845 bi da bi. Rio de Janeiro, Recife, da Salvador a bakin tekun suna da yanayi mai dumi, tare da matsakaicin yanayin zafi na kowane wata daga 23 zuwa 27 ° C (73 zuwa 81 ° F), amma suna jin daɗin iskar kasuwanci koyaushe. An san biranen São Paulo, Curitiba, Florianópolis da Porto Alegre suna da yanayi mai zafi, wanda ya bambanta da tsakiya da arewacin Brazil. Bugu da ƙari, ya kamata a lura cewa hunturu sau da yawa sun fi kama da na Florida, kuma yanayin zafi ba ya sauka ƙasa da daskarewa a cikin hunturu.  

Ruwan sama

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Matsakaicin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara a Brazil 1962 - 2014
Snow a Caxias do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul a cikin 2013

Matakan hazo sun bambanta a ko'ina cikin Brazil.  Yawancin Brazil suna da matsakaicin ruwan sama tsakanin 1,000 da 1,500 mm (39 da 59 a) a shekara, tare da yawancin ruwan sama yana faɗowa a lokacin rani (tsakanin Disamba da Afrilu) kudancin Equator.  Yankin Amazon sanannen ɗanshi ne, tare da ruwan sama sama da 2,000 mm (79 in) a kowace shekara kuma yana kaiwa sama da 3,000 mm (118 in) a sassan yammacin Amazon da kusa da Belém.  Ba a san kowa ba cewa, duk da yawan hazo na shekara-shekara, dajin Amazon yana da lokacin rani na watanni uku zuwa biyar, wanda lokacinsa ya bambanta bisa ga wurin arewa ko kudancin yankin equator.  Misali, lokacin rani a Boa Vista ya bambanta da na Manaus.

Matsayin hazo mai girma kuma na yau da kullun a cikin Amazon ya bambanta sosai da bushewar yankin arewa maso gabas, inda ruwan sama ke da wahala sosai kuma ana samun fari mai tsanani a hawan keke na tsawon shekaru bakwai.  Arewa maso gabas ita ce yanki mafi bushewa a cikin kasar, tare da rashin ruwan sama da kuma amfanin gona da ke fafutukar noma.  Misali Quixeramobim yana samun milimita 560 na ruwan sama kawai a shekara.  Yankin kuma ya kasance yanki mafi zafi na Brazil, inda a lokacin rani tsakanin Mayu da Nuwamba, ana yawan samun zafi sama da 40 °C (104 °F).  Duk da haka, sertão, yanki na ciyayi na jeji da ake amfani da su da farko don kiwo mai ƙarancin yawa, ya zama kore lokacin da ake ruwan sama.  Yawancin Cibiyar-Yamma tana da milimita 1,500 zuwa 2,000 (59 zuwa 79 in) na ruwan sama a kowace shekara, tare da bayyana lokacin rani a tsakiyar shekara.  Misali, Campo Grande yana da lokacin rani daga Yuni zuwa Satumba da kuma lokacin damina na sauran shekara.[2][3]  A lokacin damina a birane kamar Campo Grande, ambaliya na iya zama matsala saboda tsananin ruwan sama da zai iya faruwa cikin kankanin lokaci[4].  Ambaliyar ruwa kuma ta kasance babban batu a biranen da ba a damina kamar Porto Alegre.  Kudu da yankunan Gabas ba su da wani lokacin rani na musamman.  Brazil ta fuskanci fari mai kisa da muni a cikin wasu shekaru..

Ruwan sama mafi tsanani a Brazil yana faɗuwa a kusa da bakin Amazon kusa da birnin Belém, da kuma yankunan sama na Amazonia inda sama da millimeters 2,000 (79 in) na ruwan sama ke faɗuwa kowace shekara. Misali, Belém yana karɓar 3,084 millimeters (121.4 in) na ruwan sama a kowace shekara.[7] Yanayin zafi yana ba da damar tsire-tsire da yawa su girma a nan. Yawancin Brazil suna da ruwan sama mai matsakaici tsakanin 1,000 da 1,500 millimeters (39 da 59 in) a shekara, mafi yawansu suna zuwa tsakanin Disamba da Afrilu.

Ruwan dusar ƙanƙara

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Snow a Brazil sau da yawa yakan faru a cikin hunturu a cikin tsaunuka na Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina, da Paraná, kuma yana da wuya a ƙananan tsaunuka. Yana yiwuwa, amma yana da wuya, a cikin jihohin São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, Minas Gerais, da Mato Grosso do Sul. Mafi girman dusar ƙanƙara da aka rubuta a ƙasar ya faru ne a Vacaria a ranar 7 ga watan Agusta 1879, lokacin da fiye da mita 2 (79 inci) na dusar ƙara ya tara a ƙasa. Sauran manyan dusar ƙanƙara inda fiye da mita 1 (39 inci) na dusar ƙara ya tara ya faru a ranar 20 ga Yuli 1957 a São Joaquim da 15 ga Yuni 1985, a Pico das Agulhas Negras . [8] São Joaquim yana da kwanakin dusar ƙanƙara mafi yawa a kowane yanki a Brazil.[9]

An rubuta dusar ƙanƙara a Curitiba a cikin shekaru da yawa, [10] [11] amma ba ta tara sosai ba tun 1975. [12] A cikin 2013, dusar ƙanƙara ta buge kananan hukumomi da yawa, gami da Curitiba . [13][14] Snow kuma ya faru a Porto Alegre, amma yana da wuya sosai.[15][16]

Yanayi mai tsanani

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Guguwar Catarina a ranar 26 ga Maris 2004
Guguwar Subtropical Ubá ta haifar da mutuwar mutum goma sha biyar

Saboda tafkin Kudancin Atlantic gabaɗaya ba yanayi ne mai kyau ga ci gaban su ba, Brazil ba ta da ƙarancin guguwa na wurare masu zafi. Cibiyoyin jama'ar da ke bakin teku na kasar ana daukar su da karancin nauyi tare da buƙatar shirya don guguwa, kamar yadda biranen da ke da irin wannan latitudes a Amurka da Asiya. A cikin shekara ta 2011, Cibiyar Ruwa ta Brazil ta fara ba da sunaye hukuma ga Guguwa ta wurare masu zafi da ke tasowa a cikin yankin da take da alhakin, wanda ke yammacin 20 ° W, lokacin da suka sami saurin iska mai ɗorewa na kilomita 65 a kowace awa (40 da kuma sama.[17]

Guguwar Catarina ita ce guguwa ta farko kuma kawai ta Kudancin Atlantic da ta kai ƙarfin guguwa, kuma ta shafi Santa Catarina a matsayin guguwa na 2 a shekara ta 2004. [18] [19][20] Ya kai saurin iska na 155 km / h (100 mph) da matsin lamba na 972 millibars.[21] Guguwar ta lalata wuraren da ake kera jiragen ruwa da gonakin amfanin gona da yawa, kuma talakawa sun fi shafa.[22] Akalla mutane 2,000 sun rasa gida saboda guguwar.  

Sauran raunanan cyclones na subtropical kuma na iya haifar da lalacewa.  A cikin 2015, Subtropical Storm Cari ya haifar da ambaliya da zabtarewar ƙasa zuwa wasu biranen Santa Catarina da Rio Grande do Sul.   A cikin 2020, gaba da ke da alaƙa da Subtropical Storm Kurumí sun taka rawa wajen lalata ambaliyar ruwa da zabtarewar laka, tare da ruwan sama mai yawa.  An samu ruwan sama mai yawa a Greater Belo Horizonte, lamarin da ya janyo zaftarewar kasa wanda ya yi sanadiyar mutuwar mutane uku tare da bata mutum daya.   Daga baya a waccan shekarar, guguwar da ke karkashin kasa ta shafi jihar Espírito Santo, tare da zabtarewar kasa ta bar mutane sama da 400.[3]  A cikin 2021, Subtropical Storm Ubá ya kashe mutane goma sha biyar tare da haifar da ambaliya da lalacewa.[4][5][6]  Sama da kananan hukumomi 30 a Bahia ne suka sanya dokar ta baci saboda guguwar.   A watan Mayun 2022, Guguwar Yakecan ta Yakecan ta kashe mutane biyu a Brazil da Uruguay.   Saboda katsewar igiyoyin wutar lantarki, sama da mutane 220,000 ne katsewar wutar ta shafa sakamakon guguwar.[10]

Manazarta

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  1. ↑ Sánchez-Dávila, Gabriel (15 Sep 2022). "Clasificación climática de Sudamérica". ArcGIS StoryMaps (in Spanish). Retrieved 6 November 2024.CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  2. ↑ "Calor de 44,8°C: Araçuaí (MG) tem o dia mais quente no histórico de medições do Brasil, diz Inmet". G1. 2023-11-20. Retrieved 2023-11-20.
  3. ↑ "Temperatura desta quarta no Rio é recorde histórico, diz Inmet" (in Harshen Potugis). G1 Rio de Janeiro. 26 December 2012. Retrieved 8 September 2012.
  4. ↑ "Frente fria deve atingir Manaus e temperatura pode cair para 18°C" (in Harshen Potugis). G1 Amazonas. 24 July 2013. Archived from the original on 23 February 2015. Retrieved 9 April 2015.
  5. ↑ "Station Cruzeiro do Sul" (in French). Meteo Climat. Retrieved 20 October 2018.CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  6. ↑ "Estudo realiza medição de altitudes em Belo Horizonte". Prefeitura Belo Horizonte. 20 November 2017. Retrieved 15 November 2021.
  7. ↑ "Precipitação Acumulada Mensal e Anual (mm)" (in Harshen Potugis). Brazilian National Institute of Meteorology. 1981–2010. Archived from the original on February 1, 2022. Retrieved August 14, 2020.
  8. ↑ "Parque Nacional do Itatiaia". Archived from the original on 2014-12-04. Retrieved 2014-02-25.
  9. ↑ "São Joaquim é a cidade que mais neva no Brasil, diz autor – CLMais | Correio Lageano". clmais.com.br (in Harshen Potugis). 19 August 2018. Retrieved 2018-10-11.
  10. ↑ "SYNOP: SUMMARIZED DATA FOR CURITIBA". Mundomanz. Archived from the original on 12 July 2015. Retrieved 25 July 2013.
  11. ↑ "METAR: Weather History for Curitiba, Brazil". Weather Underground. Archived from the original on 2 December 2013. Retrieved 25 July 2013.
  12. ↑ Povo, Gazeta do. "Curitiba amanhecia branca de neve em 17 de julho de 1975. Relembre em fotos". Gazeta do Povo (in Harshen Potugis). Archived from the original on 15 December 2021. Retrieved 2022-03-30.
  13. ↑ "Historic snowfall in the cover of main newspapers". METSUL Meteorologia. 2013. Archived from the original on 2016-06-26. Retrieved 2018-11-07.
  14. ↑ "Institute confirms snow in Curitiba". 2013-07-23.
  15. ↑ "Porto Alegre registra granizo em dia mais quente de 2014, diz meteorologia". G1.globo.com. 18 January 2014. Archived from the original on 13 October 2017. Retrieved 12 October 2017.
  16. ↑ "Frio se intensifica no RS e Porto Alegre pode ter neve nesta quinta". G1.globo.com. 4 June 2012. Archived from the original on 13 October 2017. Retrieved 12 October 2017.
  17. ↑ "Normas Da Autoridade Marítima Para As Atividades De Meteorologia Marítima" (PDF) (in Harshen Potugis). Brazilian Navy. 2011. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 February 2015. Retrieved 5 October 2018.
  18. ↑ Department of Meteorology, e-Education Institute. "Upper-Level Lows". Meteorology 241: Fundamentals of Tropical Forecasting. Pennsylvania State University. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 24 October 2006.
  19. ↑ Pessa, Alexandre B.; Ian Simmonds (April 2006). "Catarina: The First South Atlantic Hurricane and its Association with Vertical Wind Shear and High Latitude Blocking" (PDF). 8th International Conference on Southern Hemisphere Meteorology and Oceanography. University of Melbourne. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 June 2007. Retrieved 24 December 2006.
  20. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named "Catarina".
  21. ↑ McTaggart-Cowan, R., Bosart, L. F., Davis, C. A., Atallah, E. H., Gyakum, J. R., and Emanuel, K. A. (November 2006). "Analysis of Hurricane Catarina (2004)". Monthly Weather Review. 134 (11): 3029–53. Bibcode:2006MWRv..134.3029M. doi:10.1175/MWR3330.1.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  22. ↑ Marcelino, Emerson Vieira; Isabela Pena Viana de Oliveira Marcelino; Frederico de Moraes Rudorff (2004). "Cyclone Catarina: Damage and Vulnerability Assessment" (PDF). Santa Catarina Federal University. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 24 December 2006.
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