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Yankin Dutsen wuta na Trans-Mexican

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Yankin Dutsen wuta na Trans-Mexican
Yankin Stratigraphic: Neogene zuwa Quaternary
Shida Mexican Volcanoes Daga hagu zuwa dama Iztaccíhuatl, Popocatépetl, Matlalcueitl (Malinche), Nauhcampatépetl (Cofre de Perote, mafi nisa), Citlaltépetl (Pico de Orizaba), Sierra Negra
Irin wannan Ruwan wuta[1]
Ƙididdiga Sierra Madre Occidental[1][2]
Yankin 160,000 kilomita (99,000 mi) 2 [1] 
Kauri Gabashin 101°W 50-55 km, [1] yammacin 101°W 35-40 km [1]
Wurin da yake
Ma'auni 19°02′N 97°16′W / 19.03°N 97.27°W / 19.03; -97.27.
Yankin Tsakiyar Mexico
Kasar Mexico
Yankin 1,000 kilomita (620 mi) [3] 

Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt (Spanish: Eje Volcánico Transversal), wanda aka fi sani da Transvolcanic Belt kuma a cikin gida kamar Sierra Nevada (Snowy Mountain Range), wani bel ne na dutsen wuta wanda ke rufe tsakiyar kudancin Mexico. Yawancin tsaunuka mafi girma suna da dusar ƙanƙara duk tsawon shekara, kuma a lokacin yanayi mai kyau, ana iya ganinsu ga yawancin waɗanda ke zaune a kan tsaunuka masu yawa waɗanda waɗannan tsaunuka suka tashi.

Tarihi

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Volcanic Belt na Trans-Mexican ya ratsa tsakiyar tsakiyar kudancin Mexico daga Tekun Pasifik zuwa Tekun Mexico tsakanin 18°30'N da 21°30'N, yana kan gefen kudu na farantin Arewacin Amurka.  wanda ya ƙunshi yanki kusan 160,000 km2.  Fiye da shekaru miliyan da yawa, ƙaddamar da faranti na Rivera da Cocos a ƙarƙashin farantin Arewacin Amirka tare da arewacin ƙarshen tsakiyar Amurka ta tsakiya ya haifar da Belt Volcanic na Trans-Mexican.  Belt Volcanic na Trans-Mexican wani bel ne na musamman;  ba ya yi daidai da tsakiyar tsakiyar tsakiyar Amurka, kuma da yawa daga cikin manyan stratovolcanoes an sanya su ba daidai ba zuwa babban matsayi na baka.  Baya ga rikitattun abubuwan da ke tattare da ilimin halittar jiki, abubuwan da ba su dace ba sun bambanta—samfuran da ke da alaƙa da juzu'i sun bambanta da sa hannu na geo-chemical intraplate.  Abubuwan ban sha'awa da yawa na bel sun haifar da hasashe da yawa dangane da yanayin juzu'i na yau da kullun: kurakuran juzu'i na cikin faranti, rigunan rigunan riguna, rigingimu na nahiyar, da tsallen gabas na Pacific Rise.  Waɗannan fasalulluka suna da alaƙa da sake kunna tsarin kuskuren farko yayin juyin halittar Volcanic Belt na Trans-Mexican.  Babban tsarin kuskuren lissafi na lissafi, kinematics, da shekaru suna bayyana hadadden tsararru na abin da zai iya zama abubuwa da yawa da ke shafar nakasar bel.  Yana baje kolin fasali da yawa na volcanoes, ba'a iyakance ga manyan tartsatsin wuta ba, gami da cones dutsen mai aman wuta guda ɗaya, dutsen mai aman wuta, gandun dome na lava, da manyan calderas. .[3]

Tsarin yanayin ƙasa

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Manyan tsaunuka masu aiki na Mexico. Daga yamma zuwa gabas, tsaunuka masu fitattun wuta na yankin Trans-Mexican Volcanic sune Nevado de Colima, Parícutin, Popocatépetl, da Pico de Orizaba.

Kafin samuwar Volcanic Belt na Trans-Mexican, wanda ya tsufa, amma bel mai aman wuta, Saliyo Madre Occidental ya mamaye yankin. Ci gaba a cikin Eocene, nakasar bayan-Laramide, ƙaddamarwa mai alaƙa da volcanism ya haifar da tsaunukan tsaunuka na Sierra Madre Occidental silic volcanic a wani yanki mai jujjuyawar paleo kusa da bakin tekun Baja California, kafin tsibirin ya tashi. Daga Late Eocene zuwa Tsakiyar Miocene, jujjuyawar baka mai aman wuta a agogon baya ya canza canjin Saliyo Madre Occidental mai aiki a baya zuwa wani Volcanic Belt na Trans-Mexican mai aiki yanzu. Ta Tsakiyar Miocene, canji daga silicic zuwa ƙarin abubuwan mafic ya cika, kuma ana iya la'akari da farkon Tsarin Volcanic Belt na Trans-Mexican. Saboda madaidaicin tsari na Volcanic Belt na Trans-Mexican dangane da yanayin lardunan tectonic na Mexiko, ginshikin da ya riga ya yi Cretaceous yana da ban sha'awa sosai. Volcanic Belt na Trans-Mexican a gabas na 101°W ya dogara ne akan terranes na Precambrian, wanda aka taru a cikin Oaxaquia microcontinent da kan Paleozoic Mixteco terrane. Yamma na 101 ° W, Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt yana zaune a saman Guerro composite terrane-wanda ya ƙunshi Jurassic zuwa Cretaceous marine marginal arcs, waɗanda aka gina akan Triassic-Early Jurassic siliclastic turbidites. Haɗin waɗannan duwatsun ƙasa yana haifar da kauri na 50-55 km gabas na 101°W da 35–40 km yamma na 101°W.[1][4]  

Juyin Halitta

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Rarraba faranti sun samo asali ne daga watsewar farantin Farallon a kusan 23 Ma, wanda ya ƙirƙiri faranti biyu a latitudes equatorial, Plate Cocos da farantin kudancin Nazca. Plate na Rivera shine yanki na ƙarshe da aka ware daga farantin Cocos, ya zama microplate a kusan 10 Ma. Wannan ƙaramin farantin yana da iyaka da yankin karyewar Rivera, Gabas ta Tsakiyar Pacific Rise, yankin karyewar Tamayo, da tsakiyar Amurka ta tsakiya. Babban Plate Cocos yana iyaka da Arewacin Amurka Plate (NAM) da farantin Caribbean zuwa arewa maso gabas, farantin Pacific zuwa yamma, kuma zuwa kudu ta Plate Nazca. Cocos da Rivera ƙananan faranti ne na teku (25 da 10 Ma) waɗanda ke raguwa tare da tsakiyar tsakiyar Amurka a farashin haɗuwa daban-daban (Rivera = ~ 30 mm/yr da Cocos = ~ 50-90 mm/yr). Duwatsun da ke da alaƙa da ƙasa da aka fi samun su kamar dutsen calc-alkaline volumetrically sun mamaye mafi yawan Volcanic Belt na Trans-Mexican amma ƙananan juzu'i na intraplate-kamar lavas, duwatsu masu wadatar potassium, da adakites suna da alaƙa da yankin. Tsakanin Miocene adakitic (ƙarin felsic) duwatsu ana samun su a nesa daga ramin kuma tare da gaban dutsen mai aman wuta na tsakiyar Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt a lokacin Pliocene-Quaternary. An ba da shawarar cewa narkewar katako ya ba da gudummawa ga tambarin adakitic akan Belt Volcanic na Trans-Mexican, wanda ya haifar da tsawaita lebur na farantin Cocos.[3]  

Juyin halitta na bel

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Juyin Juya Halin Volcanic da canje-canje a cikin abun da ke ciki a tsawon lokaci. 1) Da farko zuwa Late Miocene belin Cocos da Rivera suna fara raguwa a ƙarƙashin Tsakiyar Mexico.[5] 2) Late Miocene zuwa Early Pliocene da slab hawaye fara yadawa Yamma zuwa Gabas a fadin baya arewacin yankin belin, yana ba da damar Asthenospheric zafi a cikin samar da Mafic episode.[6][7] 3) Miocene na ƙarshe - Pliocene na farko shine farkon karin tsaunuka na silic wanda Flat Slab Subduction ya samar wanda ya tura belin zuwa arewa.[8] 4) Late Pliocene zuwa Holocene ana nuna shi ta hanyar juyawa mai juyawa wanda ke aikawa da rami na dutsen wuta zuwa matsayin yau

Dalilin raguwar shimfiɗa

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Za'a iya yin bayanin ƙaddamar da ƙasa mai lebur ta hanyar raguwar tudu na teku da faranti mai saurin wuce gona da iri. Ƙarƙashin ƙasa na tsakiyar Mexico ba a bayyane yake ba. Wurin shimfidar belin Volcanic na Trans-Mexican yana tsare tsakanin ~101°W da 96°W; Ana iya bayyana wannan yanki ta hanyar ɓawon nahiya mai kauri. Kasancewar ɓawon burodi mai kauri haɗe tare da raguwar shigarwar ruwa ya ba da gudummawa ga ƙunsar shingen asthenospheric, haɓaka danko da ƙarfin tsotsa, wanda ya haifar da raguwar lebur-hana farantin teku shiga cikin rigar..[1][8]

Yanayin ƙasa

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Daga yamma, Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt yana gudana daga Colima da Jalisco gabas ta arewacin Michoacán, kudancin Guanajuato, kudancin Querétaro, Jihar México, kudancin Hidalgo, Tarayyar Distrito, arewacin Morelos, Puebla, da Tlaxcala, zuwa tsakiyar Veracruz.

Plateau na Mexican yana arewa ne, yana iyaka da Saliyo Madre Occidental zuwa yamma da Saliyo Madre Oriental a gabas. Dutsen Cofre de Perote da Pico de Orizaba, a cikin Puebla da Veracruz, suna nuna taron Volcanic Belt na Trans-Mexican tare da Saliyo Madre Oriental. A kudu, kwarin kogin Balsas ya ta'allaka ne tsakanin Dutsen Volcanic Belt na Trans-Mexican da Saliyo Madre del Sur. Wannan yanki kuma shi ne keɓaɓɓen lardi na physiographic na babban yanki na Saliyo Madre System physiographic.

Sierra de Ajusco-Chichinauhtzin kuma ya zama wani ɓangare na Belt.

Ƙarƙashin

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Dutsen Orizaba

Matsayi mafi girma, kuma mafi girma a Mexico, shine Pico de Orizaba (mita 5,636 (18,491 ), wanda aka fi sani da Citlaltépetl, wanda ke 19°01′N 97°16′W / 19.017°N 97.267°W / 19.017; -97.267. Wannan, da kuma wasu tsaunuka masu tsawo, suna aiki ko tsaunuka marasa aiki.

Sauran sanannun tsaunuka a cikin kewayon sun haɗa da (daga yamma zuwa gabas) Nevado de Colima (mita 4,339 (14,236 ), Parícutin (2,774 metres (9,101 ft) ), Nevado de Toluca (4,577 metres (15,016 ft) ), Popocatépetl (5,452 metres (17,887 ft) ), Iztaccíhuatl (5,286 metres (17,343 ft) ), Matlalcueitl (4,461 metres (14,636 ft) m) (14,030 Cofre de Peroon (4,04,0 a Sierra Negra).

Muhalli

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Duwatsun gida ne ga gandun daji na Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt pine-oak, ɗaya daga cikin gandun daji masu tsayi na Mesoamerican.

Yankin Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt yana da nau'o'in halittu da yawa, gami da Transvolcanic jay (Aphelocoma ultramarina).

Yankin wuta yana sa ƙasa a yankin ya zama mai ni'ima sosai, wanda (musamman haɗe da tsawo wanda ke sa yanayin zafi ya fi sauƙi) ya haifar da yawan jama'a a cikin belin wanda yanzu wani lokacin yakan matsa muhalli.

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 Ferrari, Luca; Esquivel, Teresa; Manea, Vlad; Manea, Marina (2012). "The dynamic history of the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt and the Mexico subduction zone". Tectonophysics. 522-523: 122–149. Bibcode:2012Tectp.522..122F. doi:10.1016/j.tecto.2011.09.018.
  2. ↑ Suter, M.; Quintero, O. (July 30, 1992). "Active Faults and State of Stress in the Central Part of the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt, Mexico 1. The Venta de Bravo Fault". Journal of Geophysical Research. 97 (B8): 11,983–11,993. Bibcode:1992JGR....9711983S. doi:10.1029/91jb00428.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Manea, Vlad; Manea, Marina; Ferrari, Luca (2013). "A geodynamical perspective on the subduction of Cocos and Rivera plates beneath Mexico and Central America". Tectonophysics. 609: 56–81. Bibcode:2013Tectp.609...56M. doi:10.1016/j.tecto.2012.12.039.
  4. ↑ Guzman, Eduardo; Zoltan, Cserna (1963). "Tectonic History of Mexico". AAPG Special Volumes. 151: 113–129.
  5. ↑ Ferrari, Luca; Lopez-Martinez, Margarita; Aguirre-Díaz, Gerardo; Carrasco-Núñez, Gerardo (1999). "Space-time patterns of Cenozoic arc volcanism in central Mexico: From the Sierra Madre Occidental to the Mexican Volcanic Belt". GSA. 27 (4): 303–306. Bibcode:1999Geo....27..303F. doi:10.1130/0091-7613(1999)027<0303:stpoca>2.3.co;2.
  6. ↑ Ferrari, Luca (2004). "Slab detachment control on mafic volcanic pulse and mantle heterogeneity in central Mexico". GSA. 32 (1): 77–80. Bibcode:2004Geo....32...77F. doi:10.1130/g19887.1.
  7. ↑ Ferrari, Luca; Petrone, Chiara; Francalanci, Lorella (2001). "Generation of oceanic-island basalt–type volcanism in the western Trans-Mexican volcanic belt by slab rollback, asthenosphere infiltration, and variable flux melting". GSA. 29 (6): 507–510. Bibcode:2001Geo....29..507F. doi:10.1130/0091-7613(2001)029<0507:gooibt>2.0.co;2.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Pérez-Campos, Xyoli; Kim, YoungHee; Huske, Allen; Davis, Paul; Clayton, Robert; Iglesias, Arturo; Pacheco, Javier; Singh, Shri; Manea, Vlad; Gurnis, Michael (2008). "Horizontal subduction and truncation of the Cocos Plate beneath central Mexico" (PDF). Geophysical Research Letters. 35 (18): L18303. Bibcode:2008GeoRL..3518303P. doi:10.1029/2008GL035127.
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