Yankin tsawo
 Yankin tsawo | |
|---|---|
vegetational formation (en)  | |
 | |
| Bayanai | |
| Ƙaramin ɓangare na |
landscape (en) |
| Bangare na | Botany |
Yankin tsawo (ko yanki na tsawo [1]) a cikin yankunan tsaunuka yana bayyana yanayin yanayi na yanayin halittu wanda ke faruwa a tsaunuka daban-daban saboda yanayin muhalli daban-daban. Yanayin zafi, danshi, abun da ke cikin ƙasa, da Hasken rana sune mahimman abubuwa wajen tantance yankuna masu tsawo, wanda hakan ke tallafawa tsire-tsire daban-daban da nau'in dabbobi.[2][3] Yanayin tsawo na farko ya fito ne daga masanin ilimin ƙasa Alexander von Humboldt wanda ya lura cewa zafin jiki yana sauka tare da karuwar tsawo.[4] Zonization kuma yana faruwa a cikin mahalli da ruwa, da kuma a kan iyaka da kuma wuraren da ke da ruwa. Masanin kimiyya C. Hart Merriam ya lura cewa canje-canje a cikin ciyayi da dabbobi a cikin yankuna masu tsawo suna taswirar kan canje-canjen da ake tsammani tare da karuwar latitude a cikin ra'ayinsa na Yankunan rayuwa. A yau, yanki mai tsawo yana wakiltar ainihin ra'ayi a cikin Binciken dutse.
Abubuwan da suka shafi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Abubuwa daban-daban na muhalli suna ƙayyade iyakokin yankuna masu tsawo da aka samu a kan duwatsu, daga tasirin kai tsaye na zafin jiki da hazo zuwa halaye na kai tsaye na dutsen da kansa, da kuma hulɗar halittu na jinsin. Dalilin zonation yana da rikitarwa, saboda yawancin yiwuwar hulɗa da ke tattare da nau'ikan jinsuna. Ana buƙatar ma'auni da gwaje-gwaje na ƙididdiga don tabbatar da wanzuwar al'ummomi masu rarrabe tare da tsawo, sabanin nau'ikan jinsuna marasa alaƙa.[6]
Yanayin zafi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Rage yawan zafin iska yawanci ya dace da karuwar tsawo, wanda ke tasiri kai tsaye akan tsawon lokacin girma a wurare daban-daban na dutsen.[2][7] Ga duwatsu da ke cikin hamada, matsanancin yanayin zafi kuma yana iyakance ikon manyan itatuwa masu laushi ko bishiyoyi masu laushi don girma kusa da gindin duwatsu.[8] Bugu da kari, tsire-tsire na iya zama masu saukin kamuwa da yanayin ƙasa kuma suna iya samun takamaiman tsawo wanda ke tallafawa ci gaba mai kyau.[9]
Rashin zafi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Rashin zafi na wasu yankuna, gami da matakan hazo, yanayin zafi, da kuma yiwuwar evapotranspiration, ya bambanta da tsawo kuma yana da mahimmanci wajen tantance yankin tsawo.[3] Mafi mahimmancin canji shine hazo a wurare daban-daban.[10] Yayin da iska mai dumi, mai laushi ke tashi a gefen iska na dutse, yanayin zafi yana sanyaya kuma yana rasa ƙarfinsa na riƙe danshi. Don haka, ana sa ran ruwan sama mafi girma a matsakaicin tsawo kuma yana iya tallafawa ci gaban gandun daji. Sama da wani tsawo iska mai tashi ya zama bushe da sanyi, kuma ta haka ne ya hana ci gaban itace.[9] Kodayake ruwan sama bazai zama muhimmiyar mahimmanci ga wasu duwatsu ba, yanayin zafi ko bushewa na iya zama mafi mahimmancin matsalolin yanayi wanda ke shafar yankuna masu tsawo.[11] Dukkanin matakan ruwan sama da danshi suna tasiri ga danshi na ƙasa. Ɗaya daga cikin mahimman abubuwan da ke sarrafa ƙananan iyakar Encinal ko matakin gandun daji shine rabo na evaporation zuwa danshi na ƙasa.[12]
Tsarin ƙasa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Abinda ke cikin ƙasa a wurare daban-daban yana ƙara rikitar da rarraba yankuna masu tsawo. Ƙasa tare da mafi girman abun ciki mai gina jiki, saboda yawan lalacewa ko mafi girman yanayi na duwatsu, ya fi tallafawa manyan bishiyoyi da ciyayi. Girman ƙasa mafi kyau ya bambanta da takamaiman dutse da ake nazarin. Misali, ga duwatsu da aka samo a Yankunan gandun daji na wurare masu zafi, ƙananan tsaunuka suna nuna ƙananan nau'ikan ƙasa saboda kauri na ganye da suka fadi da ke rufe gandun daji.[3] A wannan latitude mafi yawan acidic, ƙasa mai laushi tana nan a mafi girman tsawo a cikin matakan montane ko subalpine.[3] A cikin misali daban, yanayin zafi yana da matsala ta hanyar yanayin zafi a mafi girman tsaunuka a Dutsen Rocky na yammacin Amurka, wanda ke haifar da ƙasa mai laushi.[13]
Ƙarfin halittu
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Baya ga dakarun jiki, dakarun halittu na iya samar da yanki. Misali, mai fafatawa mai ƙarfi na iya tilasta masu fafatawa marasa ƙarfi zuwa matsayi mafi girma ko ƙasa a kan tsawo.[14] Muhimmancin gasa yana da wuyar tantancewa ba tare da gwaje-gwaje ba, waɗanda suke da tsada kuma galibi suna ɗaukar shekaru da yawa don kammalawa. Koyaya, akwai tarin shaidu cewa tsire-tsire masu rinjaye na iya kama wuraren da aka fi so (shafuka masu zafi ko ƙasa mai zurfi). [15][16] Sauran dalilai biyu na halitta na iya rinjayar yanki: kiwo da mutunci. Muhimmancin waɗannan abubuwan ma yana da wuyar tantancewa, amma yawan dabbobi masu kiwo, da yawan ƙungiyoyin mycorrhizal, suna nuna cewa waɗannan abubuwa na iya rinjayar rarraba shuke-shuke a hanyoyi masu mahimmanci.[17]
Hasken rana
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Haske wani muhimmin abu ne a cikin ci gaban bishiyoyi da sauran tsire-tsire na photosynthetic. Yanayin duniya yana cike da tururin ruwa, kwayoyin halitta, da iskar gas waɗanda ke tace radiation da ke fitowa daga Rana kafin ya kai saman Duniya.[18] Saboda haka, tsaunuka na tsaunuka da tsaunuka masu tsawo suna karɓar radiation mai ƙarfi fiye da filayen basal. Tare da yanayin da ake tsammani a tsaunuka masu tsawo, shrubs da ciyawa suna bunƙasa saboda ƙananan ganye da tsarin tushen su.[19] Koyaya, tsaunuka masu tsawo suna da murfin girgije akai-akai, wanda ke biyan wasu daga cikin radiation mai ƙarfi.
Tasirin Massenerhebung
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Dole ne a yi la'akari da halaye na jiki da kuma wurin dangi na dutsen kanta a cikin hasashen alamu na tsawo.[3] Sakamakon Massenerhebung ya bayyana bambancin a cikin layin itace bisa ga girman dutse da wuri: duwatsu da ke kewaye da manyan kewayon za su kasance suna da layin bishiyoyi mafi girma fiye da tsaunuka masu nisa saboda riƙe zafi da inuwa ta iska. Wannan tasirin ya yi hasashen cewa yankunan gandun daji a kan ƙananan duwatsu na iya nuna yankin da ake tsammani a kan tsaunuka masu tsawo, amma belin yana faruwa a ƙananan tsaunuka.[3] Ana nuna irin wannan sakamako a cikin tsaunukan Santa Catalina na Arizona, inda tsawo da jimlar tsawo ke tasiri ga tsawo na yankuna masu tsayi.[12]
Sauran dalilai
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Baya ga abubuwan da aka bayyana a sama, akwai wasu kaddarorin da za su iya rikitar da tsinkaye na yankunan tsawo. Wadannan sun hada da: mitar tashin hankali (kamar wuta ko ruwan sama), saurin iska, nau'in dutse, yanayin ƙasa, kusanci da rafi ko koguna, tarihin aikin tectonic, da latitude.[2][3]
Matsayi na tsawo
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Misalai na tsawo na yanki suna da rikitarwa ta hanyar abubuwan da aka tattauna a sama kuma ta haka ne tsawo na dangi kowane yanki ya fara kuma ya ƙare ba a ɗaure shi da takamaiman tsawo ba.[20] Koyaya yana yiwuwa a raba gradient na altitudinal zuwa manyan yankuna biyar da masu ilimin muhalli ke amfani da su a ƙarƙashin sunaye daban-daban. A wasu lokuta waɗannan matakan suna bin juna tare da raguwa a tsawo, wanda ake kira juyawa na ciyayi.
- Matsayin Nival (glaciers): [21] An rufe shi da dusar ƙanƙara a cikin mafi yawan shekara. Shuke-shuke suna da iyaka sosai ga 'yan nau'in da ke bunƙasa a kan ƙasa.[7][20]
- Matsayin Alpine: [7] Yankin da ke tsakanin layin itace da layin dusar ƙanƙara.[20] Wannan yanki ya kara raguwa zuwa Sub-Nival da Treeless Alpine (a cikin wurare masu zafi-Tierra fria; low-alpine) Sub-nival: Yankin mafi girma wanda tsire-tsire yawanci ya wanzu.[3] Wannan yanki an tsara shi ne ta hanyar sanyi mai yawa wanda ke ƙuntata mulkin mallaka mai yawa. Shuke-shuke suna da kyau kuma an ƙuntata su ne kawai ga wurare mafi kyau waɗanda aka kare su daga iska mai ƙarfi wanda sau da yawa ke nuna wannan yanki. Yawancin wannan yankin ciyawa ne mai laushi, sedges da rush heaths na yankunan arctic. Ana samun dusar ƙanƙara a wannan yankin na wani ɓangare na shekara. Treeless alpine (low-alpine): An nuna shi ta hanyar rufe kafet na ciyayi wanda ya haɗa da alpine meadows, shrubs da ƙananan bishiyoyi. Saboda cikakken murfin ciyayi, sanyi yana da ƙarancin tasiri a wannan yankin, amma saboda yanayin sanyi na bishiyoyi yana da iyaka sosai.
- Sub-nival: Yankin mafi girma wanda yawanci ciyayi ke wanzu.[20] Wannan yanki an tsara shi ne ta hanyar sanyi mai yawa wanda ke ƙuntata mulkin mallaka mai yawa. Shuke-shuke suna da kyau kuma an ƙuntata su ne kawai ga wurare mafi kyau waɗanda aka kare su daga iska mai ƙarfi wanda sau da yawa ke nuna wannan yanki. Yawancin wannan yankin ciyawa ne mai laushi, sedges da rush heaths na yankunan arctic. Ana samun dusar ƙanƙara a wannan yankin na wani ɓangare na shekara.
- Treeless alpine (low-alpine): An nuna shi ta hanyar rufe kafet na ciyayi wanda ya haɗa da alpine meadows, shrubs da ƙananan bishiyoyi. Saboda cikakken murfin ciyayi, sanyi yana da ƙarancin tasiri a wannan yankin, amma saboda yanayin sanyi na bishiyoyi yana da iyaka sosai.
- Matsayin Montane: [7] Ya shimfiɗa daga gandun daji na tsakiya zuwa layin itace.[22] Takamaiman matakin layin itace ya bambanta da yanayin yankin, amma yawanci ana samun layin itacen inda matsakaicin yanayin ƙasa na kowane wata bai wuce digiri 10.0 C ba kuma matsakaicin yawan yanayin ƙasa na shekara-shekara yana kusa da digiri 6.7 C. A cikin wurare masu zafi, wannan yankin yana nuna alamar gandun daji na montane (sama da 3,000 ft) yayin da a mafi girman latitudes da gandun daji masu yawa suna mamayewa.
- Layer na Lowland: [4] Wannan mafi ƙasƙanci ɓangaren tsaunuka ya bambanta sosai a cikin yanayi kuma ana kiransa da sunaye masu yawa dangane da yanayin da ke kewaye.[23] Ana samun yankunan tuddai a yankunan wurare masu zafi kuma ana samun yankunan Encinal da wuraren ciyawa a yankunan hamada. Colline: An nuna shi da gandun daji masu laushi lokacin da yake cikin teku ko yankunan nahiyar matsakaici, kuma ana nuna shi da ciyawa a yankunan nahiyoyi.[3] Ya shimfiɗa daga matakin teku zuwa kusan ƙafa 3,000 (kimanin 900 m). Shuke-shuke suna da yawa kuma suna da yawa. Encinal: An nuna shi ta hanyar gandun daji na itacen oak kuma ya fi yawa a yankunan hamada. Rashin ruwa da iyakancewar sarrafa danshi na ƙasa wanda mahalli na encinal zai iya bunƙasa. Yankunan hamada suna ƙasa da yankunan encinal. Ana samun sa sosai a kudu maso yammacin Amurka. Yankin ciyawa na hamada: An nuna shi ta hanyar bambancin yawan ciyayi, yankunan ciyawa ba za su iya tallafawa bishiyoyi ba saboda matsanancin bushewa. Wasu yankunan hamada na iya tallafawa bishiyoyi a gindin duwatsu duk da haka, don haka yankunan ciyawa daban-daban ba za su kasance a cikin waɗannan yankuna ba.
- Colline: An nuna shi da gandun daji masu laushi lokacin da yake cikin teku ko yankunan nahiyar matsakaici, kuma ana nuna shi da ciyawa a yankunan nahiyoyi.[3] Ya shimfiɗa daga matakin teku zuwa kusan ƙafa 3,000 (kimanin 900 m). Shuke-shuke suna da yawa kuma suna da yawa.
- Encinal: An nuna shi ta hanyar gandun daji na itacen oak kuma ya fi yawa a yankunan hamada.[12] Rashin ruwa da iyakancewar sarrafa danshi na ƙasa wanda mahalli na encinal zai iya bunƙasa. Yankunan hamada suna ƙasa da yankunan encinal. Ana samun sa sosai a kudu maso yammacin Amurka.
- Yankin ciyawa na hamada: An nuna shi ta hanyar bambancin yawan ciyayi, yankunan ciyawa ba za su iya tallafawa bishiyoyi ba saboda matsanancin bushewa.[12] Wasu yankunan hamada na iya tallafawa bishiyoyi a gindin duwatsu duk da haka, don haka yankunan ciyawa daban-daban ba za su kasance a cikin waɗannan yankuna ba.
Don cikakkun bayanai game da halaye na yankuna masu tsawo da aka samu a kan duwatsu daban-daban, duba Jerin yankuna na rayuwa ta yanki.
Itacen
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Yankin da ya fi dacewa da yanayin halittu da yanayin yanayi tare da tsaunuka masu tsawo shine yanayin yanayi mai tsawo. Itacen ya raba montane daga yankin alpine kuma yana nuna yiwuwar girma itace, ba tare da la'akari da ko bishiyoyi suna nan ko a'a ba.[24] Don haka lokacin da aka yanke bishiyoyi ko ƙone su, kuma saboda haka, ba su cikin bishiyar ba, har yanzu suna nan kamar yadda aka bayyana ta hanyar isotherm.[25] A layin itace, tsiro na itace sau da yawa yana da ƙarancin gaske, ya ragu, kuma iska da sanyi krummholz (Jamusanci don "itace mai laushi") sun lalace.[26] Layin itace sau da yawa yana bayyana sosai, amma yana iya zama canji a hankali. Bishiyoyi suna girma da gajere kuma sau da yawa a ƙananan yawa yayin da suke kusantar layin itace, sama da abin da suka daina wanzuwa.[27]
Yankin dabbobi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Dabbobi kuma suna nuna alamu na yanki tare da yankunan ciyayi da aka bayyana a sama.[7] Invertebrates an bayyana su a sarari a cikin yankuna saboda yawanci ba su da motsi fiye da nau'in vertebrate. Dabbobi masu ƙashin kansu galibi suna wucewa a fadin yankuna masu tsawo bisa ga yanayi da wadatar abinci. Yawanci bambancin nau'ikan dabbobi da yawa suna raguwa a matsayin aikin tsawo sama da yankin tsaunuka saboda yanayin muhalli mai tsanani da aka samu a tsaunuka mafi girma. Ƙananan binciken sun bincika yankin dabbobi tare da tsawo saboda wannan alaƙar ba ta da cikakkiyar bayyana fiye da yankunan ciyayi saboda karuwar motsi na nau'in dabbobi.[7]
Shirye-shiryen amfani da ƙasa da amfani da mutum
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Bambancin yanayin halitta da na ɗan adam ya sa ya zama da wahala a gina samfuran duniya don bayyana noma na ɗan adam a cikin yanayin tsawo. Tare da ƙarin hanyoyin da aka kafa duk da haka, gadar tsakanin al'adu daban-daban ta fara raguwa.[28] Yanayin tsaunuka sun zama mafi sauki kuma yada ra'ayoyi, fasaha, da kayayyaki suna faruwa tare da daidaito. Duk da haka, yankin tsawo yana kula da ƙwarewar aikin gona kuma yawan jama'a masu girma suna haifar da lalacewar muhalli.
Aikin noma
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Jama'ar mutane sun haɓaka dabarun samar da aikin gona don amfani da halaye daban-daban na yankuna masu tsawo. Hawan, yanayi, da amfanin ƙasa sun kafa iyakoki na sama akan nau'ikan amfanin gona waɗanda zasu iya zama a kowane yanki. Mutanen da ke zaune a yankin Andes Mountain na Kudancin Amurka sun yi amfani da yanayin tsawo daban-daban don haɓaka amfanin gona daban-daban.[11] An karɓi nau'ikan dabarun daidaitawa guda biyu a cikin al'ummomin tsaunuka.[29]
- Shirye-shiryen Gabaɗaya - yana amfani da jerin microniches ko ecozones a matakai da yawa
- Shirye-shiryen Musamman - yana mai da hankali kan yanki ɗaya kuma ya ƙware a cikin ayyukan noma da suka dace da wannan tsawo, haɓaka alaƙar kasuwanci mai zurfi tare da jama'ar waje
Tare da ingantaccen damar samun sabbin dabarun noma, jama'a suna karɓar dabarun musamman kuma suna ƙaura daga dabarun da aka tsara. Yawancin al'ummomin noma yanzu sun zaɓi yin ciniki tare da al'ummomi a wurare daban-daban maimakon noma kowane hanya da kansu saboda yana da rahusa kuma yana da sauƙin ƙwarewa a cikin yankin su.[30]
Rashin lalacewar muhalli
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Girman yawan jama'a yana haifar da lalacewar muhalli a cikin mahalli ta hanyar sare daji da wuce gona da iri. Karin samun dama ga yankunan tsaunuka yana ba da damar ƙarin mutane suyi tafiya tsakanin yankuna kuma su ƙarfafa ƙungiyoyi su faɗaɗa amfani da ƙasar kasuwanci. Bugu da ƙari, sabon haɗin tsakanin mutanen tsaunuka da ƙasƙanci daga ingantaccen hanyar hanya ya ba da gudummawa ga tabarbarewar muhalli.[30]
Tattaunawa game da ci gaba da yanki
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Ba duk wuraren tsaunuka ba ne ke nuna canje-canje na kwatsam a yankunan tsawo. Kodayake ba a saba da shi ba, wasu wurare masu zafi suna nuna jinkirin ci gaba da canji a cikin ciyayi a kan gradient na tsawo kuma saboda haka ba sa samar da yankuna daban-daban na ciyayi.[31]
Misalan
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- Yankunan rayuwa na tsakiyar Turai
- Yankunan rayuwa na Babban Basin na Arewacin Amurka
- Yankunan rayuwa na yankin Bahar Rum
- Yankunan rayuwa na Arewacin Cascades a cikin Pacific Arewa maso Yammacin Amurka
- Yankunan rayuwa na Sierra Nevada a California
- Yankunan rayuwa na Peru
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ McVicar & Körner 2013
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Daubenmire 1943
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 Frahm & Gradstein 1991
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Salter et al. 2005
- ↑ Fukarek et al. 1982
- ↑ Shipley & Keddy 1987
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 Nagy & Grabherr 2009
- ↑ Daubenmire 1943
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 Nagy & Grabherr 2009
- ↑ Daubenmire 1943
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 Stadel 1990
- ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 12.3 Shreve 1922
- ↑ Daubenmire 1943
- ↑ Keddy 2001
- ↑ Goldberg 1982
- ↑ Wilson 1993
- ↑ Keddy 2007
- ↑ Daubenmire 1943
- ↑ Nagy & Grabherr 2009
- ↑ 20.0 20.1 20.2 20.3 Troll 1973
- ↑ Pauli, Gottfried & Grabherr 1999
- ↑ Tang & Ohsawa 1997
- ↑ Pulgar Vidal 1979
- ↑ Körner 2012
- ↑ Paulsen & Körner 2014
- ↑ Zwinger & Willard 1996
- ↑ Zwinger & Willard 1996
- ↑ Allan 1986
- ↑ Rhoades & Thompson 1975
- ↑ 30.0 30.1 Allan 1986
- ↑ Hemp 2006