Yankin Yankin Yamma (Libya)

Yankin Yankin Yamma
Yaƙin Hamadar Yamma
Wuri
Coordinates	31°33′N 25°05′E

Yankin Yankin ya kasance cikas mai nisan kilomita 271 kilometres (168 mi) (168 a cikin Italiyanci Libya, tare da tsawon iyaka Masar da ke hannun Burtaniya, yana gudana daga El Ramleh, a cikin Tekun Sollum (tsakanin Bardia da Sollum) kudu zuwa Jaghbub daidai da iyakar 25th meridian gabas, iyakar Libya-Masar da Libya-Sudan. Italiyanci ne suka gina waya na kan iyaka da layin da ke rufewa a lokacin Senussi "Second Italo-Senussi War">Yaƙin Italo-Senussi na Biyu (1923-1931), a matsayin tsarin tsaro don hana yawan Senussi, waɗanda suka haye daga Masar yayin juriya ga masu mulkin mallaka na Italiya.

Daga sanarwar yaki ta Italiya a ranar 10 ga Yuni 1940 har zuwa nasarar da Birtaniya ta yi a Libya a 1942, ya kasance wurin da aka yi yaƙi tsakanin sojojin Italiya, Burtaniya da Jamus yayin da fada ta ragu kuma ta gudana a fadin iyaka. Duk da yake shigarwar ta kasance mai tasiri sosai a kan Senussi marasa kayan aiki, ba ta da tasiri a kan sojojin da ke da kayan aiki da kyau da Burtaniya ke da su.

Tarihi

A cikin 1922, Benito Mussolini ya ci gaba da Riconquista na Libya, a cikin Yaƙin Italo-Sanussi na Biyu (1921-1931). [1] Sojojin Italiya ne suka gina waya ta kan iyaka a karkashin Janar Rodolfo Graziani a farkon shekarun 1930, don murkushe juriya ta Senussi game da Mulkin mallaka na Italiya, ta hanyar hana motsi na mayakan Senussi da kayan aiki daga Masar. Waya ta ƙunshi layi huɗu na 1.7 metres (5.6 ft) a cikin tushe na kankare, an ɗaure shi da waya mai tsayi 320 kilometres (200 mi) , kawai a cikin iyaka daga El Ramleh a kan Tekun Sollum, bayan Fort Capuzzo zuwa Sidi Omar, sannan kudu, dan kadan zuwa yammacin 25th meridian gabas, iyakar da Masar da Sudan.[3] An gina manyan garuruwa uku a Amseat (Fort Capuzzo), Scegga (Fort Maddalena) da Giarabub da ƙananan shida a El Ramleh a kan Tekun Sollum, Sidi Omar, Sceferzen, Vescechet, Garn ul Grein, da El Aamara tare da waya. Sojojin Italiya da masu tsaron iyaka sun yi sintiri da waya ta amfani da jirgin sama da motocin makamai daga sansanonin, wadanda suka kai hari kan duk wanda aka gani a yankin iyaka.

Gabatarwa

Rikicin kan iyaka

A British Rolls-Royce Armoured Car at the wire, 26 July 1940

Sojojin Burtaniya sun rufe har zuwa waya na iyaka a ranar 11 ga Yuni 1940 kuma sun fara mamaye yankin, suna tayar da garuruwan sansanonin iyaka kuma suna kwanto tare da Via Litoranea Libica (wanda aka sake masa suna Via Balbia daga baya a 1940) da kuma waƙoƙi na ciki. Wasu sojojin Italiya ba su san cewa an ayyana yaƙi ba kuma an kama saba'in a rana, a kan hanyar zuwa Sidi Omar. Sojojin Burtaniya sun kai arewa zuwa Via Litoranea Libica, a bakin tekun tsakanin Bardia da Tobruk, yamma zuwa Bir el Gubi da kudu zuwa Giarabub .

Sojojin Italiya sun isa iyaka, sun fara bincike, sun inganta tsaron iyaka kuma sun sake kwace Fort Capuzzo. A ranar 13 ga watan Agusta, an dakatar da hare-haren Burtaniya don kiyaye sabis na motoci kuma Ƙungiyar Taimako ta 7th Armoured Division ta karɓi mulki, don lura da waya na 60 mi (97 km) (60 daga Sollum kudu zuwa Fort Maddalena, a shirye don yaƙi da jinkirin ayyukan da ke adawa da ci gaban Italiya.

Fort Capuzzo

Light Tanks Mk VI, 1940 (E443.2)

Fort Capuzzo (Ridotta Capuzzo) na ɗaya daga cikin sansanonin da aka gina kusa da iyakar da Masar da kuma waya na iyaka, wani ɓangare na tsarin kula da iyaka da aka gina a farkon shekarun 1930. Hanyar Via Litoranea Libica ta gudana a kudu daga Bardia zuwa Fort Capuzzo, 8 mi (13 km) (8 yammacin tashar jiragen ruwa ta Sollum a Misira, sannan gabas a fadin iyaka, zuwa gabar zuwa gabar teku. An gina sansanin tare da Ganuwar dutse guda huɗu a kusa da yadi tare da wuraren zama a gefen. Wata hanya ta gudana a kudu daga sansanin, a yammacin waya ta kan iyaka da iyaka, zuwa Sidi Omar, Fort Maddalena da Giarabub. A ranar 14 ga Yuni, bayan sanarwar Italiya game da yaki a Birtaniya kwana hudu da suka gabata, Hussars na 11 da wasu daga cikin 1st Royal Tank Regiment, da Gloster Gladiator fighters na 33 Squadron Royal Air Force (RAF) da Bristol Blenheim bom na 211 Squadron sun kama Fort Capuzzo yayin da 11th Hussars suka dauki Fort Maddalena, kimanin 60 mi (97 km) zuwa kudu.

Ba a shafe sansanin ba na dogon lokaci, saboda rashin sojoji da kayan aiki, amma ƙungiyoyin rushewa suna ziyartar kowace dare don lalata makamai da motocin Italiya. Italiyanci sun sake mamaye Fort Capuzzo kuma sun riƙe shi tare da wani ɓangare na 2nd Blackshirt Division (28 Oktoba) (Luogotenente Generale Francesco Argentino). A ranar 29 ga Yuni, Maletti Group ta kori tankunan Burtaniya tare da bindigogin ta sannan ta kayar da hari na dare.[10] A lokacin rikice-rikicen kan iyaka daga 11 Yuni - 9 Satumba, Birtaniya sun yi iƙirarin cewa sun yi asarar mutane 3,500 saboda asarar mutane 150. A ranar 16 ga watan Disamba, a lokacin Operation Compass (9 ga watan Disambar 1940 - 9 ga watan Fabrairun 1941), Brigade na 4 na Sojojin Yammacin Yammacin ya kama Sidi Omar kuma Italiyanci sun janye daga Sollum, Fort Capuzzo da sauran sansanonin kan iyaka. An kafa Cibiyar Bayar da Bayani ta 9 a sansanin don 7th Armoured Division.

Sidi Omar

Samfuri:Centre

Sansanin da aka ƙarfafa a Sidi Omar yana zagaye da wayoyin wutan lantarki, ramuka da filayen nakiyoyi. A ranar 11 ga Yuni 1940, 11th Hussars da motoci masu garkuwa na Rolls-Royce da Morris CS9 sun matsa kusa da waya a kan iyaka, suka ketare da daddare, suka yi musayar wuta da sojojin da ke tsaron Sidi Omar. An kwace Sidi Omar a ranar 16 ga Disamba, yayin Harin Compass ta hannun 7th Hussars, Rundunar Tanki ta 2 (2nd RTR) da 4th Royal Horse Artillery (4th RHA). Sojojin Birtaniya sun fara luguden wuta a sansanin, sannan tankuna suka yi yunkurin kutsawa ciki kuma ɗaya ya karya katangar sansanin. Bayan wani tanki na biyu ya bi ta cikin ramin da aka samu, sojojin Italiya suka fara mika wuya. Sojojin Italiya sun mayar da karfi ne a bangaren gabas da ke fuskantar Masar, amma harin daga yammacin ya ba su mamaki. Faduwar sansanin ya bude hanya ga Birtaniya domin aiko da karin dakarun goyon baya da kayan aiki zuwa dakarun da ke arewa, ba tare da barazanar hari daga cikin gida ba.

Nezuet Ghirba

A ranar 16 ga Yuni 1940, kwana biyu bayan asarar Fort Capuzzo da Fort Maddalena, kuma kwana shida bayan sanarwar yakin da Italiya ta yi, Rundunar Sojoji ta 10 ta kafa Raggruppamento D'Avanzo (Kanal Lorenzo D’Avanzo) tare da umarnin dakile kutsen da dakarun Birtaniya ke yi a kusa da Fort Capuzzo. Raggruppamento ya ƙunshi rundunar motar sojojin Libiya daga Rundunar Sojojin Libiya ta 1, Kamfani na 3 na Bataliyar Tankuna Mai Sauki ta IX da tankunan L3 guda 16 da kuma Batir na 17 na Libiya, Rukuni na IV tare da manyan bindigogi 77/28 guda hudu. An turo Raggruppamento D'Avanzo daga Gabr Saleh zuwa yankin Sidi Omar−Fort Capuzzo, domin kawar da dakarun harin Birtaniya. Yayin da Raggruppamento D'Avanzo ke matsowa Fort Capuzzo cikin jerin gungun dakaru biyu, an umurci sojojin Birtaniya da ke yankin da su ja da baya zuwa wajen iyaka.

Motoci masu garkuwa guda biyu daga 11th Hussars sun kai hari kan dakarun Italiya a Nezuet Ghirba, kusan mil 18 zuwa yammacin Sidi Omar, a fili marar rufin asiri, a kan hanyar rukunin sojojin Italiya. D’Avanzo ya kafa tsarin kariya na murabba’i, da manyan bindigogi a kusurwa huɗu, da sojojin ƙasa a bangarorin, da kuma tankunan L3 goma sha biyu suna sintiri a wajen. Birtaniya ta karfafa 11th Hussars da motar garkuwa daga 7th Hussars da dakarun tankuna masu sauki, da wani rukuni na Cruiser Mk I da batir na bindigogin harbi. Tankunan Italiya sun yi yunkurin kai hari kafin sojojin ƙasa da bindigogin, amma an hallaka su. Birtaniya ta kewaye tsarin murabba’in Italiya, tana harbin motocin kaya da sojoji; bayan zagaye na biyu, bindigogin Italiya suka fara harbi. Bindigogin sun kasance da harsashi masu fashewa ne kawai kuma Birtaniya ta mayar da hankali wurin lalata bindigogi a kusurwoyi. Saboda rashin rufin asiri, bindigogin Italiya sun mutu ko suka janye, sannan sojojin ƙasa suka tarwatse. Birtaniya ta lalata tankuna masu sauki guda 12, bindigogi hudu, kuma ta kashe ko ta kama sojoji 100 cikin 400 na Italiya.

Fort Maddalena

Rukuni na 11th Hussars ya yi gibi uku a cikin waya da daddare a ranar 11 ga Yuni, ya sare turakun wayar salula a gefen Italiya, kuma suka fafata kusa da sansanin. A ranar 13 ga Yuni, wata rundunar motocin garkuwa ta kai hari ga sansanin amma sojojin da ke ciki suka mayar da martani, sannan jiragen saman Italiya suka kai musu hari yayin da suke janyewa. A ranar 14 ga Yuni, 11th Hussars sun sake leƙen asirin sansanin tare da wani ɓangare na Rundunar Tanki ta 4 da ke shirin kai hari, amma sansanin ya mika wuya, Birtaniya ta kama fursunoni 18, ta lalata kayan aiki, sannan ta ci gaba da kafa tarko a hanyar Via Litoranea Libica.

Kewaye Giarabub

Kewaye Giarabub (yanzu Jaghbub) a Libya ya gudana tsakanin Dakarun WDF na Birtaniya da sojojin Italiya. Bayan harin Operazione E, da mamayar Italiya a Masar da Rundunar Sojojin Italiya ta 10 (10ª Armata) ta kai daga 9 zuwa 16 ga Satumba 1940, da kuma Harin Compass (9–16 Disamba) daga WDF, da Yaƙin Sidi Barrani, da kuma bin dakarun Italiya har zuwa Cyrenaica (16 Disamba 1940 – 9 Fabrairu 1941), sansanin da Italiya ta kafa a Al Jaghbub Oasis ya fada cikin tsarewar wani ɓangare na Rundunar 6 ta Ostareliya daga Disamba 1940 har zuwa 21 ga Maris 1941.

Rundunar 6th Australian Divisional Cavalry Regiment (6th ADCR) ta fara kewaye oasis a Disamba 1940, ta yanke hanyoyin sadarwa, ta bar sansanin ya dogara da jiragen saman Regia Aeronautica na Italiya domin tallafi. Amma hakan bai wadatar ba, yunwa ta sa yawancin sojojin gida suka gudu. Bayan samun ƙarfafa daga Bataliya ta 2/9 ta Ostareliya da batir daga 4th RHA, Ostareliya ta kai hari daga 17 zuwa 21 ga Maris 1941, ta kwace Giarabub. Sojojin Ostareliya suka bar rundunar kwashe kaya a baya, suka janye daga oasis a washegari, kafin mayar da martani na haɗin gwiwar Italiya da Jamus (Operation Sonnenblume) daga 24 Maris zuwa 9 Afrilu, wanda ya sake kwace Cyrenaica.

Bayan yaki

Babban labarin: Mamaya na kawancen Libya Bayan mamayar da sojojin kawance suka yi a 1943, Tripolitania da Cyrenaica sun kasance suna mulkin mallaka a karkashin Hukumar Sojin Burtaniya ta Libya har zuwa lokacin samun 'yancin kai a 1951, a matsayin masarauta karkashin Muhammad Idris bin Muhammad al-Mahdi as-Senussi (Sarkin Idris na Libya) kuma layin iyakar ya bace cikin duhu.

Tsarin Runduna

Sansanonin Ganuwar Kan Iyakoki, Yuni 1940

Cikakkun bayanai sun fito daga Christie (1999) sai dai in an ambata daban.

• Babban Kwamanda Africa Settentrionale Italiana (Arewa Maso Gabashin Afirka na Italiya) Maresciallo (Marshal) Italo Balbo
• Giarabub
  • Kamfanin sojojin ƙasa
  • Kamfanin motocin bindigogi
  • Bataliyar 3 ta bindigogin sansanin dakarun Libiya
  • Kamfanoni huɗu na bindigogin sansani
  • Rundunar bindigogin rigakafin tanki mai ƙarfi (6 × bindigogin rigakafi na 47/32 M35)
  • Rundunar bindigogin rigakafin jiragen sama mai ƙarfi (6 × bindigogin rigakafi na 20 mm Breda Model 35)
  • Rundunar bindigogin ƙasa (2 × bindigogin Cannone da 65/17 modello 13)
• Bir Scegga (Fort Maddalena)
  • Kamfanin sojojin ƙasa
  • Kamfanin bindigogi
  • Rundunar rigakafin tanki (4 × bindigogin 47/32)
  • Rundunar rigakafin jiragen sama (4 × bindigogin 20 mm)
• El Garn ul Grein
  • Kamfanin sojojin ƙasa
  • Rundunar bindigogi
  • Rundunar rigakafin tanki (4 × bindigogin 47/32 M35)
  • Rundunar rigakafin jiragen sama (4 × bindigogin 20 mm)
• Gialo (Sansanin Mararraba)
  • Bataliya ta bindigogi
  • Bataliya ta maye gurbin dakarun Libiya
  • Kamfanin rigakafin tanki (12 × bindigogin 47/32)
  • Rundunar rigakafin jiragen sama (4 × bindigogin 20 mm)
  • Kamfanin yankin Sahara

Rundunar Yammacin Hamada, Yuni 1940

Babban Kwamandan Gabas ta Tsakiya, Janar Sir Archibald Wavell

• Rundunar Yammacin Hamada (Kwamanda, Laftanar Janar R. N. O’Connor)
• Runduna ta 7 ta Sojojin Motoci (Kwamanda, Manjo-Janar M. O’Moore)
  • Brigade ta 4 ta Motoci masu garkuwa, Mersa Matruh
    • Royal Tank Regiment na 1
    • Royal Tank Regiment na 6
  • Brigade ta 7 ta Motoci masu garkuwa, Sidi Sulieman
    • 7th Hussars
    • 8th Hussars
  • Rukunin Tallafi. (Brigade na Sojojin Motoci) Sidi Barrani
    • Battalion na 1 King's Royal Rifle Corps
    • Battalion na 2 Motor Battalion The Rifle Brigade
    • Battalion na 3 Coldstream Guards
    • Battalion na 1 Royal Northumberland Fusiliers
    • Regiment na 3 Royal Horse Artillery
    • F Battery, Royal Horse Artillery na 4
    • 11th Hussars (wanda aka haɗa da Rukunin Tallafi daga Brigade na 7 ta Motoci) suna gaba a Sidi Barrani tare da ayyuka a kan iyakar Libya da Masar
  • Brigade na Sojojin ƙasa daga Cairo don gadin Mersa Matruh

Sauran Sojojin Commonwealth a Masar

• Runduna ta 4 ta Indiya (banda wata brigade ta sojojin ƙasa) a cikin Nile Delta
  • Brigade ta 5 ta Sojojin ƙasa na Indiya
  • Brigade ta 11 ta Sojojin ƙasa na Indiya
  • Dakarun Runduna
• Runduna ta 6 ta Australiya (a cikin tsari, Nile Delta)
• Runduna ta 2 ta New Zealand (a cikin tsari, Nile Delta)

Mahaɗa

Books

• Cody, J. F. (1956). "6 Sollum and Gazala". 28 Maori Battalion. The Official History of New Zealand in the Second World War 1939–1945. Wellington, NZ: War History Branch, Dept. of Internal Affairs. pp. 133–178. OCLC 4392594. Retrieved 8 March 2015.
• Libya–Egypt (United Arab Republic) Boundary (PDF). International Boundary Study. Washington, DC: United States Department of State Office of the Geographer. 15 January 1966. OCLC 42941644. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 14 March 2015.
• Metz, H. C. (1989). Libya: A Country Study. Area Handbook Series (4th ed.). Washington, DC: Library of Congress. Federal Research Division. OCLC 473404917.
• Moorehead, A (2009) [1944]. The Desert War: The Classic Trilogy on the North African Campaign 1940–43 (Aurum Press ed.). London: Hamish Hamilton. ISBN 978-1-84513-391-7.
• Neillands, Robin (2004). Eighth Army: From the Western Desert to the Alps, 1939–1945. John Murray. ISBN 978-0-7195-5647-0.
• Pitt, B. (2001) [1980]. The Crucible of War: Wavell's Command. I. London: Cassell. ISBN 978-0-304-35950-9 – via Archive Foundation.
• Playfair, I. S. O.; Stitt, G. M. S.; Molony, C. J. C. & Toomer, S. E. (2004) [1954]. Butler, J. R. M. (ed.). The Mediterranean and Middle East: The Early Successes Against Italy (to May 1941). History of the Second World War, United Kingdom Military Series. I (pbk. repr. Naval & Military Press, Uckfield ed.). London: HMSO. ISBN 978-1-84574-065-8.
• Wright, J. L. (1982). Libya: A Modern History. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 978-0-8018-2767-9.

Theses

• Christie, Howard R. (1999). Fallen Eagles: The Italian 10th Army in the Opening Campaign in the Western Desert, June 1940 – December 1940 (MA). Fort Leavenworth, KS: U. S. Army Command and General Staff College. OCLC 465212715. A116763. Archived from the original on 16 February 2015. Retrieved 8 March 2015.

Websites

• Richardson, Tom (2010). "The Siege of Giarabub December 1940 – March 1941" (PDF). SVSS Paper. no ISBN. Canberra: Australian War Memorial. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 December 2018. Retrieved 23 February 2015.

Shafuka

• British Official History: The Mediterranean and Middle East Vol I, Ch 6: Italy Declares War
• "Peace in Libya". Time. 8 February 1932.
• The wire at Fort Maddalena
• Photomontage of the frontier wire at Jaghbub, 2009
• Colonial Soldiers in Italian Counter-Insurgency Operations in Libya, 1922–32
• Samfuri:Usurped