Yancin samun intanet
 Yancin samun intanet | |
|---|---|
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| Bayanai | |
| Ƙaramin ɓangare na |
channel (en)  |
| Bangare na | Yanar gizo |
Samun Intanet wuri ne ko sabis wanda ke ba da haɗin kai ga kwamfuta, cibiyar sadarwar kwamfuta, ko wasu na'urorin cibiyar sadarwa zuwa Intanet, da kuma ga daidaikun mutane ko ƙungiyoyi don samun dama ko amfani da aikace-aikace kamar imel da gidan yanar gizo na duniya. Ana ba da damar shiga Intanet don siyarwa ta manyan masu ba da sabis na Intanet (ISPs) ta duniya ta amfani da fasahohin hanyar sadarwa daban-daban. A matakin ciniki, ƙungiyoyi da yawa, gami da ƙungiyoyin gundumomi, suma suna ba da dama ga jama'a kyauta. Nau'o'in haɗin kai sun bambanta daga kebul na kafaffen layi (kamar DSL da fiber optic) zuwa wayar hannu (ta hanyar salula) da tauraron dan adam.[1]
Samun damar Intanet ga jama'a ya fara ne da kasuwancin Intanet na farko a farkon shekarun 1990, kuma ya girma tare da samun aikace-aikace masu amfani, irin su yanar gizo na duniya. A cikin 1995, kashi 0.04 bisa 100 na al'ummar duniya ne kawai suka sami dama, tare da fiye da rabin waɗanda ke zaune a Amurka[2] kuma amfani da mabukaci ya kasance ta hanyar buga waya. A cikin shekaru goma na farko na ƙarni na 21, yawancin masu amfani da su a cikin ƙasashen da suka ci gaba sun yi amfani da fasahar faɗaɗa cikin sauri. A shekara ta 2014, kashi 41 cikin 100 na al'ummar duniya sun sami damar shiga,[3] watsa shirye-shiryen watsa shirye-shirye kusan ya kasance a duk faɗin duniya, kuma matsakaicin saurin haɗin duniya ya wuce megabit ɗaya a cikin daƙiƙa guda.[4]
Tarihi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Babban labarin: Tarihin Intanet
Intanet ta samo asali ne daga ARPANET, wanda gwamnatin Amurka ta ba da tallafi don tallafawa ayyuka a cikin gwamnati, a jami'o'i da dakunan gwaje-gwaje na bincike a Amurka, amma ya girma cikin lokaci har ya haɗa da yawancin manyan jami'o'i na duniya da kuma bincike na kamfanonin fasaha da yawa.[5] Amfani da mafi yawan masu sauraro ya zo ne a cikin 1995 lokacin da aka ɗage hane-hane kan amfani da Intanet don ɗaukar zirga-zirgar kasuwanci.[6]
A farkon zuwa tsakiyar 1980s, yawancin samun damar Intanet daga kwamfutoci na sirri ne da wuraren aiki kai tsaye da ke da alaƙa kai tsaye zuwa cibiyoyin sadarwar gida (LANs) ko kuma ta hanyar haɗin kai ta hanyar amfani da modem da layukan wayar analog. LANs yawanci ana sarrafa su a 10 Mbit/s yayin da adadin bayanan modem ya girma daga 1200 bit/s a farkon 1980s zuwa 56 kbit/s a ƙarshen 1990s. Da farko, an yi haɗin haɗin bugun kira daga tashoshi ko kwamfutocin da ke aiki da software na kwaikwayo zuwa ga sabar tasha akan LANs. Waɗannan haɗin bugun kira ba su goyi bayan amfani da ƙa'idodin Intanet na ƙarshe zuwa ƙarshe ba kuma sun ba da haɗin kai-zuwa-baki kawai. Gabatar da sabar hanyar sadarwa da ke tallafawa Serial Line Internet Protocol (SLIP) daga baya kuma ka'idar batu-zuwa-point (PPP) ta tsawaita ka'idojin Intanet kuma ya sanya cikakken kewayon sabis na Intanet don masu amfani da bugun kira; ko da yake a hankali, saboda ƙananan ƙimar bayanan da ake samu ta amfani da bugun kira.
Wani muhimmin abu a cikin saurin haɓakar saurin shiga Intanet shine ci gaba a fasahar MOSFET (MOS transistor). MOSFET da aka ƙirƙira a Bell Labs tsakanin 1955 da 1960 sakamakon binciken Frosch da Derick, shine tushen ginin hanyoyin sadarwar Intanet.[7] Laser, asali da Charles H. Townes da Arthur Leonard Schawlow suka nuna a cikin 1960, an karbe shi don tsarin hasken haske na MOS a kusa da 1980, wanda ya haifar da haɓaka haɓakar bandwidth na Intanet. Ci gaba da sikelin MOSFET tun daga lokacin ya haifar da haɓaka bandwidth na kan layi a kowane watanni 18 (Dokar Edholm, wacce ke da alaƙa da dokar Moore), tare da bandwidth na hanyoyin sadarwar sadarwa suna tashi daga bits a sakan daya zuwa terabits a sakan daya.
Samun damar Intanet na Broadband, sau da yawa an rage shi zuwa kawai buɗaɗɗen, ana bayyana shi azaman "hanyar Intanet wanda koyaushe ke kunne, kuma yana sauri fiye da hanyar shigar da kiran waya na gargajiya" don haka yana rufe nau'ikan fasaha. Tushen waɗannan fasahohin Intanet na watsa shirye-shirye sune na haɗin MOS (CMOS) da'irori na dijital, ƙarfin saurin wanda aka haɓaka tare da sabbin dabarun ƙira. Ana yin haɗin haɗi ta hanyar sadarwa ta hanyar amfani da kwamfutar da aka gina a cikin damar sadarwar Ethernet, ko ta amfani da katin fadada NIC.[8]
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ Internet Connection Types Explained". CNET. Retrieved 2023-11-07.
- ↑ Robinson, Zachary A. (2015-06-26). The world transformed : 1945 to the present. Oxford University Press. p. 431. ISBN 9780199371020. OCLC 907585907.
- ↑ Robinson, Zachary A. (2015-06-26). The world transformed : 1945 to the present. Oxford University Press. pp. 431–432. ISBN 9780199371020. OCLC 907585907.
- ↑ Akamai Releases Second Quarter 2014 'State of the Internet' Report". Akamai. 30 September 2014. Archived from the original on 20 October 2014. Retrieved 11 October 2014.
- ↑ Internet History in Asia". 16th APAN Meetings/Advanced Network Conference in Busan. Archived from the original on 1 February 2006. Retrieved 25 December 2005.
- ↑ "Retiring the NSFNET Backbone Service: Chronicling the End of an Era" Archived 2011-07-19 at the Wayback Machine, Susan R. Harris and Elise Gerich, ConneXions, Vol. 10, No. 4, April 1996
- ↑ Lojek, Bo (2007). History of Semiconductor Engineering. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg. p. 321. ISBN 978-3-540-34258-8.
- ↑ "Inquiry Concerning the Deployment of Advanced Telecommunications Capability to All Americans in a Reasonable and Timely Fashion, and Possible Steps to Accelerate Such Deployment Pursuant to Section 706 of the Telecommunications Act of 1996, as Amended by the Broadband Data Improvement Act" (PDF). GN Docket No. 10-159, FCC-10-148A1. Federal Communications Commission. August 6, 2010. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 21, 2011. Retrieved July 12, 2011.