Jump to content

Yankunan da ba su da kyau

Daga Wikipedia, Insakulofidiya ta kyauta.
Yankunan da ba su da kyau
Bayanai
Ƙaramin ɓangare na landform (en) Fassara

Badlands wani nau'i ne na busassun ƙasa inda duwatsu masu laushi da ƙasa mai wadataccen yumɓu suka lalace sosai. Ana nuna su da gangaren da ke da tsawo, ƙananan ciyayi, rashin wani regolith mai yawa, da kuma yawan ruwa.[1] Ravines, gullies, buttes, hoodoos da sauran irin waɗannan siffofin geologic sun zama ruwan dare a cikin wuraren da ba su da kyau.

Ana samun wuraren da ba su da kyau a kowace nahiya sai dai Antarctica, kasancewar sun fi dacewa inda akwai wuraren da ba a haɗa su ba. Sau da yawa suna da wuyar kewayawa da ƙafa, kuma ba su dace da noma ba. Yawancin su sakamakon matakai ne na halitta, amma lalacewar ciyayi ta hanyar wuce gona da iri ko gurɓataccen yanayi na iya haifar da wuraren da ba su da kyau.

Yanayin da ba shi da kyau

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Yankunan da ba su da kyau suna da bambancin yanayin da ba su dace ba. Wannan wuri ne inda rushewa ruwa ta yanke adadi mai yawa na tashoshin ruwa masu zurfi, waɗanda aka raba su da gajeren tsaunuka masu tsayi (interfluves). Irin wannan tsarin magudanar ruwa an ce yana da ƙarancin magudanar jini, kamar yadda aka auna ta hanyar yawan magudanar ruwan. An bayyana yawan magudanar ruwa a matsayin jimlar tsawon tashoshin magudanar ta kowane yanki na ƙasa. Yankunan da ba su da kyau suna da yawan ruwa mai yawa na kilomita 48 zuwa 464 a kowace murabba'in kilomita (77 zuwa 747 mil a kowace murabus mil). [2] Hanyoyin ruwa masu zurfi da manyan koguna suna haifar da tsaunuka masu tsawo, gorlies, da kwari.[3]

Caprock a kan hoodoos a cikin Theodore Roosevelt National ParkGidan shakatawa na Theodore Roosevelt

Baya ga tsarin ruwa mai yawa da interfluves, wuraren da ba su da kyau galibi suna dauke da buttes da hoodoos. Wadannan an kafa su ne ta hanyar gadaje masu tsayayya na sandstone, waɗanda ke samar da Caprock na buttes da hoodoos.

Asalin

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Yankunan da ba su da ruwa sun samo asali ne daga haɗuwa da ƙasa mai saurin ruwa amma mai sauƙin lalacewa, tsire-tsire masu yawa, da ruwan sama mai yawa amma mai yawa. Dutsen da ke saman yawanci laka ne, wani lokacin tare da evaporites, tare da gadaje na lokaci-lokaci na sandstone mai tsayayya. Rashin ruwan sama mai yawa yana haifar da raguwa mai tsanani. Inda ruwan sama na kwatsam ba zai iya shiga cikin yumɓu ba, ana tura shi cikin tsarin ruwa mai yawa wanda ke lalata tsarin da ke fadadawa, gulleys da kwari. Rugujewar ƙasa tana ingantawa ta hanyar zubar da ruwan sama wanda ke fitar da turɓaya mai laushi. Kasancewar yumɓu na bentonite yana ƙara ƙaruwa, kamar yadda za a iya sake farfado da tsarin magudanar ruwa daga haɓaka yanki, kamar yadda ya faru a Badlands National Park .

Baya ga rushewar ƙasa, wuraren da ba su da kyau a wasu lokuta suna da bututu mai kyau, wanda shine tsarin bututu, haɗin gwiwa, koguna, da sauran sararin samaniya da aka haɗa a cikin ƙasa wanda ruwa zai iya zubar. Koyaya, wannan ba fasalin duniya ba ne na wuraren da ba su da kyau. Misali, wuraren da ba su da kyau na Henry Mountains suna nuna ƙananan bututu.[1]

Takamaiman matakai da amsoshin rushewa ke faruwa sun bambanta dangane da takamaiman haɗuwa da kayan da ke cikin ƙasa. Koyaya, an kiyasta cewa wuraren da ba su da kyau na Badlands National Park suna lalacewa a matsakaicin matsakaicin kusan inci ɗaya ko 25 millimeters a kowace shekara.[4] An sanya sunan White River da ke zubar da Badlands National Park saboda nauyin nauyin yumbu na bentonite da aka rushe daga wuraren da ba su da kyau.

Regolith

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Yankunan da ba su da kyau suna da wani ɓangare na ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan duwatsu. Bayanan regolith na wuraren da ba su da kyau yanayin da ba su dace ba suna iya kama da juna. waɗannan yankuna, Layer na sama (~ 1-5 in) yawanci ya ƙunshi silt, shale, da yashi (wani abu ne na shale mai iska). Wannan Layer na iya samar da ko dai karamin ɓawon burodi ko kuma mai sauƙi, mafi yawan haɗuwa da ɓangarorin "popcorn". Da yake a ƙarƙashin Layer na sama akwai sublayer (~ 5-10 in), a ƙasa ana iya samun wani shard layer (~ 10-40 in), wanda aka kafa da yawa daga ƙananan ƙwayoyin shale, wanda a ƙarshe ya ba da hanya ga Layer na shale mara yanayi. Badlands kamar waɗanda aka samu Mancos Shale, Brule Formation, Chadron Formation, da Dinosaur Provincial Park ana iya cewa sun dace da wannan bayanin martaba.[1]

A cikin yankuna marasa busasshiyar ƙasa, bayanin martaba na iya bambanta sosai. Wasu wuraren da ba su da wani nau'i na regolith, suna rufewa a maimakon haka a cikin dutse mai laushi kamar sandstone. Sauran suna da regolith tare da yumbu, kuma har yanzu wasu suna da ƙwayoyin halitta na algae ko lichens.[1]

Baya ga rashin wani muhimmin regolith, su ma ba su da tsire-tsire da yawa. Rashin ciyayi na iya zama sakamakon rashin wani regolith mai yawa.

Yankunan da mutane suka samo asali

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Cheltenham Badlands, Caledon, Ontario, Kanada

Kodayake mafi yawan yanayin ƙasa mara kyau na halitta ne, an samar da wuraren da ba su da kyau ta hanyar lalata shuke-shuke, ta hanyar wuce gona da iri, Ruwan sama mai zafi, ko ruwan ma'adinai mai zafi. Cheltenham Badlands a Caledon, Ontario misali ne na wuraren da ba su da kyau da aka samar ta hanyar aikin gona mara kyau. A farkon shekarun 1900, an yi amfani da yankin don dalilai na noma, galibi kiwo shanu. Amfani da aikin gona ya ƙare a shekara ta 1931 kuma dawo da mafi yawan dukiyar ya fara.[5] Da zarar an kafa, duk da haka, wannan nau'in rushewa na iya ci gaba da sauri, idan share ƙasa, wuce gona da iri, da karuwar zirga-zirgar ƙafa ta mutane sun ci gaba, saboda shale yana da saukin kamuwa da rushewa.

Misali na wuraren da aka kirkira ta hanyar hakar ma'adinai shine ma'adinin zinare na Roman na Las Médulas a arewacin Spain. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida][ana buƙatar hujja][<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2023)">citation needed</span>]

Kalmar badlands ta samo asali ne daga kalmar Faransanci na Kanada les mauvaises terres, kamar yadda 'yan kasuwa na Faransanci na farko suka kira White River badlands les mauvaises tier à traverser ko 'ƙasa mara kyau da za a ratsa', watakila tasirin Mutanen Lakota waɗanda suka koma can a ƙarshen 1700s kuma waɗanda suka kira ƙasar mako sica, ma'ana 'ƙasar da ta lalace'.

Kalmar malpaís tana nufin 'ƙananan ƙasashe' a cikin Mutanen Espanya, [6] amma tana nufin filin da ke gudana wanda ya bambanta da wuraren da aka rushe na White River.

Tasirin Mutum

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Badlands are generally unsuitable for agriculture, but attempts have been made to remediate badlands. For example, reforestation is being attempted in the Garbeta badlands of Eastern India.[7] Revegetation and reforestation have been studied in the black marl badlands of the French Alps. Austrian black pine can become established and then be gradually replaced by native deciduous species. However, the time scale for this process is many decades.[8]

Wuraren da aka yi

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Valle de la Luna, Argentina)" id="mwAQE" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="San Juan Province (Argentina)">San Juan, Argentina

Ana samun wuraren da ba su da kyau a duk nahiyoyi sai dai Antarctica. Kasancewar turɓaya da ba a haɗa su ba yana da iko mai ƙarfi a wuraren su.[9]

Argentina

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Valle de la Luna ("Valley of the Moon") yana daya daga cikin misalai da yawa na tsarin daji a tsakiyar yammacin Argentina.[10]

Kanada

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Yankunan da ba su da kyau a Drumheller, Alberta

Cheltenham Badlands suna cikin Caledon, Ontario, ba da nisa da birni mafi girma a Kanada Toronto ba.[11]

Babban Muddy Badlands a Saskatchewan ya sami sananne a matsayin mafaka ga masu laifi. [12]

Akwai babban yanki a Alberta, musamman a kwarin Red Deer River, inda Dinosaur Provincial Park yake, da kuma a Drumheller, inda Royal Tyrrell Museum of Palaeontology yake.[13]

China

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Yankunan da ba su da kyau na Zhangye National Geopark

Zhangye National Geopark wani yanki ne wanda aka sani da dutsen da ke da launi. Kafofin yada labarai na kasar Sin sun zabe shi a matsayin daya daga cikin kyawawan wurare a kasar Sin kuma ya zama UNESCO Global Geopark a shekarar 2019. [14]

Indiya

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Garbeta, Gabashin Indiya wani mummunan yanki ne wanda ke cikin yanayin ruwan sama.[7] Chambal ya bazu a fadin sassan arewacin Madhya Pradesh, kudu maso gabashin Rajasthan da sassan kudancin Uttar Pradesh wanda aka sani da rashin bin doka da kuma Dacoity wani misali ne na wuraren da ba su da kyau.[15] Ana kuma samun karamin yanki a yammacin Uttar Pradesh da Haryana.

Italiya

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
"Calanchi" na Aliano, a yankin Italiya na Basilicata

A Italiya, ana kiran wuraren da ba su da kyau "calanchi". Wasu misalai sune Aliano (Basilicata), Crete Senesi (Tuscany) da Civita di Bagnoregio (Lazio).

New Zealand

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Wani sanannen wuri mara kyau a New Zealand - Pūtangirua Pinnacles, wanda aka kafa ta hanyar rushewar tarin tsohuwar fan - yana kan wani karamin kwari kusa da kudancin Tsibirin Arewa.[16]

Spain

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Badland landscape from the Bárdenas Reales, in Navarre, Spain.
Yankin daji daga Bárdenas Reales, a Navarre, Spain

Bardenas Reales kusa da Tudela, Navarre, Tabernas Desert a Tabernas, Almería, sassa na Granada Altiplano kusa da Guadix kuma mai yiwuwa Los Monegros a Aragon misalai ne na wuraren da ba su da kyau na Mutanen Espanya.

Turkiyya

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Turkiyya tana da manyan wuraren da ba su da kyau, [9] gami da Gidan shakatawa na Göreme . [17]

Amurka

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Toadstool Geologic Park a arewa maso yammacin Nebraska

A cikin Amurka, Gidan shakatawa na Jihar Makoshika a Montana da Gidan shakatawa na Badlands a Dakota ta Kudu misalai ne na manyan wuraren da ba su da kyau. Har ila yau, a cikin wannan yankin shine Theodore Roosevelt National Park, wani filin shakatawa na Amurka wanda ya ƙunshi yankuna uku da aka raba a yammacin North Dakota mai suna bayan tsohon shugaban Amurka Theodore Roosevelt. Gidan shakatawa na Petrified Forest a Arizona wanda yake wani ɓangare na Navajo County ya ƙunshi wuraren da ba su da kyau da yawa waɗanda ke kusa da Navajo Indian Reservation kuma yana kai tsaye a arewacin Joseph City, Arizona. An yi imanin cewa an binne dinosaur da yawa a yankin da ke kusa kuma bincike yana gudana tun farkon karni na 20.

Daga cikin yankin Henry Mountains a Utah, kimanin 1,500 m (4,900 ft) ft (1,500 sama da matakin teku, Cretaceous- da Jurassic-aged shales suna fallasa.[1] Wani sanannen yanki na wuraren da ba su da kyau shine Toadstool Geologic Park a cikin Oglala National Grassland da ke arewa maso yammacin Nebraska. Dinosaur National Monument a Colorado da Utah suma saitunan wuraren daji ne, tare da wasu yankuna da yawa a kudancin Utah, kamar Chinle Badlands a Grand Staircase-Escalante National Monument. Wani karamin yanki da ake kira Hell's Half-Acre yana nan a cikin Natrona County, Wyoming. Ƙarin wuraren da ba su da kyau sun wanzu a wurare daban-daban a duk faɗin kudu maso yammacin Wyoming, kamar su kusa da Pinedale da kuma a cikin Kwarin Bridger kusa da garuruwan Lyman da Mountain View, kusa da tsaunukan Uintah. Gidan shakatawa na Pinnacles a California kuma yana da yankunan wuraren da ba su da kyau, kamar yadda hamadar Mojave a gabashin California.

Al'adu da kafofin watsa labarai

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Badlands sun zama sanannen wuri a cikin kafofin watsa labarai daban-daban, musamman yammaci.[18]

Hoton hoton

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Manazarta

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  1. 1 2 3 4 5 A.J. Parsons and A.D. Abrahams, Editors (2009) Geomorphology of Desert Environments (2nd ed.) Springer Science & Business Media ISBN 978-1402057182 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "A.D. Abrahams, Editors 2009" defined multiple times with different content
  2. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Jackson
  3. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Lillie
  4. ↑ "Geologic Formations: How Badlands Buttes Came to Be". National Park Service. 10 November 2020.
  5. ↑ "Cheltenham Badlands Management Planning Background Information" (PDF). Bruce Trail Conservancy. 2012. p. 4-5. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2021-05-21. Retrieved 2024-03-08.
  6. ↑ "Frequently asked questions". El Malpais National Monument. National Park Service. Retrieved 18 January 2021.
  7. 1 2 Saha, Asish; Pal, Subodh Chandra; Arabameri, Alireza; Chowdhuri, Indrajit; Rezaie, Fatemeh; Chakrabortty, Rabin; Roy, Paramita; Shit, Manisa (June 2021). "Optimization modelling to establish false measures implemented with ex-situ plant species to control gully erosion in a monsoon-dominated region with novel in-situ measurements". Journal of Environmental Management. 287: 112284. doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.112284. PMID 33711662 Check |pmid= value (help). S2CID 232217656 Check |s2cid= value (help). Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "India" defined multiple times with different content
  8. ↑ Gallart, Francesc; Marignani, Michela; Pérez-Gallego, Nuria; Santi, Elisa; Maccherini, Simona (July 2013). "Thirty years of studies on badlands, from physical to vegetational approaches. A succinct review". CATENA. 106: 4–11. Bibcode:2013Caten.106....4G. doi:10.1016/j.catena.2012.02.008.
  9. 1 2 Avcioglu, Aydogan; Gorum, Tolga; Akbas, Abdullah; Moreno de las Heras, Mariano; Yetemen, Omer (2021). "The climatic, topographic and litho-tectonic characteristics of badlands in Turkey". EGU General Assembly Conference Abstracts. Bibcode:2021EGUGA..23.7788A. doi:10.5194/egusphere-egu21-7788. S2CID 236762970 Check |s2cid= value (help). Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Turkey" defined multiple times with different content
  10. ↑ "Ischigualasto / Talampaya Natural Parks". UNESCO World Heritage Centre.
  11. ↑ Kasanin-Grubin, Milica (2013-07-01). "Clay mineralogy as a crucial factor in badland hillslope processes". CATENA. Updating Badlands Research (in Turanci). 106: 54–67. Bibcode:2013Caten.106...54K. doi:10.1016/j.catena.2012.08.008. ISSN 0341-8162.
  12. ↑ Yanko, Dave. "Outlaw Rule". Virtual Saskatchewan. Retrieved 2010-05-11.
  13. ↑ (E.B. ed.). Missing or empty |title= (help)
  14. ↑ "ZHANGYE UNESCO GLOBAL GEOPARK".
  15. ↑ "28/07/2020". Empower IAS. Retrieved 2022-09-05.
  16. ↑ "Putangirua Pinnacles Scenic Reserve". Department of Conservation.
  17. ↑ Ertek, T. Ahmet (12 March 2021). "The Geoheritage of Göreme National Park and the Rock Sites of Cappadocia, Turkey". Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie, Supplementary Issues. 62 (3): 333–348. Bibcode:2021ZGmS...62..333E. doi:10.1127/zfg_suppl/2021/0702. S2CID 233709481 Check |s2cid= value (help).
  18. ↑ Río, David (2016). "Facing Old Age and Searching for Regeneration in a Dying American West: Gregory Martin's "Mountain City" / Afrontando la vejez y buscando la regeneración en un Oeste norteamericano moribundo: "Mountain City", de Gregory Martin" (PDF). Atlantis. 38 (1): 149–164. JSTOR 24757762.
Daga "https://ha.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yankunan_da_ba_su_da_kyau&oldid=669423"