Yaren Surmic

Harsunan Surmic reshe ne na dangin yaren Sudan na Gabas.

A yau, mutane daban-daban da ke magana da harsunan Surmic suna rayuwa ta hanyoyi da yawa, gami da makiyaya, manoma masu zaman kansu, da kuma yanka da ƙonewa. Suna zaune a wurare daban-daban, daga ƙasashen Sudan ta Kudu da bakin Kogin Omo zuwa duwatsu sama da mita 2,300.

Harsuna

A cewar Cibiyar Max Planck don ilimin Juyin Halitta, an rarraba harsunan Surmic kamar haka:

Ana samun yarukan Surmic a kudu maso yammacin Habasha da sassan da ke kusa da su na kudu maso gabashin Sudan ta Kudu. A baya, an san Surmic da "Didinga-Murle" da "Surma". Tsohon sunan ya yi ƙanƙanta sosai ta hanyar ambaton harsuna biyu da ke da alaƙa da juna kuma ƙarshen lakabi ne wanda aka yi amfani da shi don ambaton takamaiman harshe (Unseth 1997b), don haka ana amfani da lakabin "Surmic" yanzu. Dangantakar da ke cikin ginshiƙi da ke sama sun dogara ne akan aikin Fleming (1983).

Tarihin karatu

Harold C. Fleming da M. L. Bender ne suka yi aiki da yawa na asali da kuma nazarin harsunan Surmic. Cikakken bayanin harsunan Surmic na Habasha sune na Murle (Arensen 1982) da Tirma (Bryant 1999). Bayani game da binciken harshe da ɗan adam akan Surmic shine littafin da Dimmendaal ya shirya (1998), musamman labarin wallafe-wallafen (Abbink and Unseth 1998).

Fasahar sauti

Dukkanin harsunan Surmic ana zaton suna da sautin, suna da ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta, kuma suna da tsayin wasali na musamman. Wasu suna da halaye tara na wasali, kuma ƙarin cikakken binciken Na fita tabbatar da wannan a wasu harsunan Surmic, ma. Me'en da Kwegu (wanda aka fi sani da Koegu) suna da saiti na ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadadden.

Harshen harshe

Harsunan suna da t yin alama da yawan masu mallak da masu mallaka a cikin sunayen mallaka (Unseth 1991). Yawan sunayen suna yawanci alama a kan wasu nau'o'i, tare da t / k alama guda ɗaya da jam'i (Bryan 1959). Adjectives an kafa su ne ta hanyar sassan dangi masu tsayayya.

Majangir (wanda kuma ake kira Majang) da yarukan Surmic na Kudu maso Yamma (Fleming 1983) suna da halaye da yawa, don haka ana iya sake gina su a cikin Proto-Surmic:

Sake ginawa

Yigezu (2001) ya sake gina tsarin sauti na Proto-Southwest Surmic da Proto-South East Surmic. Unseth ya ba da shawarar sake fasalin ƙididdigar shari'ar don Proto-Surmic. Unseth ya sake gina tsarin mallaka don Proto-Surmic . Unseth ya kuma sake gina prefix na Proto-Surmic . Abbink ya wallafa wani aiki na farko wanda ya kwatanta ƙamus da tsarin zumunci tsakanin harsunan Surmic, musamman daga Kudancin Yammacin Surmic (Abbink 2006).

Gidan asalin mutanen Surmic ana zaton yana cikin Kudu maso Yammacin Habasha, wani wuri kusa da Maji, tare da kungiyoyi daban-daban da suka warwatse daga can: misali, Majangir sun koma arewa, Murle sun yi ƙaura a kusa da Tafkin Turkana (Arensen 1983:56-61, Tornay 1981), kuma Mursi sun koma ciki da fita daga kwarin Kogin Omo. Halin al'adu a cikin ƙungiyar Surmic ba su da ƙarfi, tare da cikakkiyar shaidar asalin mutane da ke canzawa daga ɗayan ƙungiyar al'adu zuwa wani (Tornay 1981, Turton 1979, Unseth da Abbink 1998).

Lambobin

Kwatanta lambobi a cikin harsuna daban-daban: Ɗaya daga cikin sababbin abubuwan da aka raba wanda ke raba harsunan Kudu maso Gabashin Surmic daga sauran Surmic shine cewa suna da tsarin tushe 10, maimakon gina zuwa 10 daga 5, kamar biyar-da-daya, da dai sauransu.