Yankunan duniya
 Yankunan duniya | |
|---|---|
| ƙunshiya | |
 |
Yankunan duniya tsari ne don bayyana iyakoki ga tasirin ayyukan ɗan adam akan Tsarin Duniya. Bayan wadannan iyakoki, yanayin bazai iya ci gaba da sarrafa kansa ba. Wannan zai nufin tsarin Duniya zai bar lokacin kwanciyar hankali na Holocene, wanda al'ummar ɗan adam suka ci gaba.[1][2][3]
Wadannan iyakoki tara sune Canjin yanayi, acidisation na teku, raguwar ozone na stratospheric, kwararar biogeochemical a cikin sake zagayowar nitrogen, yawan amfani da Ruwa mai laushi na duniya, canjin tsarin ƙasa, lalacewar amincin biosphere, gurɓataccen sinadarai, da ɗorawar iska.
Tsarin ya dogara ne akan shaidar kimiyya cewa ayyukan ɗan adam, musamman na al'ummomin masana'antu tun lokacin Juyin Juya Halin Masana'antu, sun zama babban direba na canjin muhalli na duniya. Dangane da tsarin, "ƙetare ɗaya ko fiye da iyakokin duniya na iya zama mai lahani ko ma bala'i saboda haɗarin ƙetare ƙofofin da za su haifar da canjin muhalli ba tare da layi ba, ba zato ba tsammani a cikin tsarin nahiyar zuwa tsarin duniya. "[1]
Abinda ke cikin tsarin shine cewa Al'ummomin mutane sun sami damar bunƙasa a ƙarƙashin yanayin yanayi da yanayin muhalli na Holocene. Har zuwa inda ba a ƙetare iyakokin tsarin duniya ba, suna nuna "yanki mai aminci" ga al'ummomin ɗan adam a duniya.[2] Masu goyon bayan tsarin iyakar duniya sun ba da shawarar komawa ga wannan tsarin muhalli da yanayi; sabanin kimiyyar ɗan adam da fasaha da gangan suna haifar da yanayi mai fa'ida. Manufar ba ta magance yadda mutane suka canza yanayin muhalli sosai don dacewa da kansu ba. Holocene na yanayi da muhalli wannan tsarin yana la'akari da shi a matsayin "yanki mai aminci" ba ya haɗa da aikin gona na masana'antu. Don haka wannan tsarin yana neman sake tantance yadda za a ciyar da jama'ar zamani.
Tun daga wannan lokacin, ra'ayin ya zama mai tasiri a cikin al'ummomin duniya (misali Taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Ci gaba mai dorewa), gami da gwamnatoci a kowane mataki, kungiyoyin kasa da kasa, jama'a da al'ummar kimiyya.[4] Tsarin ya kunshi matakai tara na canjin duniya. A shekara ta 2009, a cewar Rockström da sauransu, an riga an ƙetare iyakoki uku (hasarar halittu, canjin yanayi da sake zagayowar nitrogen), yayin da wasu ke cikin haɗarin ƙetare su.[5]
A cikin 2015, da yawa daga cikin masana kimiyya a cikin rukunin asali sun buga sabuntawa, suna kawo sabbin marubuta da sabon bincike na samfurin. Dangane da wannan sabuntawa, an ƙetare iyakoki huɗu: canjin yanayi, asarar amincin biosphere, canjin tsarin ƙasa, canjin sake zagayowar biogeochemical (phosphorus da nitrogen). [6] Masana kimiyya sun kuma canza sunan iyakar "Loss of biodiversity" zuwa "Changing in biosphere integrity" don jaddada cewa ba kawai yawan jinsuna ba har ma da aikin biosphere gaba ɗaya yana da mahimmanci ga kwanciyar hankali na tsarin Duniya. Hakazalika, an sake sunan iyakar "Chemical pollution" zuwa "Gabatar da sababbin abubuwa", yana fadada ikon yin la'akari da nau'ikan kayan da mutane suka samar da ke rushe tsarin tsarin duniya.
A cikin 2022, bisa ga wallafe-wallafen da ke akwai, an kammala gabatar da sababbin abubuwa a matsayin iyakar duniya ta 5 da aka keta.[7] An kammala canjin ruwan sha a matsayin iyakar duniya ta 6 a cikin 2023.[8]
Bayani da ka'idoji
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Babban ra'ayi na tsarin iyakokin duniya shine cewa kiyaye kiyaye tsarin da aka lura da shi na tsarin duniya a cikin Holocene shine wajibi ga bin bil'adama na ci gaban zamantakewa da tattalin arziki na dogon lokaci.[9] Tsarin iyakokin duniya yana ba da gudummawa ga fahimtar dorewa duniya saboda yana kawo sikelin duniya da kuma dogon lokaci a cikin mayar da hankali.[6]
Tsarin ya bayyana "tsarin tallafin rayuwa na duniya" guda tara da ke da muhimmanci don kiyaye "yanayin Holocene da ake so", kuma yayi ƙoƙari ya ƙayyade yadda aka riga an tura bakwai daga cikin waɗannan tsarin.[5] An bayyana iyakoki don taimakawa wajen bayyana "sarari mai aminci don ci gaban ɗan adam", wanda shine ingantawa akan hanyoyin da ke da niyyar rage Tasirin ɗan adam a duniyar.[9]
Tsarin ya dogara ne akan shaidar kimiyya cewa ayyukan ɗan adam, musamman na al'ummomin masana'antu tun lokacin Juyin Juya Halin Masana'antu, sun zama babban direba na Canjin muhalli na duniya. Dangane da tsarin, "ƙetare ɗaya ko fiye da iyakokin duniya na iya zama mai lahani ko ma bala'i saboda haɗarin ƙetare ƙofofin da za su haifar da canjin muhalli ba tare da layi ba, ba zato ba tsammani a cikin tsarin nahiyar zuwa tsarin duniya. " Tsarin ya ƙunshi matakai tara na canjin duniya.[9] A shekara ta 2009, an riga an ƙetare iyakoki biyu, yayin da wasu ke cikin haɗarin ƙetare su.[5] Ƙididdigar da aka yi daga baya ta nuna cewa uku daga cikin waɗannan iyakoki - Canjin yanayi, asarar halittu, da iyakar kwararar biogeochemical - sun bayyana sun ƙetare.
Masana kimiyya sun bayyana yadda karya iyakoki ke kara barazanar rushewar aiki, har ma da rushewa, a cikin tsarin halittu na Duniya a hanyoyin da zasu iya zama bala'i ga lafiyar ɗan adam. Duk da yake sun nuna rashin tabbas na kimiyya, sun nuna cewa karya iyakoki na iya "samar da ra'ayoyin da zasu iya haifar da ƙetare ƙofofin da ke rage ikon dawowa cikin matakan aminci". Yankunan sun kasance "mai laushi, ƙididdigar farko kawai, kewaye da manyan rashin tabbas da gibin ilimi" waɗanda ke hulɗa a hanyoyi masu rikitarwa waɗanda ba a fahimta sosai ba [9]
Tsarin iyakokin duniya ya kafa tushe don sauyawa ga tsarin mulki da gudanarwa, daga ainihin nazarin bangarorin iyakokin ci gaba da nufin rage mummunan abubuwan waje, zuwa kimantawar sararin samaniya don ci gaban ɗan adam.[10] Yankunan duniya suna nunawa, kamar yadda yake, " filin wasa na duniya" ga bil'adama idan za a guje wa babban Canjin muhalli da mutum ya haifar a duniya.[6]
Marubutan
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Marubutan wannan tsarin sun kasance ƙungiyar Tsarin Duniya da Masana kimiyyar muhalli a cikin 2009 karkashin jagorancin Johan Rockström daga Cibiyar Resilience ta Stockholm da Will Steffen daga Jami'ar Kasa ta Australia. Sun yi aiki tare da manyan malamai 26, ciki har da Nobel laureate Paul Crutzen, masanin kimiyyar yanayi na Cibiyar Nazarin sararin samaniya ta Goddard James Hansen, masanin ilimin teku Katherine Richardson, masanin yanayin ƙasa Diana Liverman da babban mai ba da shawara kan yanayin Jamus Hans Joachim Schellnhuber.
Yawancin masana kimiyya masu ba da gudummawa sun shiga cikin dabarun-samar da haɗin gwiwar Kimiyya ta Duniya, wanda ya fara cibiyar binciken canjin duniya ta Future Earth. Kungiyar ta so ta ayyana "sararin aiki mai aminci ga bil'adama" ga al'ummar kimiyya da yawa, a matsayin wajibi ga Ci gaba mai ɗorewa.
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Rockström, Johan; Steffen, Will; Noone, Kevin; Persson, Åsa; Chapin, F. Stuart; Lambin, Eric F.; Lenton, Timothy M.; Scheffer, Marten; Folke, Carl; Schellnhuber, Hans Joachim; Nykvist, Björn (2009). "A safe operating space for humanity". Nature (in Turanci). 461 (7263): 472–475. Bibcode:2009Natur.461..472R. doi:10.1038/461472a. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 19779433. S2CID 205049746. Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; name ":4" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ 2.0 2.1 Rockström, Johan; Steffen, Will; Noone, Kevin; Persson, Åsa; Chapin, F. Stuart III; Lambin, Eric; Lenton, Timothy M.; Scheffer, Marten; Folke, Carl; Schellnhuber, Hans Joachim; Nykvist, Björn (2009). "Planetary Boundaries: Exploring the Safe Operating Space for Humanity". Ecology and Society (in Turanci). 14 (2). doi:10.5751/ES-03180-140232. ISSN 1708-3087. S2CID 15182169. art32.
|hdl-access=requires|hdl=(help) Cite error: Invalid<ref>tag; name ":5" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ Rockström, Johan; Gupta, Joyeeta; Qin, Dahe; Lade, Steven J.; Abrams, Jesse F.; Andersen, Lauren S.; Armstrong McKay, David I.; Bai, Xuemei; Bala, Govindasamy; Bunn, Stuart E.; Ciobanu, Daniel; DeClerck, Fabrice; Ebi, Kristie; Gifford, Lauren; Gordon, Christopher (2023). "Safe and just Earth system boundaries". Nature. 619 (7968): 102–111. Bibcode:2023Natur.619..102R. doi:10.1038/s41586-023-06083-8. PMC 10322705 Check
|pmc=value (help). PMID 37258676 Check|pmid=value (help). - ↑ "Ten years of nine planetary boundaries". www.stockholmresilience.org (in Turanci). November 2019. Retrieved 2022-03-30.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 "Earth's boundaries?". Nature (in Turanci). 461 (7263): 447–448. 2009. Bibcode:2009Natur.461R.447.. doi:10.1038/461447b. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 19779405. S2CID 29052784. Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; name ":1" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Steffen, Will; Richardson, Katherine; Rockström, Johan; Cornell, Sarah E.; Fetzer, Ingo; Bennett, Elena M.; Biggs, Reinette; Carpenter, Stephen R.; de Vries, Wim; de Wit, Cynthia A.; Folke, Carl (2015). "Planetary boundaries: Guiding human development on a changing planet". Science (in Turanci). 347 (6223): 1259855. doi:10.1126/science.1259855. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 25592418. S2CID 206561765.
|hdl-access=requires|hdl=(help) Cite error: Invalid<ref>tag; name "Cornell2015" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ Persson, Linn; Carney Almroth, Bethanie M.; Collins, Christopher D.; Cornell, Sarah; de Wit, Cynthia A.; Diamond, Miriam L.; Fantke, Peter; Hassellöv, Martin; MacLeod, Matthew; Ryberg, Morten W.; Søgaard Jørgensen, Peter (2022-01-18). "Outside the Safe Operating Space of the Planetary Boundary for Novel Entities". Environmental Science & Technology. 56 (3): 1510–1521. Bibcode:2022EnST...56.1510P. doi:10.1021/acs.est.1c04158. ISSN 0013-936X. PMC 8811958 Check
|pmc=value (help). PMID 35038861 Check|pmid=value (help). - ↑ Richardson, Katherine; Steffen, Will; Lucht, Wolfgang (2023-09-13). "Earth beyond six of nine planetary boundaries". Science Advances. 9 (37). Bibcode:2023SciA....9H2458R. doi:10.1126/sciadv.adh2458. PMC 10499318 Check
|pmc=value (help). PMID 37703365 Check|pmid=value (help). S2CID 261742678 Check|s2cid=value (help). eadh2458. - ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 Rockström & 28 others 2009.
- ↑ Kim, Rakhyun E.; Kotzé, Louis J. (2021). "Planetary boundaries at the intersection of Earth system law, science and governance: A state-of-the-art review". Review of European, Comparative & International Environmental Law (in Turanci). 30 (1): 3–15. Bibcode:2021RECIE..30....3K. doi:10.1111/reel.12383. ISSN 2050-0386.