Yanayin yanayi na Zacatecas
Zacatecas, a bisa hukuma ta Zacatecas 'yanci da ikon mallaka, [b] ɗaya ce daga cikin jihohi 31 na Mexico. An raba shi zuwa gundumomi 58 kuma babban birninta shine Zacatecas.Mexico.[lower-alpha 1] An raba shi zuwa kananan hukumomi 58 kuma babban birninta shine Zacatecas .
Tana cikin arewa maso tsakiyar Mexico kuma tana da iyaka da jihohin Durango zuwa arewa maso yamma, Coahuila zuwa arewa, Nayarit zuwa yamma, San Luis Potosí da Nuevo León zuwa gabas, da Jalisco, Guanajuato da Aguascalientes zuwa kudu. An fi saninta da wadatattun ajiyar azurfa da sauran ma'adanai, gine-ginen mulkin mallaka da muhimmancinsa a lokacin Juyin Juya Halin Mexico. Babban ayyukan tattalin arzikinta sune hakar ma'adinai, noma da yawon bude ido.
Zacatecas tana cikin tsakiyar arewacin Mexico, kuma tana rufe yanki na 75,2 km2, jiha ta goma mafi girma a kasar.[1][2][3] Yana da iyaka da jihohin Nayarit, Jalisco, Aguascalientes, San Luis Potosí, Coahuila da Durango kuma an raba shi zuwa kananan hukumomi 58 da garuruwa 4,882, birane da sauran al'ummomi.[3][4]
Jihar tana da matsakaicin tsawo na mita 2230 sama da matakin teku, tare da babban birnin a 2,496 masl.[3] Jihar tana da manyan yankuna uku, Sierra Madre Occidental a yamma, Mexican Plateau da Sierra Madre Oriental. Yawancin su suna cikin Sierra Madre Occidental tare da tsaunuka masu tsawo sama da mita 2,500 sama da matakin teku. Duwatsun kudu maso gabas da arewa maso gabas sun fi ƙasa amma akwai manyan kwari kamar Juchipila da Tlaltenango. Yawancin yankin suna da ƙananan mesas da sauran yankuna masu laushi. A tsakiyar jihar akwai karamin tsaunuka da ake kira Sierra de Fresnillo, daga inda yawancin arzikin ma'adanai na jihar ya fito. A cikin iyakar arewa maso yamma akwai wani muhimmin jerin dutse da ake kira Sierra de Sombrerete, wanda dutse mai suna Sombreretillo ya nuna, wanda shine muhimmin tushen arzikin ma'adinai. Kusa da wannan sarkar akwai wani da ake kira Sierra de Órganos . [4]
Babu manyan koguna da ke ratsa cikin jihar kuma galibin magudanan ruwa suna gudana ne kawai a lokacin damina. Jihar wani bangare ne na basin ruwa guda biyu. Kudu maso gabas na jihar na cikin rafin Lerma, wanda a ƙarshe ya mamaye tekun Pacific. Kogin da ke cikin wannan kwandon sun haɗa da San Pedro, Juchipila, Jerez da Tlaltenango. Sauran kwandon ƙarami ne kuma ƙanƙara, kuma baya komai a cikin kowane teku. Jihar na da madatsun ruwa tamanin da karfinsu ya kai mita miliyan 595,337. Mafi girma daga cikinsu sune Leobardo Reynoso a Fresnillo, Miguel Aleman a Tepechitlan da El Chique a Tabasco. Yawancin ruwan jihar yana karkashin kasa zuwa kashi ashirin. Ana samun waɗannan rijiyoyi sama da 5,800, galibi don amfanin gona..[4]
Yawancin yankin suna da sanyi, yanayin bushe, kodayake yankuna a kudu suna da danshi, tare da mafi yawan ruwan sama da ke faɗuwa tsakanin Yuni da Satumba. Yankunan da suka fi bushewa da sanyi suna cikin arewa maso gabas, wanda aka sani da Salado saboda tabkuna na ruwan gishiri.[3][4] Kashi 75% na jihar ya bushe ko rabin bushe. 14% ana noma shi kuma 79% ya dace da kiwon dabbobi.[4]
Matsakaicin zafin jiki na shekara-shekara shine 16C tare da mafi yawan jihar yana da matsakaici. Watanni mafi sanyi sune daga Nuwamba zuwa Janairu, tare da sanyi ba sabon abu ba. Watan da ya fi zafi shine Yuni. Jihar tana samun matsakaicin ruwan sama na 400mm a kowace shekara galibi a lokacin rani, tare da ɓangaren da ya fi zafi da ruwan sama na jihar yana tare da Sierra Madre Occidental . [3][4]
Yanayin muhalli ya bambanta dangane da taimako, ƙasa da zafin jiki, wanda ke haifar da ciyayi iri-iri, gami da dazuzzuka, goge da ciyayi. Wurare masu ƙazanta suna mamaye da nau'ikan kaktus iri-iri. A kudu mai nisa akwai bishiyun da suke rasa ganye a lokacin sanyi da bazara. Bishiyoyin da aka fi sani a duk fadin jihar sune mesquite, ironwood da palo verde (Parkinsonia). A cikin mafi tsayi, kusa da iyakar Jalisco, akwai gauraye dazuzzuka na Pine da holm itacen oak, tare da na karshen mamaye kan iyaka da Durango da wasu a kan iyaka da San Luis Potosí. Wata bishiya mai ban sha'awa da ke faruwa a Zacatecas ita ce bishiyar giwa (Burserra microphylla). A cikin kwaruruka da filayen ana samun gama gari ana samun kwarya, badgers, quails da agwagwa. Yankin arewacin jihar shi ne gefen kudu na hamadar Chihuahuan don haka yana da wadata da bambancin ilmin halitta. Wannan hamada gida ce ga adadin cacti mai yawa kuma yana daya daga cikin hamadar da ke da bambancin muhalli a duniya.[5]
Tarihi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Sunan jihar ya samo asali ne daga sunan babban birninta, Zacatecas . Wannan kalmar ta samo asali ne daga Nahuatl kuma tana nufin "inda akwai zacate mai yawa (ciyawa) ".[4][6] Alamar jihar tana nuna Cerro de la Bufa, alama ce ta babban birnin, kewaye da makamai na mazauna asali kuma a ƙasa akwai taken Latin Labor omnia vincit ("Aiki yana cin nasara duka"). [4] [7]
Kafin zuwan Mutanen Espanya, manyan kabilun sun hada da Caxcans, Zacatecos, da Guachichils, tare da yiwuwar kishiya tsakanin Guachichil da Caxcan. Tarihin wadannan mutane ba a bayyane yake ba kuma ba a san lokacin da aka kafa ƙauyuka na farko a yankin ba. Tsakanin ƙarni na huɗu da na goma a zamanin Kirista, manyan ƙauyuka da yawa sun haɓaka kamar Altavista, Chalchihuites da La Quemada, waɗanda aka ɗauka a matsayin wani ɓangare na Babban Mesoamerica.[7][6] Yankunan da ke arewacin jihar, ba tare da manyan ƙauyuka ba, sun kasance wani ɓangare na abin da ake kira Aridoamerica, inda mazauna ke rayuwa daga farauta da tarawa.[4] Na farko daga cikin manyan cibiyoyin jama'a sun fito ne tare da Kogin Suchil, Graceros da Guadiana. Shafukan archaeological na yau duk cibiyoyin bikin ne da / ko wuraren kallo a tsakiyar birane.[4]
Ginin Mutanen Espanya na farko a kan iyakokin jihar na yanzu ya kasance a cikin abin da ke yanzu Nochistlan a 1531, asalin Guadalajara. Daga baya aka tura wannan sulhu zuwa wurin da yake a yanzu a Jalisco saboda matsalolin samar da ruwa da hare-haren 'yan asalin ƙasar.[4] Juan na Tolosa ne ya kafa babban birnin tare da goyon bayan Cristobal na Oñate da Pedro Almendez Chirinos a cikin 1546, bayan gano ɗayan hanyoyin azurfa mafi arziki a duniya.[4][7] Koyaya, ba da daɗewa ba yawancin Mutanen Espanya sun koma kudu saboda tashin hankali na asali. Yankin ya kasance mai haɗari ga mazaunin Mutanen Espanya saboda tsananin adawa da 'yan asalin ƙasar. A shekara ta 1541, wani shugaban 'yan asalin da ake kira Tenamextle, wanda aka fi sani da Francisco Tenamaztle da Diego the Aztec, ya yi tawaye, ya kama kuma ya kashe shugaban Mutanen Espanya Miguel de Ibarra. Mutanen Espanya sun ci Caxcans a lokacin Yaƙin Mixtón a cikin shekarun 1540. Tenamextle ya tsere wa yaƙin kuma ya ci gaba da shirya tawaye a kan Mutanen Espanya. Koyaya, Mutanen Espanya sun ci gaba da turawa zuwa Zacatecas saboda arzikin azurfa, suna mai da shi lardin New Galicia. Kodayake sun iya kafa garuruwan hakar ma'adinai, ana kai hari kan motocin da ke jigilar ƙarfe a kai a kai.[7]
Yawancin tarihin mulkin mallaka na jihar zuwa yanzu suna da alaƙa da samar da ma'adanai, musamman na azurfa. Farkon girma ya kasance daga Conquest zuwa tsakiyar karni na 17.[7] Arziki ya jawo mazauna daga kudu, kuma a cikin 1586, Phillip II ya ba birnin sunan Noble da Loyal City of Nuestra Señora de los Zacatecas . A shekara ta 1588, ya ba da izini ga makamai. Franciscans ne suka yi bishara a mafi yawan jihar, wadanda suka kafa wani asibiti a cikin birni a shekara ta 1558 kuma a shekara ta 1567, sun gina babban gidan ibada. Sun mallaki ayyukan addini a hukumance a cikin 1603. Daga baya wasu umarni sun zo, sun kafa gidajen ibada; amma ba su yi bishara ga 'yan asalin ba.[4]
Ci gaban na gaba ya kasance a farkon karni na 18, tare da jihar da ke samar da kashi ɗaya cikin biyar na azurfa na duniya.[7] Wadannan wadata sun goyi bayan kafa sabbin ƙauyuka tare da gina majami'u da manyan gidaje yayin da yankin ya zama ɗaya daga cikin mafi muhimmanci na New Spain.[6]
A lokacin Yakin Independence na Mexico, sojojin Miguel Hidalgo sun yi tafiya ta hanyar Zacatecas sau biyu, sau ɗaya lokacin da suke kai hari kan sojojin sarauta kuma daga baya lokacin da suke tserewa daga gare su. Yaƙin ya ƙare a 1821 kuma Zacatecas ya zama jiha a 1824, tare da birnin Zacatecas a matsayin babban birninta. Zacatecas ya ci gaba da girma.[4][7]
Tarihin jihar a sauran karni na 19 yana da tashe-tashen hankula, kamar yadda yake a sauran sassan kasar. Daga samun ‘yancin kai har zuwa shekarun 1860, ‘yan Liberal da Conservative sun mamaye babban birnin kasar a wani lokaci ko kuma wani lokaci, har sai da shugaban masu sassaucin ra’ayi Jesús González Ortega ya kwace ikon jihar na dindindin a shekara ta 1859. Hukunce-hukuncen da wannan shugaban ya yi kan masu goyon bayan Conservative sun kori limaman Katolika da dama daga jihar. A cikin 1861, sojojin Faransa sun mamaye Zacatecas amma shekaru biyu kawai kafin a kore su.[1] A cikin sauran karnin, yawancin ƙarfin gida ne ke sarrafa jihar, kamar González Ortega, Trinidad García de la Cadena da Genero Codina.[2] Yakin ya kawo cikas ga samar da azurfa har zuwa karshen karni, amma ya farfado wanda ya kai kashi sittin na kudaden shigar da jihar ke fitarwa zuwa kasashen waje.r.[7]
A ƙarshen ƙarni, sababbin fasahohi kamar telegraph, tarho, wutar lantarki da layin dogo sun haɗa jihar da sauran Mexico. Jiragen ƙasa sun ba da haɗin kai tsaye zuwa Ciudad Juárez, Aguascalientes da Chihuahua, wanda ya haifar da ƙaura daga jihar, da farko zuwa Amurka a karni na 20. [4][7]
Zacatecas ya sake zama fagen yaƙi tare da barkewar Juyin Juya Halin Mexico a farkon karni na 20. Ɗaya daga cikin manyan yaƙe-yaƙe na wannan rikici ya faru ne a waje da babban birnin kuma ana kiransa Toma de Zacatecas (Taking of Zacatecas). Wannan yaƙin ya sa sojojin Francisco Villa suka yi tsayayya da na Victoriano Huerta, wanda ya haifar da mutuwar sojoji 7,000 da raunin 5,000. Ba a yi rikodin mutuwar fararen hula ba.[7][6] Yaƙin ya haifar da sunan birnin a matsayin "Ciudad Heroica" (Birnin Jarumi). [4]
A shekara ta 1993, UNESCO ta ba da sunan cibiyar tarihi ta Zacatecas a matsayin Gidan Tarihin Duniya.[4]
Daga 1998 zuwa 2004, jihar ta gudanar da babban aikin fadada tsarin babbar hanyar.[4]
Yawan jama'a
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
|---|---|---|
| 1895[8] | 456,241 | — |
| 1900 | 462,190 | +1.3% |
| 1910 | 477,556 | +3.3% |
| 1921 | 379,329 | −20.6% |
| 1930 | 459,047 | +21.0% |
| 1940 | 565,437 | +23.2% |
| 1950 | 665,524 | +17.7% |
| 1960 | 817,831 | +22.9% |
| 1970 | 951,462 | +16.3% |
| 1980 | 1,136,830 | +19.5% |
| 1990 | 1,276,323 | +12.3% |
| 1995 | 1,336,496 | +4.7% |
| 2000 | 1,353,610 | +1.3% |
| 2005 | 1,367,692 | +1.0% |
| 2010 | 1,490,668 | +9.0% |
| 2015 | 1,579,209 | +5.9% |
| 2020[9] | 1,622,138 | +2.7% |
Ya zuwa 2020, jihar tana da yawan mutane 1,622,138. Kashi arba'in da daya na yawan jama'a suna zaune a yankunan karkara, tare da yawan jama'ar 18.13 a kowace murabba'in kilomita.[4][10] Kashi hamsin da tara na yawan jama'a suna zaune a cikin birane kamar Fresnillo (pop. 213,139), Guadalupe (159,991), Zacatecas (138,176), Pinos, da Sombrerete.[1][7][11] Kashi 94% na yawan jama'a Roman Katolika ne.[12] A cikin shekara ta 2008, Zacatecas yana da mafi ƙanƙanta yawan 'yan asalin ƙasar a Mexico: 0.3%. Jihar Aguascalientes ce kawai ke da ƙananan 'yan asalin ƙasar.[13] Hudu ne kawai cikin 1,000 ke magana da yaren asali, idan aka kwatanta da matsakaicin ƙasa na 60/1000 .[1] Harsunan asali da ake magana a jihar sun hada da Huichol (masu magana 1000), Nahuatl (500), Tepehuan (kasa da 500) da Tlapanec (kimanin 400). [12]
Yawan jama'ar Zacatecas ya ninka fiye da sau uku a cikin ƙarni guda; a cikin 1900 yawan jama'arta ya kai 462,190. Tun daga shekara ta 1990, yawan jama'ar jihar ya karu da akalla kashi 1.3% a kowace shekara. Matsakaicin tsammanin rayuwa ya ɗan fi matsakaicin ƙasa a shekaru 74.1 ga maza da 78.5 ga mata. Babban abubuwan da ke haifar da mutuwa sune matsalolin zuciya, cututtukan daji da ciwon sukari.[14]
Matsakaicin adadin shekarun makaranta shine 7.9 (shekara ta biyu ta makarantar sakandare), ƙasa da matsakaicin ƙasa na 8.6. [1] Kashi 5.9% ba su da makaranta kwata-kwata kuma kashi 66.8% sun gama makarantar firamare. Kashi 12.3% ne kawai suka kammala karatun jami'a. 6% ba su iya karatu da rubutu ba.[15]
Daga cikin wadanda suka bar jihar har abada, yawancin suna zuwa Aguascalientes, Jalisco da sauran jihohin arewa. Wadanda suka zo su zauna a jihar sun zo ne daga Jalisco, Aguascalientes da jihohin arewa da ke kusa.[16] An kiyasta cewa rabin mutanen Zacatecas ba sa zaune a jihar. Majalisar Jama'a ta Kasa ta Mexico ta kiyasta cewa 'yan asalin Zacatecas 600,000 yanzu suna zaune a Amurka, adadi wanda ya yi daidai da kashi 40 cikin 100 na mazaunan jihar miliyan 1.5. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida][ana buƙatar hujja][<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2022)">citation needed</span>]
Tattalin Arziki
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Kamar yadda a baya, bangaren da ya fi dacewa a jihar shine hakar ma'adinai, wanda ke da kashi 13% na GDP na jihar da kuma kashi .9% na duk ƙasar.[1][17] Jihar tana da wadataccen ma'adanai sun haɗa da gubar, zinc da jan ƙarfe tare da ƙananan zinariya da azurfa, tare da ma'adinan ma'adinai marasa ƙarfe kamar kaolinite, wollastonite, Fluorite da barite. Jihar tana da gundumomi goma sha biyar na hakar ma'adinai wadanda suka fi muhimmanci sune Fresnillo, Zacatecas, Concepción del Oro, Sombrerete da Chalchihuites, tare da Nora de Angeles kwanan nan.[4][7] Zacatecas yana da kashi 21% na samar da zinariya na kasar da kashi 53.2% na azurfa. Biyu daga cikin manyan ma'adanai na azurfa a duniya a halin yanzu suna aiki a Zacatecas: tsohon reshen Peñoles na Fresnillo's Mina Proaño (wanda aka fi sani da Fresnilho Silver Mine), da Peñasquito Polymetallic Mine. Azurfa na Zacatecas galibi suna da asusun matsayin Mexico a matsayin mafi girma a duniya mai samar da azurfa, wanda ke da asusun 17% na fitarwa a duniya.[7]
Tattalin arzikin Zacatecas ya kasance kusan gaba ɗaya a kan hakar ma'adinai amma tun daga lokacin ya bambanta zuwa kiwon shanu, noma, sadarwa, sarrafa abinci, yawon shakatawa da sufuri. Zacatecas ita ce babbar mai samar da wake a Mexico, chili peppers, guavas da nopal, tare da hatsi mai mahimmanci, sukari, inabi da amfanin gona. Har ila yau, babban mai samar da rum, pulque da mezcal har ma yana samar da jan ruwan inabi.[7] Wadannan ayyukan suna da asusun sama da kashi goma na GDP na jihar.[17]
Masana'antu suna da asusun sama da kashi goma sha biyu na GDP na jihar kuma sun ja hankalin mafi yawan saka hannun jari na kasashen waje na jihar.[17][18] Ayyukan hannu na gargajiya sun haɗa da saƙa a Villa Garcia, saddles da kayan ado a Jerez da kuma kayan gida, aikin fata, ƙananan abubuwa, macramé, aikin ƙarfe da tukwane a wurare daban-daban.[4]
Yawon shakatawa ya haɗa da babban birnin tare da sunan "Pueblos Mágicos" kamar Jerez, Teul de Gonzalez Ortega da Sombrerete, tare da wurin ibada na Santo Niño na Atocha, wanda dubban mutane ke ziyarta a kowace shekara. Har ila yau, ya haɗa da wuraren tarihi kamar Alta Vista da La Quemada tare da maɓuɓɓugar ruwa irin su Paraíso Caxcan . [4]
Kasuwanci da ayyuka suna da asusun sama da 53% na GDP, galibi ƙananan ayyukan.[17]
Kafofin watsa labarai
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Jaridu na Zacatecas sun hada da: El Sol de Zacatecas, La Jornada Zacatecas.[19][20]
Al'adu, bukukuwa, da al'adu
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Yawancin bukukuwan jihar suna girmama tsarkaka na gida kuma yawancin bukukuwan duniya suna da alaƙa da na addini. Irin waɗannan bukukuwan galibi suna mai da hankali kan karatun raye-raye na gargajiya kamar Mexicapan . Yawancin waɗannan sun samo asali ne daga waltzes da polkas saboda tarihin hakar ma'adinai na jihar. Juyin Juya Halin Mexico ya yi tasiri ga al'adun kiɗa na jihar, amma wanda ya tsira shine Tamborazo, musamman a Jerez.[4]
A cikin babban birnin jihar, Satumba 8 an sadaukar da shi ga Virgen del Patrocinio a kan Cerro de la Bufa, tare da al'adu da abubuwan fasaha daban-daban kamar yaƙin bijimai, kide-kide, tseren dawakai da zanga-zangar abinci. Makon karshe na watan Agusta an sadaukar da shi ga Morismas de Bracho, wasan kwaikwayo na gwagwarmaya tsakanin Moors da Kiristoci.[4]
Yana karbar bakuncin bikin gargajiya na kasa da kasa a watan Agusta, wanda ke nuna rawa da kayan ado daga ko'ina cikin duniya. Ana gudanar da shi a lokacin Makon Mai Tsarki, kuma yana nuna kiɗa, abinci, wasan kwaikwayo na titi, rawa da jam'iyyun.[7]
Sauran manyan bukukuwan sun hada da Bikin Al'adu na Zacatecas, Feria Nacional de Zacatecas da kuma Festival de Teatro de Calle na Duniya, Feria de Primavera de Jerez, Feria del Libro, da Cabalgata Turistica Revolucionaria . [21]
Abinci na gargajiya da aka fi so sun haɗa da gorditas da panecillos, dukansu an yi su ne daga masara kuma suna iya zama daɗi ko mai ɗanɗano, dangane da cikawa. Gurasar alkama sun haɗa da panochas da semitas . Condoches sune gorditas da aka yi da masara da aka dafa a cikin masara. Gorditas de cuajada suna wakiltar abinci a kan ranches. Ana shirya nama a matsayin wani ɓangare na stew wanda aka kara kayan lambu kamar masara, chickpeas, squash, shinkafa da sauransu. Ɗaya daga cikin sanannun shirye-shiryen nama shine asado de boda, wanda shine naman alade a cikin sauce da aka yi da jan chili mai laushi. Abin sha na gargajiya sun haɗa da pulque, aguamiel, aguardiente da mezcal da kuma abin sha na gida da ake kira colonche, wanda aka yi ta hanyar fermenting a cactus 'ya'yan itace.[4]
Altavista tana da nisan kilomita 229 a arewa maso yammacin birnin Zacatecas . Cibiyar bikin ce, wani ɓangare na al'adun Chalchihuite, mai aiki tsakanin 200 da 1000 AD. An sanya masa suna ne bayan wani ranch na gida, kuma Manuel Gamio ne ya bincika shi a karon farko a farkon karni na 20. Babban gininsa ana kiransa Labyrinth . [22]
La Quemada tana da nisan kilomita hamsin a kudancin birnin Zacatecas, mafi girman mazaunin pre-Hispanic a jihar.[4][7] Ya ci gaba tsakanin 500 da 900 AD kuma ya rufe yanki sama da 70,000m2 a tsayinsa. Sunansa, wanda ke nufin "wanda aka ƙone" ya fito ne daga shaidar cewa an ƙone birnin kuma an watsar da shi. Ba a san wanda ya mamaye birnin ba, tare da hasashe game da Teotihuacan, Purépecha da Toltecs.[22]
El Teúl yana kan wani babban tudu da ke kallon garin Teúl de González Ortega ( gunduma) na zamani. Sunan ya fito daga Nahuatl kuma yana nufin "na alloli". Cibiyar biki ce, tana da wuraren zama a arewacinta. An lura da wurin don binne ramin sa da kuma mafi dadewar wurin narkewar tagulla a Mesoamerica [a buƙace ta]. An zauna a cikinta tun daga shekara ta 200 AD zuwa 1531, lokacin da Mutanen Espanya suka lalata shi.[1] Yana ɗaya daga cikin cibiyoyin addini da yawan jama'a da Caxcans suka kirkira, waɗanda ke ƙauyen ƙauye ne, tare da wasu a Tlaltenango, Juchipila da Teocaltiche.[7]
Cite error: <ref> tags exist for a group named "lower-alpha", but no corresponding <references group="lower-alpha"/> tag was found
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 "Resumen" (in Sifaniyanci). INEGI. Archived from the original on October 30, 2013. Retrieved November 18, 2013.
- ↑ "Territorio" (in Sifaniyanci). INEGI. Retrieved November 18, 2013.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 "Zacatecas, estado de clima generoso" (in Sifaniyanci). Government of Zacatecas. Archived from the original on August 28, 2015. Retrieved November 18, 2013.
- ↑ 4.00 4.01 4.02 4.03 4.04 4.05 4.06 4.07 4.08 4.09 4.10 4.11 4.12 4.13 4.14 4.15 4.16 4.17 4.18 4.19 4.20 4.21 4.22 4.23 4.24 4.25 "Zacatecas". Enciclopedia de Los Municipios y Delegaciones de México Estado de Zacatecas. (in Sifaniyanci). Instituto para el Federalismo y el Desarrollo Municipal. 2010. Archived from the original on November 22, 2010. Retrieved November 18, 2013.
- ↑ "Search - The Encyclopedia of Earth". Eoearth.org. Retrieved 31 May 2018.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 "Nuestro Pasado" (in Sifaniyanci). Government of Zacatecas. Archived from the original on December 4, 2013. Retrieved November 18, 2013.
- ↑ 7.00 7.01 7.02 7.03 7.04 7.05 7.06 7.07 7.08 7.09 7.10 7.11 7.12 7.13 7.14 7.15 7.16 "Zacatecas". History Channel. Retrieved November 18, 2013.
- ↑ "Mexico: extended population list". GeoHive.com. Archived from the original on 2012-03-11. Retrieved 2011-07-29.
- ↑ "Población (Zacatecas)" [Population (Zacatecas)]. inegi.org.mx (in Sifaniyanci). INEGI. January 2016. Retrieved March 5, 2021.
- ↑ "Densidad". inegi.org.mx (in Sifaniyanci). INEGI. Archived from the original on December 4, 2013. Retrieved November 18, 2013.
- ↑ "Distribución" (in Sifaniyanci). INEGI. Archived from the original on December 4, 2013. Retrieved November 18, 2013.
- ↑ 12.0 12.1 "Diversidad" (in Sifaniyanci). INEGI. Archived from the original on September 12, 2013. Retrieved November 18, 2013.
- ↑ Schmal, John P. (2004). "The Hispanic Experience - Indigenous Identity in Mexico". Retrieved 2007-12-15.
- ↑ "Dinamica" (in Sifaniyanci). INEGI. Archived from the original on June 9, 2013. Retrieved November 18, 2013.
- ↑ "Educación". inegi.org.mx (in Sifaniyanci). INEGI. Archived from the original on December 4, 2013. Retrieved November 18, 2013.
- ↑ "Movimientos Migratorios" (in Sifaniyanci). INEGI. Archived from the original on August 9, 2013. Retrieved November 18, 2013.
- ↑ 17.0 17.1 17.2 17.3 "Actividades económicas" (in Sifaniyanci). INEGI. Archived from the original on October 30, 2013. Retrieved November 18, 2013.
- ↑ "Zacatecas" (in Sifaniyanci). Secretary of the Economy, Mexico. Archived from the original on January 26, 2013. Retrieved November 18, 2013.
- ↑ "Publicaciones periódicas en Zacatecas". Sistema de Información Cultural (in Sifaniyanci). Gobierno de Mexico. Retrieved March 11, 2020.
- ↑ "Latin American & Mexican Online News". Research Guides. University of Texas at San Antonio Libraries. Archived from the original on March 7, 2020.
- ↑ "Fiestas y Festivales" (in Sifaniyanci). Secretaria de Turismo, Zacatecas. Archived from the original on October 8, 2011. Retrieved November 18, 2013.
- ↑ 22.0 22.1 "Arqueología" (in Sifaniyanci). Secretaria de Turismo, Zacatecas. Archived from the original on November 29, 2013. Retrieved November 18, 2013.