Yaren Hiw
| Yaren Hiw | |
|---|---|
| |
| Lamban rijistar harshe | |
| ISO 639-3 |
hiw |
| Glottolog |
hiww1237[1] |
Hiw (wani lokacin ana rubuta shi Hiu) yare ne na Oceanic da ake magana a tsibirin Hiw, a cikin Tsibirin Torres na Vanuatu . [2] [3] kimanin masu magana 280, ana ɗaukar Hiw a cikin haɗari.
Hiw ya bambanta da Lo-Toga, ɗayan yaren ƙungiyar Torres. Dukkanin masu magana Hiw suna da harsuna biyu a Bislama, kuma mafi yawansu suna magana da Lo-Toga.
Sunan
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]An sanya sunan harshe ne bayan tsibirin.
Fasahar sauti
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Sautin sautin
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Hiw yana da sautin 9 na sauti. Waɗannan duka gajerun monophthongs ne //i ɪ e ʉ ɵ ə o ɔ a//:[4]
| A gaba | Tsakiya zagaye |
Komawa | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Kusa | Ya kuma yi amfani da shiYa kamata a yi amfani da shiSanya | Sanya taƙaiYa kamata a yi amfani da shiSanya | |
| Kusa da kusa | ɪ tsara shi neYa kamata a yi amfani da shiSanya | ||
| Tsakanin Tsakiya | da kuma SashenYa kamata a yi amfani da shiSanya | Ƙididdigar ƘididdigaYa kamata a yi amfani da shiSanya | o kamata a yi amfani da shiYanayinSanya |
| Tsakanin | ə kamata a yi amfani da shiYa kamata a yi amfani da shiSanya | ||
| Bude-tsakiya | Ya kamata a yi amfani da shiYa kamata a yi amfani da shiSanya | ||
| Bude | a cikin wannanYa kamata a yi amfani da shiSanya | ||
tsakiya guda uku /ʉ/, /ɵ/, /ə/ duk suna da zagaye.
/i/ ya zama mai saukowa /j/ a duk lokacin da wani wasali ya biyo baya.
The high back rounded vowel Script error: No such module "IPA symbol". occurs, but only as an allophone of /ʉ/ and /ə/ after labio-velar consonants. /ʉ/ always becomes [u] after a labio-velar, while /ə/ only becomes [u] in pre-tonic syllables, and then only optionally.
Sautin da aka yi amfani da shi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin][4] yana ƙwayoyi 14.
| Biyuwa | Alveolar | Dorsal | Labializedvelar<br id="mwmw"> | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hanci | Ya kam a yi amfani da shiYa kamata a yi amfani da shiSanya | Ya kasan a cikinYa kamata a yi amfani da shiSanya | ŋ kamata a yi amfani da shiSunan da aka yiSanya | YanayiSunanSanya |
| Plosive | Sunan hakaYa kamata a yi amfani da shiSanya | Ya kamat a yi amfani da shiYa kamata a yi amfani da shiSanya | SashenYa kamata a yi amfani da shiSanya | Sunan kw aka yiYanayinSanya |
| Fricative | SashenYa kamata a yi amfani da shiSanya | s da aka yiYa kamata a yi amfani da shiSanya | ɣ yi amfani da shiSanya | |
| An shirya shi gefen |
ɡ͡?? yi amfani da shi sosaiSanya | |||
| Glide | j zama hakaYa kamata a yi amfani da shiSanya | w w w watauYa kamata a yi amfani da shiSanya |
Magana mai ruwa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Harshen tarihi *l ya sauya zuwa /j/, wanda yake na musamman a cikin Harsunan Torres-Banks.
Hiw ita kawai yaren Austronesian wanda kayan aiki sun haɗa da kusan /ɡ͡ʟ//; wannan ɓangaren mai rikitarwa shine kawai ruwa asalin Hiw. A tarihi, wannan ɓangaren mai rikitarwa ya kasance muryar alveolar trill /r/ (wanda shine dalilin da ya sa aka rubuta shi azaman r̄). Kalmomin da aka fur, wanda aka rubuta a matsayin r, ya bayyana a cikin kalmomin aro na baya-bayan nan. A wasu, watakila tsofaffi, kalmomin aro, an aro trills na alveolar a matsayin gefen velar.
Damuwa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Ana iya hango Damuwa a cikin Hiw, sai dai idan akwai kalmomin da ke dauke da /ə/ kawai.
Gabaɗaya, damuwa ta farko ta faɗi a kan syllable na ƙarshe wanda ba ya ƙunshe da /ə/. Misali: [mɔˈwɪ] 'wata', [ˈwɔtəjə] 'watakila'. Game [ˈtəpjə]" class="IPA nowrap" data-mw="{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"IPA","href":"./Template:IPA"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"[βəˈj'''ə''']"}},"i":0}}]}" data-ve-no-generated-contents="true" id="mw_g" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" typeof="mw:Transclusion">[βə] kalmomin da kawai wasula ce schwa, damuwa ba za a iya hangowa ba: don haka [βəˈjə] 'bishiyar pandanus' ita ce oxytone kuma [ˈtəpjə] 'abinci' ita ce paroxytone. Waɗannan su ne kawai kalmomin polysyllabic waɗanda zasu iya samun schwa mai jaddadawa.
Kalmomin polysyllabic suna da damuwa ta biyu, wanda ya fadi a kowane sashi na biyu daga sashi na farko da aka jaddada, yana tafiya zuwa hagu. : [ˌβəɣəˈβ5.] 'magana'.
Fonotactics
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]The syllable structure of Hiw is CCVC, where the only obligatory element is V: e.g. /tg͡ʟɔɣ/ 'throw (Samfuri:Sc)'; /βti/ 'star'; /kʷg͡ʟɪ/ 'dolphin'; /g͡ʟɵt/ 'tie'.
Hiw yana ba da damar haɗin kai, kalma-tsakiya da farko. Wadannan ƙididdigar ƙididdiga 2 a iya nazarin su a matsayin ƙididdigan ƙididdigapyen C1 wanda duka ƙididdigatattun ƙididdigal sun kasance iri ɗaya. Misali na gemination shine a cikin /tin/ 'saya' vs /ttin/ 'hot'. Ana iya tsawaita wakoki da wasula don dalilai na bayyanawa, misali: /ne maβə/ 'yana da nauyi' ya zama [[ne mːaβə]] 'yana da yawa!’.
Harshen Hiw ya bi ka'idar Sonority Sequencing, tare da tsarin sauti na musamman mai zuwa:
A farkon syllable, C2" data-mw='{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"sub","href":"./Template:Sub"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"1"}},"i":0}}]}' data-ve-no-generated-contents="true" id="mwAS0" typeof="mw:Transclusion">1 bazai fi sauti fiye da C2 ba. Fricatives da plosives ba su da bambanci game da sauti.
Ko da yake /w/</link> ko da yaushe ana furta shi azaman kusan, yana da kyau a bi da shi azaman cikas game da son kai: wannan fassarar tana lissafin kalmomi kamar /wte/</link> 'karamin', wanda in ba haka ba zai zama koma baya ga son rai .
Shaidar sauti ta nuna cewa /ɡ͡ʟ/</link> alamu kamar ruwa, mafi sonorous fiye da hanci amma ƙasa da sono fiye da glide /j/</link> . Ba kamar abubuwan hanawa ba, /ɡ͡ʟ/</link> ba za a iya bin hanci ba. Koyaya, yana iya zuwa bayan hanci, kamar a /mɡ͡ʟe/</link> 'fushi'. Ƙa'idar da aka samo bayan /ɡ͡ʟ/</link> da /j/</link> - misali /ɡ͡ʟje/</link> 'share'.
Nahawu
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Hiw yana da tsarin nahawu mai kama da sauran harsunan Torres–Banks masu rai.
Dangane da sassauƙan lexical, an ƙididdige Hiw don ya zama “mai sassauƙa na nahawu”, amma “ƙaƙƙarfan ƙamus”. Mafi yawan lexeme na harshe na cikin aji ɗaya ne kawai (suna, siffa, fi'ili, adverb…); duk da haka kowane ɗayan waɗannan azuzuwan kalmomin sun dace da adadi mai yawa na ayyukan daidaitawa.
Tsarinsa na karin magana na sirri ya bambanta haɗin kai, kuma yana bambanta lambobi uku (maɗaukaki, dual, jam'i). [5]
Tare da maƙwabcin sa Lo-Toga, Hiw ya ɓullo da ingantaccen tsarin lambobi na magana, ta yadda wasu fi'ili ke musanya tushen su dangane da adadin babban ɗan takara. [6] Hiw yana da nau'i-nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i 33 na karin kalmomi, wanda shine mafi girman adadin da aka rubuta a cikin harsunan duniya. [6]
Bayanin sararin samaniya a cikin Hiw ya dogara ne akan tsarin jagororin geocentric ( cikakkar ) Wannan tsarin sararin samaniya ya fi tunawa da wanda ya yaɗu a tsakanin harsunan Oceanic, duk da haka yana nuna wasu sabbin abubuwa waɗanda suka sa ya zama na musamman. [7]
Nassoshi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]vowels > glides > liquids > nasals > obstruents[8]
== Littafi Mai Tsarki ==
Hanyoyin hadi na Waje
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- Taswirar harshe na arewacin Vanuatu, yana nuna kewayon Hiw .
- Rikodin sauti a cikin yaren Hiw, a buɗe hanyar shiga, ta A. François ( Tarin Pangloss ) .
- ↑ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Yaren Hiw". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
- ↑ UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger: Hiw.
- ↑ François (2012):100).
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 François (2021).
- ↑ François (2016).
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 François (2019).
- ↑ François (2015:) 140-141, 176-183).
- ↑ Samfuri:Harvcoltxt