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Yaren Yammacin Desert

Daga Wikipedia, Insakulofidiya ta kyauta.
Western Desert
Wati
Asali a Australia
Yanki Desert areas of Western Australia, South Australia and the Northern Territory
Ƙabila Western Desert cultural bloc
'Yan asalin magana
  1. REDIRECT Template:Significant figures
Samfuri:Redirect category shellSamfuri:Verification failed (2006 census)[1]
Pama–Nyungan
  • Desert Nyungic
Asali na yanzu
kasafin harshe
Western Desert Sign Language
Manjiljarra Sign Language
Ngada Sign Language
Lamban rijistar harshe
ISO 639-3 Variously:
ktd – Kokata (Kukarta)
kux – Kukatja
mpj – Martu Wangka
ntj – Ngaanyatjarra
pti – Pintiini (Wangkatja)
piu – Pintupi-Luritja
pjt – Pitjantjatjara
tjp – Tjupany
kdd – Yankunytjatjara
Glottolog wati1241  Wati[2]
AIATSIS[1] A80
Wati languages (green) among Pama–Nyungan (tan)

Harshen Yammacin Yamma, ko Wati, yare ne na yarukan Aboriginal na ƙasar Australiya a cikin Iyalin Pama-Nyungan .

Ana amfani da sunan Wati lokacin da ake la'akari da nau'ikan daban-daban don zama harsuna daban-daban, Yammacin Yammacin lokacin da ake nazarin su yaruka na yare ɗaya, ko Wati a matsayin Warnman tare da Yammacin Desert.

Wurin da jerin al'ummomi

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Masu magana da yaruka daban-daban na Yammacin Yammacin Desert Language sun zauna a yawancin wuraren hamada na Yammaci Australia, Kudancin ƙasar Australia da Yankin Arewa. Yawancin mutanen Yammacin Yamma suna zaune a cikin al'ummomi a kan ko kusa da ƙasashensu na gargajiya, kodayake wasu yanzu suna zaune a ɗaya daga cikin garuruwan da ke gefen yankin hamada kamar Kalgoorlie, Laverton, Alice Springs, Port Augusta, Meekatharra, Halls Creek da Fitzroy Crossing.

Wadannan sune jerin yankunan Yammacin Yamma:

  • Kintore, Yankin Arewa
  • Kogin Docker, Yankin Arewa
  • Ernabella, Kudancin Australia
  • Amata, Kudancin Australia
  • Fregon, Kudancin Australia
  • Pipalyatjara, Kudancin Australia
  • Kalka, Kudancin Australia
  • Warburton, Yammacin Ostiraliya
  • Kiwirrkurra, Yammacin Ostiraliya
  • Balgo, Yammacin Ostiraliya
  • Aputula, Yankin Arewa (wanda aka fi sani da Finke)
  • Imanpa, Yankin Arewa (wanda aka fi sani da Dutsen Ebenezer)
  • Mutitjulu, Yankin Arewa
  • Jigalong, Yammacin Ostiraliya

Ci gaba da yaren

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Harshen Yammacin Yamma ya kuma ƙunshi cibiyar sadarwa ta yarukan da ke da alaƙa da juna; sunayen wasu daga cikin waɗannan sun zama sanannun (kamar Pitjantjatjara) kuma galibi ana kiransu "harsuna".[3] Kamar yadda dukan rukunin yarukan da suka zama yaren ba su da sunansa ana kiransa da Yammacin Yammacin. Masu magana da WDL da ke magana da harshe gabaɗaya suna amfani da kalmomi daban-daban ciki har da wangka ("harshe") ko wangka yuti ("magana mai haske"). Ga masu magana da asali, harshe yana da fahimtar juna a duk faɗin.

Harsuna

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Wadannan sune wasu daga cikin nau'ikan da ake kira na Yammacin Yammacin.

Harshe / yaren Mutane Bayani Bayanan AIATSIS
Yaren Antakarinya Mutanen Antakarinya C5: Antikirinya [4]
Yaren Kartujarra Mutanen Kartujarra A51: Kartujarra [5]
Yaren Kokatha Mutanen Kokatha C3: Kokatha [6]
An kira yaruka biyu na Yammacin Yammacin 'Kukatja'; Kukatja (A68) da Kukatja Kukatja (C7) (Western Australia)">Kukatja (A68) da Kukatja A68 yana cikin arewacin Yammacin Ostiraliya kusa da Tafkin Gregory, kuma C7 yana yammacin Haasts Bluff a tsakiyar Ostiraliya. [7][8]
A68 yana ɗaya daga cikin yarukan da suka zama Martu Wangka a Jigalong . ::iii C7 suna kiran kansu 'Luritja' yanzu.[7]
 A68: Kukatja & C7: Kukatja [7][8]
Yaren Kuwarra Mutanen Kuwarra Akwai karancin bayanai game da yaren amma an tabbatar da mutane sosai.[9][10] A16: Kuwarra [11]
Yaren Luritja Mutanen Luritja Kukatja (C7) suna kiran kansu 'Luritja' yanzu.[7]
Pintupi da Luritja suna da irin wannan harshe guda biyu amma suna da alaƙa.[12][13] 		C7.1: Luritja [12]
Yaren Manyjilyjarra Mutanen Manyjilyjarra Ɗaya daga cikin yarukan da suka haɗa da Martu Wangka a Jigalong . [14] : na uku:iii A51.1: Manyjilyjarra [15]
Yaren Mantjintjarra Mutanen Mantjintjarra A33: Mantjintjarra [16]
Yaren Martu Wangka Mutanen Martu Martu Wangka yana nufin ko dai yaren da aka samu a da kewayen Jigalong, Yammacin Ostiraliya ::iii ko ƙungiyoyin yaren daban-daban a cikin hamadar Gibson, Little Sandy da Great Sandy.[14][17][17] A86: Martu Wangka [17]
Yaren Nakako Mutanen Nakako Ba a san komai game da mutane da yarensu ba [18] A32: Nakako [19]
Yaren Ngaanyatjarra Mutanen Ngaanyatjarra A38:Ngaanyatjarra [20]
Yaren Ngaatjatjarra Mutanen Ngaatjatjarra A43: Ngaatjatjarra [21]
Yaren Ngalia Mutanen Ngalia C2: Ngalia [22]
Yaren Pindiini / Wangkatha / Wangkatja Mutanen Pindiini / Wangkatha / Wangkatja Wadannan yaruka guda uku & mutane ba a rarrabe su ba.[23][24][25] A102: Pindiini, A12: Wangkatha & A103: Wangkatja[23][24][25]
Yaren Pintupi Mutanen Pintupi Pintupi da Luritja suna da irin wannan harshe guda biyu amma suna da alaƙa.[12][13] C10: Pintupi [13]
Yaren Pitjantjatjara Mutanen Pitjantjatjara C6: Pitjantjatjara [26]
Yaren Putijarra Mutanen Putijarra Ɗaya daga cikin yarukan da suka haɗa da Martu Wangka a Jigalong ::iii[14] A54: Putijarra [27]
Yaren Tjupan Mutanen Tjupan A31: Tjupan[28]
Yaren Wangkajunga Mutanen Wangkajunga A87: Wangkajunga [29]
Yankunytjatjara yaren Mutanen Yankunytjatjara C4: Yankunytjatjara [30]
Yulparija yaren Mutanen Yulparija A67: Yulparija[31]

Harshe

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Matsayi

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Harshen Yammacin Yamma yana da dubban masu magana, yana mai da shi ɗaya daga cikin harsunan asalin ƙasar Australiya mafi ƙarfi. Har yanzu ana watsa yaren ga yara kuma yana da adadi mai yawa na wallafe-wallafen, musamman a cikin yarukan Pitjantjatjara da Yankunytjatjara a Kudancin ƙasar Australia inda a baya akwai shirin harsuna biyu mai tsawo.  [ana buƙatar hujja][<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span>]

Fasahar sauti

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A cikin teburin da ke biyowa na tsarin sauti na WDL, alamomi a cikin ƙuƙwalwar ƙuƙwalwa suna ba da ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadadden ƙayyadamuran da yawancin al'ummomin WDL ke amfani da su. An ba da ƙarin bayani game da rubutun da ake amfani da su a yankuna daban-daban a ƙasa. Ana nuna dabi'un sauti a cikin IPA a cikin [square brackets].  [ana buƙatar hujja][<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span>]

Sautin sautin

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A gaba Komawa
Kusa Sunan da aka yi amfani da su⟨ii⟩ Su Sunubi⟨uu⟩
Bude ⟨aa⟩-mw='{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"IPA link","href":"./Template:IPA_link"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"a"}},"i":0}}]}' data-ve-no-generated-contents="true" id="mwAdc" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" typeof="mw:Transclusion">a cikinta a cikinta

Harshen Yammacin Yamma yana da tsarin sautuna uku na yau da kullun (don Ostiraliya) tare da bambancin tsawon da ke haifar da jimlar sautuna shida masu yiwuwa.  [ana buƙatar hujja][<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span>]

Sautin da aka yi amfani da shi

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Yankin waje Laminal Abinda ke da ban sha'awa
Biyuwa Velar Palatal Alveolar Retroflex
Plosive Sunan haka⟨p⟩ Sashen⟨k⟩ Sunan haka⟨tj⟩ Ya kamat a yi amfani da shi⟨t⟩ Sunan da aka yi⟨rt⟩
Hanci Ya kam a yi amfani da shi⟨m⟩ Ya kamata a yi amfani da shi⟨ng⟩ Sunan da aka yi⟨ny⟩ Ya kasan a cikin⟨n⟩ Ƙari ga haka⟨rn⟩
Trill Ruwa⟨rr⟩
Hanyar gefen A cikin wannan yanayin⟨ly⟩ Sanya⟨l⟩ Sunan da aka yi⟨rl⟩
Kusanci w w w watau⟨w⟩ Ya zama haka⟨y⟩ Sunan da aka yi⟨r⟩

Kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin ginshiƙi, WDL ya bambanta matsayi biyar na magana, kuma yana da maganganun baki da hanci a kowane matsayi. Tsayawa ba su da bambancin murya amma suna nuna murya da ba a bayyana ba; tsayarwa yawanci ba a bayyana su a farkon kalma ba, kuma ana bayyana su a wasu wurare. A cikin matsayi biyu, yawanci ba su da sha'awa. Babu sassan fricative.  [ana buƙatar hujja][<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span>]

Rubutun kalmomi

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Duk da yake yarukan WDL suna da irin wannan sauti akwai nau'o'i daban-daban da ake amfani da su, wanda ya haifar da abubuwan da masu bincike daban-daban suka fi so da kuma gaskiyar cewa yankin WDL ya kai cikin jihohi uku (Yammacin Australia, Kudancin Australia da Yankin Arewa), tare da kowannensu yana da tarihin kansa na binciken harshe da manufofin ilimi.[ana buƙatar hujja][<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span>]

Harshen kurame

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Yawancin mutanen tsakiyar Ostiraliya suna da (ko a wani lokaci suna da) siffofin sa hannu na yarensu. Daga cikin mutanen Yammacin Yamma, an ba da rahoton yaren kurame musamman ga Kardutjara da Yurira Watjalku, Ngaatjatjarra (Ngada), da Manjiljarra. An san Kardutjara da Yurira Watjalku da aka sanya hannu da cewa sun bunkasa sosai, kodayake ba a bayyana daga bayanan da suka sanya hannu Ngada da Manjiljarra ba.

Manazarta

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  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 A80 Western Desert at the Australian Indigenous Languages Database, Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies
  2. ↑ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Wati". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
  3. ↑ "Pitjantjatjara language, alphabet and pronunciation". www.omniglot.com. Retrieved 2017-06-23.
  4. ↑ C5 Antakarinya at the Australian Indigenous Languages Database, Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies
  5. ↑ A51 Kartujarra at the Australian Indigenous Languages Database, Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies
  6. ↑ C3 Kokatha at the Australian Indigenous Languages Database, Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 C7 Kukatja at the Australian Indigenous Languages Database, Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 A68 Kukatja at the Australian Indigenous Languages Database, Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies
  9. ↑ "Kuwarra". Goldfields Aboriginal Language Centre (in Turanci). Retrieved 2 July 2024.
  10. ↑ Liberman, Kenneth (1980). "The Decline of the Kuwarra People of Australia's Western Desert: A Case Study of Legally Secured Domination". Ethnohistory. 27 (2): 119–133. doi:10.2307/481223. ISSN 0014-1801. JSTOR 481223. Retrieved 2 July 2024.
  11. ↑ A16 Kuwarra at the Australian Indigenous Languages Database, Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 C7.1 Luritja at the Australian Indigenous Languages Database, Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 C10 Pintupi at the Australian Indigenous Languages Database, Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Burgman 2005
  15. ↑ A51.1 Manyjilyjarra at the Australian Indigenous Languages Database, Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies
  16. ↑ A33 Mantjintjarra at the Australian Indigenous Languages Database, Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 17.2 A86 Martu Wangka at the Australian Indigenous Languages Database, Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies
  18. ↑ "Nakako". Mobile Language Team. Retrieved 2 July 2024.
  19. ↑ A32 Nakako at the Australian Indigenous Languages Database, Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies
  20. ↑ A38 Ngaanyatjarra at the Australian Indigenous Languages Database, Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies
  21. ↑ A43 Ngaatjatjarra at the Australian Indigenous Languages Database, Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies
  22. ↑ C2 Ngalia at the Australian Indigenous Languages Database, Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 A102 Pindiini at the Australian Indigenous Languages Database, Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 A12 Wangkatha at the Australian Indigenous Languages Database, Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 A103 Wangkatja at the Australian Indigenous Languages Database, Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies
  26. ↑ C6 Pitjantjatjara at the Australian Indigenous Languages Database, Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies
  27. ↑ A54 Putijarra at the Australian Indigenous Languages Database, Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies
  28. ↑ A31 Tjupan at the Australian Indigenous Languages Database, Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies
  29. ↑ A87 Wangkajunga at the Australian Indigenous Languages Database, Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies
  30. ↑ C4 Yankunytjatjara at the Australian Indigenous Languages Database, Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies
  31. ↑ A67 Yulparija at the Australian Indigenous Languages Database, Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies
  • [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9] A Grammar na Yankunytjatjara . Alice Springs: IAD.
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Haɗin waje

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  • Sashe na 'Western Desert' na Handbook of Western Australian Aboriginal Languages South of the Kimberley An adana shi 2009-08-27 a
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