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Yanomami humanitarian crisis

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Yanomami humanitarian crisis
Rikicin muhalli da humanitarian crisis (en) Fassara
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A lokacin shugabancin Jair Bolsonaro (2019–2022) da kuma shugabanci na biyu na Lula da Silva (2023), an samu jerin mutuwar jama'a masu yawa, yunwa, korar mutane daga matsugunansu, da kuma wasu manyan take haƙƙin ɗan Adam a cikin Yankin ’Yan Asalin Yanomami na ƙasar Brazil..[1][2] Irin waɗannan abubuwan da aka ruwaito sun fara ko kuma sun kara muni daga 2019 zuwa gaba sakamakon cin zarafin albarkatun kasa da mutane da kamfanoni masu amincewa da jihar suka yi, kuma an ce akai-akai sun zama kisan kare dangi ga Mutanen Yanomami.[3][4] Yana daga cikin manyan kisan kare dangi da ke gudana na 'yan asalin ƙasar Brazil.

Tarihi

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Bayan da aka zaɓe shi a zaɓen gama-gari na Brazil na shekarar 2018, kuma ya kama mulki bisa alƙawarin sassauta manufofin kare muhalli, musamman a yankin Amazon na Brazil, shugaban ƙasa a lokacin, Jair Bolsonaro, ya soke wasu dokokin shugaban ƙasa da dama da suka haramta hakar ma’adinai ba bisa ƙa’ida ba da saran itatuwa ba bisa ƙa’ida ba a faɗin ƙasar, tare da raunana hukumomin da ke da alhakin kare muhalli yadda ya kamata.[5][6]

Shugaba Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva ya sanar da matakan gaggawa don magance rikicin jin kai na Yanomami.

A watan Janairu na shekarar 2023, bayan kawo ƙarshen mulkin Bolsonaro sakamakon shan kayen da ya yi a zaɓen gama-gari na Brazil na shekarar 2022, sabbin jami’an gwamnati da Shugaba Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva ya naɗa sun fara aiki, kuma nan take aka yi musu bayani game da ƙara tsananta rikicin Yanomami.[7] Fiye da masu hakar ma'adinai ba bisa ka'ida ba 20,000 sun mamaye kuma sun yi amfani da ajiyar Yanomami, wanda ya haifar da kwatanta da 1980 na Serra Pelada gold rush, kuma a cikin Amazon.[8][9]

Abubuwan da suka faru

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Sakacin gwamnati, mamayar filayen noma da kuma ayyukan haram da suka shafi yankin sun riga sun faru kafin ƙirƙirar yankin ajiyar ƙasar Yanomami a shekarar 1992. Hulɗa ta farko tsakanin al’ummar ’yan asalin Yanomami da fararen fata ta faru lokaci-lokaci tsakanin shekarun 1910 zuwa 1940. A cikin shekaru ashirin da suka biyo baya, irin wannan hulɗa ta ƙaru sakamakon aikace-aikacen mishan na addini a yankin, ayyukan gina tituna da kuma ayyukan hakar ma’adinai da mulkin soja ya gudanar a yankin a shekarun 1970.

A wannan lokaci ne aka fara samun rahotannin yaɗuwar cututtuka, musamman mura, kyanda da tari mai tsanani (whooping cough), waɗanda aka danganta da mutuwar ko halakar da wasu al’ummomin Yanomami gaba ɗaya.[10] Tun daga wannan lokacin, yankin ya sha wahala daga kasancewa wuri mai zafi don ayyukan da ba bisa ka'ida ba, musamman ma hakar ma'adinai ba bisa ka-ida ba, wanda ya haifar da guba na mercury ga kabilun da yawa, gami da jarirai.

Hanyoyin hakar ma'adinai ba bisa ka'ida ba

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Yanomami 'yan asalin yankin.

An shirya cibiyar sadarwa ta 'yan siyasa, ma'aikatan gwamnati, manoma, 'yan kasuwa da kamfanoni ba bisa ka'ida ba don amfani da zinariya da cassiterite da kuma wanki ayyukan aikata laifuka a yankin Yanomami. An gina ɓoyayyun ɓoyayyen ɓoyayyu a cikin ɗakunan da ke Ruwa da su har ma da yankunan karkara masu nisa (har zuwa Boa Vista). Wasu daga cikin zinariya da aka cire an kai su Venezuela da Guyana na Faransa, kuma an yi amfani da wuraren gyaran gyare-gyare da wuraren ajiya a cikin shirin.[11]

Bugu da ƙari, Rodrigo Martins de Mello, ɗan kasuwa mai goyon bayan Bolsonaro, an tuhume shi da aiki a ƙarƙashin "lasisi mara kyau" kuma yana jagorantar wata ƙungiya mai aikata laifuka da ke aiki a cikin ajiyar. [12]

A ranar 16 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2023, jaridar Brazil Folha de São Paulo ta ba da rahoton cewa tsohon janar na sojojin Brazil Augusto Heleno, tsohon minista a karkashin Gwamnatin Bolsonaro, ya ba da izini ga dillalin miyagun ƙwayoyi da aka yanke masa hukunci don gudanar da aikin hakar zinariya a yankin Yanomami.[13] A ranar 27 ga watan Janairu, jaridar Brazil O Globo ta ruwaito cewa Babban Bankin Brazil ya kasa murkushe karkatar da zinariya. An bayar da rahoton cewa gazawar ta karfafa wasu masu hakar ma'adinai ba bisa ka'ida ba 20,000 don ci gaba da amfani da yankunan 'yan asalin ciki har da ajiyar Yanomami.[14]

Kamfanonin hakar ma'adinai na doka kamar M.M. Gold (wanda aka sake masa suna daga Gana Gold) sun kuma rufe ayyukan da ba bisa ka'ida ba ta hanyar yin kama da adadin zinariya da aka ba da izini da za a cire a cikin yardarsu, a cewar rahoton da Mongabay da The Intercept Brazil suka bayar. An kuma yi amfani da Cryptocurrencies don wanke ayyukan aikata laifuka da canja wurin kadarorin kuɗi zuwa stooges.[15]

Kudin kuɗi

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

A ranar 24 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2023, rahotanni biyu daga jaridar Brazil O Globo sun ba da cikakken bayani cewa gwamnatin Bolsonaro ta ware BRL miliyan 872 (kimanin dala miliyan 171) daga kasafin kudin tarayya ga wata kungiya mai zaman kanta ta bishara daga 2019 zuwa 2023. A cewar shugabannin 'yan asalin yankin Yanomami kungiyar ba ta yi aiki a yankin ba tun lokacin da ta fara karbar alamun gwamnatin Bolsonaro, wanda ya haifar da zargin cin hanci da rashawa.[16] Bugu da ƙari, kudaden gwamnati da aka ware don jigilar likitoci da ma'aikatan jinya zuwa yankin a lokacin gwamnatin Bolsonaro an tura su ga kamfanonin sufuri mallakar masu hakar ma'adinai ba bisa ka'ida ba, waɗanda aka kuma bayar da rahoton cewa an sanar da su game da hare-haren 'yan sanda da ayyukan sa'o'i ko kwanaki kafin su faru.[17]

Sadarwa

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Wani rahoto na Brasil de Fato a watan Fabrairun 2023 ya nuna cewa masu hakar ma'adinai ba bisa ka'ida ba da ke aiki a yankin Yanomami suna da damar yin amfani da intanet ta Starlink ta hanyar farashi mai yawa a kasuwar baƙar fata, bayan da Starlink ta sanar a watan Mayu 2022 tana fadada ɗaukar nauyin ta zuwa Yankin Amazon a cikin wani aikin tare da Gwamnatin Bolsonaro wanda ke da niyyar haɗa tsakanin sauran abubuwa 19,000 makarantun Brazil a yankunan karkara. Ya zuwa watan Satumbar 2022, duk da haka, makarantu 3 ne kawai a yankin suka rufe ta hanyar sabis na intanet na Starlink, yayin da aka sayar da kayan aikinta tsakanin masu hakar ma'adinai ba bisa ka'ida ba tun Nuwamba 2022, tare da al'ummar Yanomami ta farko da ta karɓa kawai a ƙarshen Janairu 2023. Duk da haramcin Starlink game da sake siyar da na'urori, kamfanin bai tuntubi hukumomin Brazil ba don dakatar da aikinsa ga masu hakar ma'adinai ko kuma ya dauki duk wani mataki na shari'a a kansu.[18][19]

An kuma sayar da na'urorin Intanet na kamfanin Viasat na Amurka a kasuwar baƙar fata a yankin, kuma shugabannin 'yan asalin yankin sun ce damar intanet ta ba da damar masu hakar ma'adinai ba bisa ka'ida ba su kara ayyukansu.[18]

Matsalolin kiwon lafiya

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Jami'an kiwon lafiya da ke aiki a jihar Roraima inda ajiyar Yanomami take sun lura da "cikakken rashin kulawa ta lafiya a yankin" suna ƙara cewa marasa lafiya na asali da suka kamu da zazzabin cizon sauro sun samo asali cikin mummunar Lalacewar hanta bayan kamuwa da cuta da yawa da ba a kula da su ba ta hanyar Plasmodium falciparum, ɗaya daga cikin nau'ikan protozoa guda huɗu da ke iya haifar da zazzabi a cikin mutane.[20] Onchocerciasis, wata cuta mai cutarwa da ke da alaƙa da matsanancin talauci, an kawar da ita a duk yankin Brazil ban da ajiyar Yanomami, inda har yanzu tana wakiltar Nauyin cuta.[21]

Cin zarafin jima'i, fyade da tallafi ba bisa ka'ida ba

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Wani rahoto da Cibiyar Socioambiental ta buga kuma Hutukara Yanomami da ƙungiyoyin 'yan asalin Wanasseduume Ye'kwana suka rubuta ya nuna shaidar da mata 'yan asalin suka ce masu hakar ma'adinai ba bisa ka'ida ba sun ba su abinci ko zinariya don musayar jima'i da su da / ko' ya'yansu. An ruwaito cewa yara uku masu shekaru 13 sun mutu bayan masu hakar ma'adinai ba bisa ka'ida ba sun yi musu fyade a shekarar 2020. An kuma bayar da rahoton kamuwa da cutar ta hanyar jima'i tsakanin mutanen Yanomami.[22] Bugu da ƙari, gwamnatin tarayya ta buɗe bincike a cikin rahotanni game da tallafi ba bisa ka'ida ba da kuma cin zarafin jima'i na tsarin yara Yanomami.[23] Ya zuwa watan Fabrairun 2023, akalla 'yan mata 30 da matasa suna da juna biyu saboda fyade da masu hakar ma'adinai suka yi, a cewar rahotanni daga wata kungiya ta' yan asalin ƙasar.[24]

Yawan mutanen da suka mutu

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Kodayake kimantawa game da mutuwar mutanen Yanomami da ke da alaƙa da cin zarafi sun warwatse sosai kuma ba a bayar da rahoton su ba saboda nesa da yankin, rahotanni sun nuna yara 99 na Yanomami masu shekaru 5 ko ƙarami sun mutu a 2022, wanda kashi ɗaya bisa uku ya faru ne saboda cutar huhu, [25] [26] kuma daga 2019 zuwa 2023 jimlar yara 570 na Yanomami sun mutu saboda Rashin abinci mai gina jiki, yunwa da guba. [27]

A cikin shekara ta farko ta gwamnatin Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva, yawan mutuwar ya kai kololuwa a 2023, tare da mutuwar 428 da aka rubuta a cikin shekara. A cikin shekara mai zuwa, adadin ya ragu zuwa 337; duk da haka, wannan adadi ya kasance mafi girma fiye da matakin da aka lura a farkon rikicin jin kai.[28]

Sakamakon haka

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

A ranar 21 ga watan Janairun 2023, Ma'aikatar Lafiya ta Brazil ta ayyana gaggawa ta likita a yankin 'yan asalin ƙasar. A wannan rana, Lula da manyan jami'an gwamnati ciki har da Ministan Lafiya Nísia Trindade, Ministan Shari'a Flávio Dino da Ministan Harkokin 'Yan asalin Sônia Guajajara sun yi tafiya zuwa yankin da ke arewacin jihar Roraima don sanar da kunshin taimakon tarayya ga yankin da Yanomami.[29] A ranar 24 ga watan Janairu wani Asibitin filin da gwamnatin tarayya ke gudanarwa ya fara kafawa ta Sojojin Brazil a babban birnin Roraima Boa Vista kuma an buɗe shi kwana uku bayan haka.[30][31] An aika da Kayan abinci na gaggawa 5,000 ciki har da abinci ga yara 'yan asalin kuma an rarraba su cikin yankin Yanomami. Fiye da dubban 'yan asalin da ke cikin mawuyacin hali an ceto su daga ajiyar, tun daga watan Janairun 2023. [32][33]   A ranar 18 ga watan Janairu, babbar cibiyar kiwon lafiya ta Brazil Fiocruz ta gargadi jami'an gwamnati cewa wani rukuni na maganin zazzabin cizon sauro ASMQ da ake nufi ga marasa lafiya na Yanomami ya ɓace kuma an ruwaito cewa an karkatar da shi ga masu hakar ma'adinai ba bisa ka'ida ba waɗanda tun daga lokacin suka sayar da shi.[34]

A ranar 30 ga watan Janairu, Kotun Koli ta Tarayya ta Brazil ta ba da izinin bincike game da yadda tsoffin jami'an gwamnatin Bolsonaro suka gudanar da rikicin jin kai da kuma ko an aikata kisan kare dangi. An kuma ba masu bincike ikon tattara shaidu game da bacewar jirgin sama ba bisa ka'ida ba da masu hakar ma'adinai suka yi amfani da shi kuma 'yan sanda suka kwace shi, da kuma bayyanar hare-haren' yan sanda ba bisa ka-ida ba don amfanin masu hakar-hashen ma'adanai ba bisa ka ga doka, da sauran ayyuka ko rashin su.[35]

Binciken Kotun hukunta manyan laifuka ta duniya

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

A cikin 2019, Hukumar Arns da kungiyar kare hakkin dan adam sun gurfanar da Jair Bolsonaro a Kotun hukunta manyan laifuka ta kasa da kasa, wanda Brazil ta kasance memba tun shekara ta 2002, saboda zargin "ta da kisan kare dangi da inganta hare-hare na tsarin kan 'yan asalin Brazil". Irin waɗannan laifuka ba a rufe su da kowane doka na iyaka ba ko kuma dole ne a ɗaure su da ikon yanzu wanda ke nufin cewa ko da Bolsonaro da sauran jami'ai sun bar gwamnati har yanzu za su iya fuskantar shari'a.[36] A cikin 2020, masu gabatar da kara daga Kotun hukunta manyan laifuka ta duniya sun ce karar tana karkashin bincike na farko, na farko a kan shugaban Brazil.[37]

Dubi kuma

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  • Jerin abin kunya a Brazil
  • Kisan kare dangi na 'yan asalin ƙasar Brazil

Manazarta

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  1. ↑ "Yanomami Amazon reserve invaded by 20,000 miners; Bolsonaro fails to act". Mongabay Environmental News (in Turanci). July 12, 2019. Archived from the original on August 2, 2019. Retrieved January 24, 2023.
  2. ↑ Brum, Eliane (June 24, 2020). "Mães Yanomami imploram pelos corpos de seus bebês". El País Brasil (in Harshen Potugis). Archived from the original on January 25, 2023. Retrieved January 24, 2023.
  3. ↑ "Debatedores apontam risco de genocídio dos Yanomami - Notícias". Portal da Câmara dos Deputados (in Harshen Potugis). Archived from the original on January 25, 2023. Retrieved January 24, 2023.
  4. ↑ "Povos indígenas, genocídio e a sequência de omissões do governo Bolsonaro". Consultor Jurídico (in Harshen Potugis). Archived from the original on January 25, 2023. Retrieved January 24, 2023.
  5. ↑ Peres, João PeresMarcos Hermanson PomarTatiana MerlinoJoão; Pomar, Marcos Hermanson; de 2022, Tatiana Merlino18 de Outubro; 9h07 (October 18, 2022). "Em áudio, militares na Funai prometem atropelar Ibama e liberar garimpo em terras indígenas". The Intercept Brasil (in Harshen Potugis). Archived from the original on January 25, 2023. Retrieved January 24, 2023.
  6. ↑ "Brazil to open indigenous reserves to mining without indigenous consent". Mongabay Environmental News (in Turanci). March 14, 2019. Archived from the original on January 25, 2023. Retrieved January 24, 2023.
  7. ↑ "Lula e ministros desembarcam em Roraima para dar apoio aos Yanomami". Congresso em Foco (in Harshen Potugis). January 21, 2023. Archived from the original on January 25, 2023. Retrieved January 25, 2023.
  8. ↑ "Opinião - Publicação já apontava risco de genocídio yanomami por gestão Bolsonaro". www.uol.com.br (in Harshen Potugis). Archived from the original on February 8, 2023. Retrieved February 8, 2023.
  9. ↑ tatianafarah. "Com promessa de legalização, garimpo explodiu na terra yanomami". Terra (in Harshen Potugis). Archived from the original on February 8, 2023. Retrieved February 8, 2023.
  10. ↑ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on January 29, 2023. Retrieved January 25, 2023.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  11. ↑ "Garimpo na terra yanomami usa pistas em dezenas de fazendas e envolve agentes políticos, diz PF". Folha de S.Paulo (in Harshen Potugis). February 6, 2023. Archived from the original on February 8, 2023. Retrieved February 8, 2023.
  12. ↑ "Empresário bolsonarista é denunciado sob suspeita de chefiar garimpo em área yanomami". Folha de S.Paulo (in Harshen Potugis). December 2, 2022. Archived from the original on February 8, 2023. Retrieved February 8, 2023.
  13. ↑ "Heleno autorizou condenada por tráfico a explorar garimpo em área vizinha aos yanomamis". Folha de S.Paulo (in Harshen Potugis). January 16, 2023. Archived from the original on February 1, 2023. Retrieved February 1, 2023.
  14. ↑ "Seis meses depois, Banco Central não criou grupo de trabalho para combater o ouro ilegal". O Globo (in Harshen Potugis). January 27, 2023. Archived from the original on February 5, 2023. Retrieved February 5, 2023.
  15. ↑ "Raids reveal how illegal gold from Indigenous lands gets laundered in Brazil". Mongabay Environmental News (in Turanci). August 29, 2022. Archived from the original on February 5, 2023. Retrieved February 5, 2023.
  16. ↑ "Como Bolsonaro gastou os recursos da saúde indígena? ONG evangélica ganhou R$ 872 milhões". O Globo (in Harshen Potugis). January 24, 2023. Archived from the original on January 27, 2023. Retrieved January 28, 2023.
  17. ↑ "Plano do Ibama para tirar garimpeiros de terra ianomâmi em seis meses não foi aplicado no governo Bolsonaro, diz MPF". O Globo (in Harshen Potugis). January 24, 2023. Archived from the original on January 28, 2023. Retrieved January 28, 2023.
  18. 1 2 "Internet de Elon Musk é vendida a garimpeiros da terra Yanomami por compradores de ouro ilegal". CartaCapital (in Harshen Potugis). February 20, 2023. Archived from the original on February 22, 2023. Retrieved February 22, 2023.
  19. ↑ "Brazil announces partnership with Elon Musk to connect Amazon rainforest". ZDNET (in Turanci). Archived from the original on February 22, 2023. Retrieved February 22, 2023.
  20. ↑ "Yanomamis têm danos severos no fígado por malária e enfrentam falta de medicamentos". Folha de S.Paulo (in Harshen Potugis). February 1, 2023. Archived from the original on February 2, 2023. Retrieved February 2, 2023.
  21. ↑ "Ministério da Saúde quer eliminar hanseníase e outras doenças ligadas à pobreza". Folha de S.Paulo (in Harshen Potugis). January 21, 2023. Archived from the original on February 5, 2023. Retrieved February 5, 2023.
  22. ↑ Andrade, Jéssica (January 31, 2023). "Garimpeiros prometem comida, perfume e ouro para abusarem de meninas ianomâmis". Brasil (in Harshen Potugis). Archived from the original on February 1, 2023. Retrieved February 1, 2023.
  23. ↑ Meirelles, Matheus. "Governo Federal apura adoções ilegais e exploração sexual infantil em território Yanomami". CNN Brasil (in Harshen Potugis). Archived from the original on February 1, 2023. Retrieved February 1, 2023.
  24. ↑ "Relatos apontam 30 casos de jovens yanomami grávidas de garimpeiros". Agência Brasil (in Harshen Potugis). February 2, 2023. Archived from the original on February 8, 2023. Retrieved February 8, 2023.
  25. ↑ "Quase 100 crianças do povo Yanomami morreram em 2022". noticias.uol.com.br (in Harshen Potugis). Archived from the original on January 26, 2023. Retrieved January 28, 2023.
  26. ↑ Poder360 (January 23, 2023). "33% das mortes de crianças yanomamis foram por pneumonia". Poder360 (in Harshen Potugis). Archived from the original on January 27, 2023. Retrieved January 28, 2023.
  27. ↑ "Morte, fome e destruição: conflito histórico dos Yanomami contra o garimpo ilegal". TV Cultura (in Harshen Potugis). Archived from the original on January 24, 2023. Retrieved January 28, 2023.
  28. ↑ "Governo registra queda de 21% em mortes de indígenas Yanomami". Retrieved February 24, 2026.
  29. ↑ Amaral, Luciana; Hahon, Eduardo (21 January 2023). "Lula viaja a Roraima neste sábado (21) para visitar indígenas Yanomami". CNN Brasil (in Harshen Potugis). Archived from the original on January 25, 2023. Retrieved January 24, 2023.
  30. ↑ "Hospital de campanha para atender indígenas Yanomami começa a ser montado em Boa Vista". G1 (in Harshen Potugis). January 25, 2023. Archived from the original on February 1, 2023. Retrieved February 1, 2023.
  31. ↑ "Hospital de Campanha para atender Yanomami doentes começa a funcionar em Boa Vista". G1 (in Harshen Potugis). January 27, 2023. Archived from the original on February 1, 2023. Retrieved February 1, 2023.
  32. ↑ "Governo envia 4 toneladas de alimentos para Ianomâmis". O Globo (in Harshen Potugis). January 23, 2023. Archived from the original on February 1, 2023. Retrieved February 1, 2023.
  33. ↑ "Mais de mil indígenas Yanomami em estado grave foram resgatados nos últimos dias, diz secretário". G1 (in Harshen Potugis). 2023-01-24. Retrieved 2023-07-07.
  34. ↑ "Fiocruz relata que remédios para malária destinado a Yanomami foram desviados para garimpeiros". G1 (in Harshen Potugis). January 30, 2023. Archived from the original on February 1, 2023. Retrieved February 1, 2023.
  35. ↑ "STF manda investigar autoridades da gestão Bolsonaro por suposto genocídio". noticias.uol.com.br (in Harshen Potugis). Archived from the original on February 5, 2023. Retrieved February 5, 2023.
  36. ↑ "Bolsonaro é denunciado a tribunal internacional por "ataques contra índios" [28/11/2019]". noticias.uol.com.br (in Harshen Potugis). Retrieved 2023-05-06.
  37. ↑ Oliveira, Joana (2021-07-01). "Ação contra Bolsonaro avança em Haia, e indígenas vão denunciá-lo por genocídio e por ecocídio". El País Brasil (in Harshen Potugis). Retrieved 2023-05-06.
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