Yankin sararin samaniya

yankin sararin samaniya
Bayanai
Ƙaramin ɓangare na	circulation (en) da air current (en)
Fuskar	sararin samaniya na Duniya
Karatun ta	meteorology (en) , climatology da kimiyya ta sararin samaniya

Bayyanawa mai kyau (a equinox) na yaduwar yanayi mai girma a Duniya

Yankin sararin samaniya shine babban motsi na iska kuma tare da yaduwar teku shine hanyar da ake rarraba wutar lantarki a saman Duniya. Yankin sararin samaniya na duniya ya bambanta daga shekara zuwa shekara, amma tsarin girman yaduwarsa ya kasance daidai. Ƙananan tsarin yanayi - matsakaicin matsakaicin latitude, ko ƙwayoyin convective na wurare masu zafi - suna faruwa a cikin rikici, kuma ba za a iya yin tsinkayen yanayi na dogon lokaci na waɗanda ba fiye da kwanaki goma a aikace ba, ko wata ɗaya a ka'idar (duba Ka'idar rikici da Tasirin malam buɗe ido).

yanayi duniya sakamakon hasken Rana ne da dokokin thermodynamics. Za'a iya kallon yaduwar yanayi a matsayin injin zafi wanda ke motsawa ta hanyar hasken rana kuma wanda makamashi ke nutsewa, a ƙarshe, shine baƙar sararin samaniya. Ayyukan da wannan injin ya samar suna haifar da motsi na iska, kuma a cikin wannan tsari yana sake rarraba makamashi da duniya ta sha a kusa da wurare masu zafi zuwa latitudes kusa da poles, kuma daga can zuwa sararin samaniya.

Babban yanayin sararin samaniya "cells" yana canzawa zuwa pole zuwa lokutan zafi (alal misali, interglacials idan aka kwatanta da glacials), amma suna kasancewa da yawa kamar yadda suke, a asali, dukiyar girman Duniya, juyawa, dumama da zurfin yanayi, dukansu suna canzawa kadan. A cikin lokaci mai tsawo (dubban miliyoyin shekaru), haɓakar tectonic na iya canza manyan abubuwan su, kamar rafin jet, da tectonics na farantin na iya canza raƙuman teku. A lokacin yanayin zafi mai zafi na Mesozoic, belin hamada na uku na iya kasancewa a Equator.

Abubuwan da ke tattare da yaduwar latitudinal

Ra'ayi mai kyau na manyan sel guda uku da ke nuna iska

Saurin tsaye a 500 hPa, matsakaicin Yuli. Hawan (nau'i marasa kyau; shuɗi zuwa violet) yana mai da hankali kusa da ma'aunin hasken rana; saukowa (nau'o'i masu kyau; ja zuwa rawaya) ya fi rarraba amma kuma yana faruwa galibi a cikin sel na Hadley.

An tsara belin iska da ke kewaye da duniyar zuwa sel uku a kowane hemisphere - sel din Hadley, sel din Ferrel, da sel din polar. Wadannan sel suna cikin arewa da kudancin hemispheres. Yawancin motsi na yanayi yana faruwa a cikin sel din Hadley. Tsarin matsin lamba mai girma da ke aiki a saman duniya an daidaita shi ta hanyar tsarin matsin lamba a wasu wurare. A sakamakon haka, akwai daidaitattun karfi da ke aiki a saman Duniya.

latitudes na doki yanki ne na matsin lamba a kusan 30 ° zuwa 35 ° latitude (arewa ko kudu) inda iskõki suka rabu zuwa yankunan da ke kusa da Hadley ko Ferrel cells, kuma waɗanda yawanci suna da iskõki masu haske, sararin samaniya mai hasken rana, da ƙananan hazo.

Hadley cell

Yankin girgije na ITCZ a Gabashin Pacific da Amurka kamar yadda aka gani daga sararin samaniya

Tsarin yaduwar yanayi wanda George Hadley ya bayyana shine ƙoƙari na bayyana iskar kasuwanci. Kwayar Hadley ita ce madauki mai rufewa wanda ke farawa a ma'auni. A can, iska mai laushi tana da dumi ta fuskar Duniya, yana raguwa a cikin yawa kuma yana tashi. Irin wannan iska da ke tashi a wancan gefen ma'auni yana tilasta wa waɗanda ke tashi iska su motsa zuwa pole. Iska mai tashi yana haifar da Yankin matsin lamba kusa da ma'auni. Yayin da iska ke motsawa zuwa pole, yana sanyi, ya zama mai yawa, kuma ya sauka a kusan 30th parallel, yana haifar da babban yanki mai matsin lamba. Iska da ta sauka sai ta yi tafiya zuwa ma'auni tare da farfajiya, ta maye gurbin iska da ta tashi daga yankin ma'aunin, ta rufe madauki na Hadley cell. Motsi na iska zuwa pole a saman ɓangaren troposphere ya karkata zuwa gabas, wanda ya haifar da hanzarin coriolis. A matakin ƙasa, duk da haka, motsi na iska zuwa ma'auni a cikin ƙananan troposphere ya karkata zuwa yamma, yana samar da iska daga gabas. Iska da ke gudana zuwa yamma (daga gabas, iska ta gabas) a matakin ƙasa a cikin Hadley cell ana kiranta iskar kasuwanci.

Kodayake an bayyana Hadley cell a matsayin wanda yake a ma'auni, yana canzawa zuwa arewa (zuwa mafi girma) a watan Yuni da Yuli da kudu (zuwa ƙananan latitudes) a watan Disamba da Janairu, sakamakon dumama na Rana na farfajiyar. Yankin da mafi girman dumama ke faruwa ana kiransa "ma'aunin zafi". Kamar yadda lokacin rani na kudancin ke cikin Disamba zuwa Maris, motsi na ma'aunin zafi zuwa mafi girman latitudes na kudanci yana faruwa a lokacin.

Kwayar halitta

Kwayar polar tsari ne mai sauƙi tare da direbobi masu ƙarfi. Kodayake sanyi da bushewa suna da alaƙa da iska ta equatorial, yawan iska a 60th parallel har yanzu suna da isasshen dumi da danshi don fuskantar convection da fitar da madauki mai zafi. A layi na 60, iska ta tashi zuwa tropopause (kimanin kilomita 8 a wannan latitude) kuma tana motsawa zuwa pole. Yayin da yake yin haka, iska mai hawa ta karkata zuwa gabas. Lokacin da iska ta kai yankunan polar, ta sanyaya ta hanyar radiation zuwa sararin samaniya kuma tana da yawa fiye da iska mai zurfi. Yana saukowa, yana haifar da sanyi, wuri mai bushewa. A matakin saman polar, ana fitar da iska daga sanda zuwa layi na 60, maye gurbin iska da ta tashi a can, kuma kwayar cutar polar ta cika. Yayin da iska a farfajiyar ke motsawa zuwa ma'auni, yana karkatar da yamma, kuma sakamakon Tasirin Coriolis. Ana kiran iska da ke gudana a saman polar easterlies, yana gudana daga arewa maso gabas zuwa kudu maso yamma kusa da arewacin arewa kuma daga kudu maso gabas kusa da kudu maso yamma.