Yarjejeniya ta Duniya kan Haƙƙin Tattalin Arziki, zamantakewa da al'adu
| Yarjejeniya ta Duniya kan Haƙƙin Tattalin Arziki, zamantakewa da al'adu | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Asali | |
| Mawallafi | General Assembly of the United Nations |
| Shekarar ƙirƙira | 1966 |
| Lokacin bugawa | 1967 |
| Asalin suna | International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, Internationell konvention om ekonomiska, sociala och kulturella rättigheter, العهد الدولي الخاصبالحقوق الاقتصادية والاجتماعية والثقافية, Pacte international relatif aux droits économiques, sociaux et culturels, 经济社会文化权利国际盟约, Международный пакт об экономических, социальных и культурных правах da Pacto Internacional de Derechos Económicos, Sociales y Culturales |
| Characteristics | |
| Harshe | Yaren Czech |
| Description | |
| Ɓangaren | United Nations General Assembly Resolution 2200 A (en)  Q3820803 Dokar Ƴancin Ɗan Adam ta Duniya Dokar 'yancin dan adam ta kasa da kasa Kayan kare hakkin dan adam na kasa da kasa |
| Muhimmin darasi | economic rights (en) , Yancin zamantakewa (ra'ayin yarjejeniyar zamantakewa) da Hakkokin al'adu |
Yarjejeniyar kasa da kasa kan Hakkokin Tattalin Arziki, Zamantakewa da Al'adu (ICESCR) yarjejeniya ce ta bangarori da yawa da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta amince da ita a ranar 16 ga Disamba 1966 ta hanyar GA. Kudirin 2200A (XXI), kuma ya fara aiki a ranar 3 ga Janairu 1976.[1] Yana ba da ɓangarorinsa yin aiki don ba da haƙƙin tattalin arziƙi, zamantakewa, da al'adu (ESCR) ga duk ɗaiɗaikun mutane ciki har da waɗanda ke zaune a yankuna masu zaman kansu da masu dogaro. Haƙƙoƙin sun haɗa da haƙƙin ma'aikata, 'yancin samun lafiya, 'yancin samun ilimi, da 'yancin samun isasshen yanayin rayuwa. Tun daga Fabrairu 2024, Wa'adin yana da ƙungiyoyi 172. [1] Sauran kasashe hudu, ciki har da Amurka, sun sanya hannu amma ba su tabbatar da Yarjejeniyar ba.
ICESCR (da Yarjejeniyar Zaɓuɓinta) wani ɓangare ne na Dokar Haƙƙin Dan Adam ta Duniya, tare da Yarjejeniyar Haƙƙin Dan Adam ta Duniya (UDHR) da Yarjejeniya ta Duniya kan 'Yancin Bil Adama da Siyasa (ICCPR), gami da ka'idojin Zaɓuɓɓuka na farko da na biyu na ƙarshen.[2]
Kwamitin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan 'Yancin Tattalin Arziki, Jama'a da Al'adu ne ke kula da Alkawari.[3]
Farawa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]ICESCR ta samo asali ne a cikin wannan tsari wanda ya haifar da Universal Declaration of Human Rights . [4] An gabatar da "Sanarwa game da Muhimman Hakkin Mutum" a taron San Francisco na 1945 wanda ya haifar da kafa Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, kuma an ba Majalisar Tattalin Arziki da Jama'a aikin tsara shi.[2] Da farko a cikin tsari, an raba takardar zuwa cikin sanarwar da ta gabatar da ka'idojin haƙƙin ɗan adam, da kuma yarjejeniya ko alkawari da ke ɗauke da alkawura masu ɗaurewa. Tsohon ya samo asali ne a cikin UDHR kuma an karbe shi a ranar 10 ga Disamba 1948. [2]
Rubuce-rubuce ya ci gaba a kan taron, amma akwai manyan bambance-bambance tsakanin membobin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya game da muhimmancin farar hula da siyasa da kuma tattalin arziki, zamantakewa da al'adu mai kyau. Wadannan daga ƙarshe sun sa aka raba yarjejeniyar zuwa alkawura biyu daban-daban, "ɗaya don ƙunsar haƙƙin farar hula da na siyasa ɗayan kuma don ƙunshe da haƙƙin tattalin arziki, zamantakewa da al'adu. " Alkawura biyu sun ƙunshi irin waɗannan tanadi da yawa yadda zai yiwu kuma a buɗe su don sa hannu a lokaci guda. Kowane mutum zai kuma ƙunshi labarin kan haƙƙin dukkan mutane ga Ƙaddamar da kai.
Takardu na farko ya zama Yarjejeniyar kasa da kasa kan 'Yancin Bil'adama da Siyasa, na biyu kuma Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa akan Hakkokin Tattalin Arziki, Zamantakewa da Al'adu. An gabatar da daftarin ga babban taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya don tattaunawa a shekarar 1954 kuma aka amince da shi a shekarar 1966.
Takaitaccen Bayani
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Alkawari ya bi tsarin UDHR da ICCPR, tare da gabatarwa da labarai talatin da daya, an raba su kashi biyar.
Sashe na 1 (Mataki na 1) ya amince da haƙƙin dukkan mutane ga ƙaddamar da kansu, gami da haƙƙin "ƙayyade matsayinsu na siyasa", su bi manufofinsu na tattalin arziki, zamantakewa da al'adu, da sarrafawa da kuma zubar da nasu albarkatun. Ya amince da wani mummunan haƙƙin da mutane ke da shi na kada a hana su hanyar rayuwa, kuma ta sanya wani wajibi ga waɗanda har yanzu ke da alhakin waɗanda ba su gudanar da mulkin kansu ba da amincewa da yankuna (mallaka) don ƙarfafawa da mutunta ra'ayin kansu..
Sashe na 2 (Mataki 2-5) ya kafa ka'idar "ci gaba da ci gaba" (duba ƙasa.) Hakanan yana buƙatar a amince da haƙƙin "ba tare da nuna bambanci na kowane nau'i ba game da launin fata, launi, jima'i, yare, addini, siyasa ko wani ra'ayi, asalin ƙasa ko zamantakewa, dukiya, haihuwa ko wani matsayi". Hakkin ne kawai doka za ta iya iyakance shi, a hanyar da ta dace da yanayin haƙƙoƙin, kuma kawai don manufar "tabbatar da jin dadin jama'a a cikin al'ummar dimokuradiyya".
Sashe na 3 (Mataki 6-15) ya lissafa haƙƙoƙin kansu. Wadannan sun hada da hakkoki ga
- aiki, a karkashin "yanayi mai kyau da kyau", tare da haƙƙin kafawa da shiga Kungiyoyin kwadago (Mataki na 6, 7, da 8);
- Tsaron zamantakewa, gami da inshorar zamantakewa (Mataki na 9);
- rayuwar iyali, gami da biyan izinin iyaye da kuma kare yara (Mataki na 10);
- isasshiyar ma'aunin rayuwa, gami da isasshen abinci, sutura da gidaje, da "ci gaba da inganta yanayin rayuwa" (Mataki na 11);
- kiwon lafiya, musamman "mafi girman ma'auni na lafiyar jiki da tunani" (Mataki na 12);
- ilimi, gami da ilimin firamare na duniya kyauta, makarantun sakandare gabaɗaya da kuma samun dama ga manyan makarantu. Wannan ya kamata a ja hankalinsa zuwa ga “cikakkiyar ci gaban mutuntakar ɗan adam da fahimtar darajarsa” da ba da damar dukan mutane su shiga cikin al’umma yadda ya kamata (Mataki na 13 da 14);
- shiga cikin rayuwar al'adu (Mataki na 15).
Kamar yadda munanan haƙƙoƙi da tabbataccen haƙƙoƙi ne waɗanda suka wajabta ko dai aiki (hakkoki masu kyau) ko rashin aiki (hakkoki mara kyau), da yawa daga cikin waɗannan haƙƙoƙin da aka ambata sun haɗa da takamaiman ayyuka waɗanda dole ne a aiwatar da su don tabbatar da su, saboda haƙƙoƙin tattalin arziki, zamantakewa da al'adu masu kyau waɗanda suka wuce ingantacciyar haƙƙin farar hula da siyasa mara kyau.
Sashe na 4 (Mataki na 16-25) yana tafiyar da bayar da rahoto da sa ido kan alkawarin da matakan da bangarorin suka dauka don aiwatar da shi. Har ila yau, yana ba da damar hukumar sa ido - asali na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Tattalin Arziki da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya - yanzu Kwamitin Harkokin Tattalin Arziki, Jama'a da Al'adu - duba ƙasa - don ba da shawarwari na gaba ɗaya ga Majalisar Dinkin Duniya game da matakan da suka dace don gane hakkoki (Mataki na 21)
Sashe na 5 (Mataki 26-31) yana jagorantar tabbatarwa, shigarwa cikin aiki, da gyare-gyaren Alkawari.
Babban tanadi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Ka'idar ci gaba da fahimta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Mataki na 2 na Alkawari ya sanya aiki ga dukkan bangarorin
Ɗaukar matakai... zuwa iyakar albarkatun da ake da su, da nufin cimma ci gaba da ci gaba da samun cikakkiyar haƙƙoƙin da aka amince da su a cikin wannan alkawari ta kowace hanyar da ta dace, gami da ɗaukar matakan doka.
Ana kiran wannan a matsayin ka'idar "ganewar ci gaba". Ya yarda cewa wasu haƙƙoƙin (misali, haƙƙin kiwon lafiya) na iya zama da wahala a aikace don cimma su cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci, kuma jihohi na iya fuskantar matsalolin albarkatun ƙasa, amma suna buƙatar su yi iya gwargwadon ƙarfinsu.
Ka'idar ta bambanta da ta ICCPR, wanda ke tilasta wa bangarorin su "yi girmamawa da tabbatar wa dukkan mutane a cikin yankinta kuma suna ƙarƙashin ikonta" haƙƙoƙin a cikin wannan Yarjejeniyar.[5] Koyaya, ba ya sa Alkawari ba tare da ma'ana ba. Bukatar "yi matakai" yana sanya ci gaba da aiki don cimma hakkoki.[6] Har ila yau, ya kawar da matakan da suka dace da gangan wanda ke hana wannan burin. Kwamitin kan 'Yancin Tattalin Arziki, Jama'a da Al'adu ya kuma fassara ka'idar a matsayin sanya mafi ƙarancin mahimman wajibai don samarwa, aƙalla, mafi ƙaranci matakan kowane haƙƙin. Idan albarkatun suna da iyaka sosai, wannan ya kamata ya haɗa da amfani da shirye-shiryen da aka yi niyya don masu rauni.
Kwamitin Hakkokin Tattalin Arziki, Zamantakewa da Al'adu yana ɗaukar doka a matsayin wata hanya mai mahimmanci don tabbatar da haƙƙoƙin wanda ba zai yuwu a iyakance shi ta hanyar ƙaƙƙarfan albarkatu ba. Ƙaddamar da tanade-tanaden nuna wariya da kafa haƙƙoƙin da za a iya aiwatarwa tare da hanyoyin shari'a a cikin tsarin shari'ar ƙasa ana ɗaukar su a matsayin hanyoyin da suka dace. Wasu tanade-tanade, kamar dokokin hana wariya, an riga an buƙaci su ƙarƙashin wasu ƙa'idodin haƙƙin ɗan adam, kamar ICCPR.
Hakkin aiki
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Mataki na 6 na Alkawari ya amince da haƙƙin aiki kamar yadda aka bayyana ta hanyar damar kowa da kowa don samun hanyar rayuwa ta hanyar zaɓaɓɓen kyauta ko karɓar aiki. Ana buƙatar ɓangarorin da su ɗauki “matakan da suka dace” don kiyaye wannan haƙƙin, gami da horar da fasaha da sana’o’i da manufofin tattalin arziki da ke da nufin ci gaban tattalin arziƙi, da kuma cikakken aikin yi. Haƙƙin yana nufin dole ne ɓangarorin su ba da garantin samun aiki daidai gwargwado da kuma kare ma'aikata daga hana su aikin yi ba bisa ƙa'ida ba. Dole ne su hana nuna bambanci a wurin aiki kuma su tabbatar da samun dama ga marasa galihu.[7] Gaskiyar cewa dole ne a zabi aiki da yardar rai ko a yarda da shi yana nufin dole ne jam'iyyun su hana aikin tilasta ko na yara.
Dole ne aikin da ake magana a kai a Mataki na 6 ya zama aiki mai kyau.[1] Wannan an bayyana shi yadda ya kamata ta Mataki na ashirin da 7 na Alkawari, wanda ya amince da haƙƙin kowa don "daidai kuma mai dacewa" yanayin aiki. Wadannan kuma ana bayyana su a matsayin albashi na gaskiya tare da daidaiton albashi na daidaitaccen aiki, wanda ya isa ya samar da ingantaccen rayuwa ga ma'aikata da masu dogaro da su; yanayin aiki lafiya; daidai da dama a wurin aiki; da isasshen hutu da hutu, gami da iyakancewar lokutan aiki da na yau da kullun, hutun da aka biya.
Mataki na 8 ya amince da haƙƙin ma'aikata na kafa ko shiga ƙungiyoyin kasuwanci kuma yana kare haƙƙin yajin aiki. Koyaya, yana ba da damar iyakance waɗannan haƙƙoƙin ga membobin sojoji, 'yan sanda, ko masu gudanar da gwamnati. Jam'iyyu da dama sun sanya ra'ayi akan wannan sashe, suna ba da damar fassara shi ta hanyar da ta dace da kundin tsarin mulkin su (misali, China, Mexico), ko kuma tsawaita haƙƙin ƙungiyar ga ƙungiyoyi kamar masu kashe gobara (misali, Japan).[1]
Hakkin tsaro na jama'a
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Mataki na 9 na Alkawari ya amince da "dama na kowa ga tsaron jama'a, gami da inshorar jama'a". Yana buƙatar bangarorin su samar da wasu nau'ikan tsarin inshorar jama'a don kare mutane daga haɗarin rashin lafiya, nakasa, haihuwa, raunin aiki, rashin aikin yi ko tsufa; don samar da waɗanda suka tsira, marayu, da waɗanda ba za su iya biyan kuɗin kiwon lafiya ba; da kuma tabbatar da cewa iyalai suna da isasshen tallafi. Fa'idodi daga irin wannan makircin dole ne ya zama isasshen, mai sauƙi ga kowa, kuma an bayar da shi ba tare da nuna bambanci ba.[8] Alkawari ba ta ƙuntata nau'in makircin ba, kuma duka tsare-tsaren bayar da gudummawa da wadanda ba su ba da gudummawar sun yarda (kamar yadda tsarin al'umma da na juna yake).
Kwamitin kan 'Yancin Tattalin Arziki, Jama'a da Al'adu ya lura da matsaloli masu ci gaba tare da aiwatar da wannan haƙƙin, tare da ƙananan matakan samun dama.
Jam'iyyu da dama, ciki har da Faransa da Monaco, suna da tanadin da zai basu damar saita buƙatun zama domin samun cancantar samun fa'idodin zamantakewa. Kwamitin kan Haƙƙin Tattalin Arziki, zamantakewa da al'adu yana ba da izinin irin waɗannan hane-hane, in dai sun yi daidai da ma'ana.
Hakkin rayuwar iyali
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Mataki na 10 na Alkawari ya amince da iyali a matsayin "ƙungiya ta halitta da ta asali ta al'umma", kuma tana buƙatar bangarorin su ba da ita "kariya da taimako mafi girma". Dole ne jam'iyyun su tabbatar da cewa 'yan ƙasa suna da' yanci su kafa iyalai kuma ana yin aure kyauta kuma ba a tilasta su ba.[9] Dole ne kuma jam’iyyun su ba da hutun da za su biya ko kuma isassun tsaro ga iyaye mata kafin haihuwa da bayan haihuwa, wajibcin da ya yi karo da na sashe na 9. A karshe, dole ne bangarorin su dauki “matakai na musamman” don kare yara daga cin zarafi na tattalin arziki ko zamantakewa, gami da kayyade mafi karancin shekarun aikin yi da hana yara daga ayyuka masu hadari da cutarwa.
Hakkin samun isasshen rayuwa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Mataki na 11 ya amince da haƙƙin samun isasshen ma'aunin rayuwa. Wannan ya haɗa da, amma ba'a iyakance ga, 'yancin samun isasshen abinci, tufafi, gidaje, da "ci gaba da inganta yanayin rayuwa". Har ila yau, yana haifar da wajibi ga bangarorin su yi aiki tare don kawar da yunwa ta duniya.
haƙƙin isasshen Abinci, wanda kuma ake kira haƙƙin abinci, ana fassara shi azaman buƙatar "bayyanar abinci a cikin adadi da inganci don gamsar da bukatun abinci na mutane, ba tare da abubuwa marasa kyau ba, kuma abin karɓa a cikin al'adun da aka ba shi".[10] Wannan dole ne ya kasance mai sauƙi ga kowa, yana nuna wajibi ne don samar da shirye-shirye na musamman ga masu rauni. Wannan kuma dole ne ya tabbatar da rarraba abinci na duniya daidai dangane da buƙata, la'akari da matsalolin shigo da abinci da fitar da abinci. Hakkin isasshen abinci yana nuna haƙƙin ruwa.[11]
Hakkin isasshen gidaje, wanda kuma ake kira haƙƙin gidaje, shine "yancin zama a wani wuri cikin tsaro, zaman lafiya da mutunci. " [12] Yana buƙatar "isasshen sirri, isasshen sarari, isaskiyar tsaro, isaswar hasken wuta da iska, isasuda kayan aiki na asali da isasshen wuri dangane da aiki da kayan aiki na yau da kullun. " [12] Dole ne ƙungiyoyi su tabbatar da tsaro na wa'adin mulki kuma samun dama ba tare da nuna bambanci ba, kuma a ci gaba da yin aiki don kawar da rashin matsuguni. Korar tilastawa, wanda aka ayyana a matsayin "cire dindindin ko na wucin gadi ba tare da son mutane, iyalai da/ko al'ummomi daga gidaje da/ko ƙasar da suka mamaye ba, ba tare da samar da, da kuma samun damar yin amfani da, hanyoyin da suka dace na doka ko wata kariyar ba," babban facie keta Alkawari ne. [13]
Haƙƙin samun isassun tufafi, wanda kuma ake magana da shi a matsayin haƙƙin sutura, ba a fayyace shi bisa hukuma ba kuma an sami ɗan ɗanɗano ta hanyar sharhin ilimi ko tattaunawa ta duniya. Abin da ake la'akari da "daidai" kawai an tattauna shi ne kawai a cikin takamaiman yanayi, kamar 'yan gudun hijira, nakasassu, tsofaffi, ko ma'aikata.
Hakkin lafiya
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Mataki na 12 na Alkawari ya amince da haƙƙin kowa da kowa don "ji daɗin mafi girman matakin da za a iya samu na lafiyar jiki da tunani". "Lafiya" ana fahimtar ta ba kawai a matsayin haƙƙin zama lafiya ba, amma a matsayin haƙƙoƙin sarrafa lafiyar mutum da jikin mutum (ciki har da haifuwa), da kuma kasancewa 'yanci daga tsangwama kamar azabtarwa ko gwajin likita.[14] Jihohi dole ne su kare wannan haƙƙin ta hanyar tabbatar da cewa kowa da ke cikin ikonsu yana da damar yin amfani da abubuwan da ke tattare da kiwon lafiya, kamar ruwa mai tsabta, tsabta, abinci mai gina jiki da gidaje, kuma ta hanyar cikakken tsarin kiwon lafiya.
Mataki na 12.2 ya bukaci bangarorin da su dauki takamaiman matakai don inganta lafiyar al'ummarsu, ciki har da rage mace-macen jarirai da inganta lafiyar yara, inganta lafiyar muhalli da wuraren aiki, rigakafi, sarrafawa da magance cututtuka, da samar da yanayi don tabbatar da daidaito da kuma samun damar yin amfani da sabis na likita a kan lokaci. Ana ɗaukar waɗannan a matsayin "misalai masu misaltuwa, marasa ƙarewa", maimakon cikakken bayanin wajibcin ɓangarorin.
Ana fassara haƙƙin kiwon lafiya a matsayin buƙatar ɓangarorin su mutunta haƙƙin haihuwa na mata, ta hanyar ba da iyakance damar yin amfani da maganin hana haihuwa ko "tsinkaya, riƙewa ko ɓoyewa da gangan" bayanai game da lafiyar jima'i. Dole ne kuma su tabbatar da cewa ana kare mata daga ayyukan gargajiya masu cutarwa kamar yankan mata.
Haƙƙin kiwon lafiya haƙƙi ne mai haɗaka da ba wai kawai ga kulawar lafiya da ta dace ba, har ma ga abubuwan da ke tabbatar da lafiya, kamar samun ruwa mai tsafta da isasshiyar tsafta, wadataccen abinci mai aminci, abinci mai gina jiki da mahalli, lafiyayyan sana'a da yanayin muhalli.
Hakkin samun ilimi kyauta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Mataki na 13 na Alkawari ya amince da haƙƙin kowa da kowa don Ilimi kyauta (kyauta don matakin firamare kawai, da kuma "ci gaba da gabatar da ilimi kyauta" don sakandare da matakan da suka fi girma). Wannan za a jagoranta shi zuwa ga "cikakken ci gaban mutuntakar ɗan adam da ma'anar mutuntakarsa", kuma ya ba dukkan mutane damar shiga cikin al'umma yadda ya kamata. Ana ganin ilimi a matsayin haƙƙin ɗan adam kuma a matsayin "hanyar da ba ta da muhimmanci don fahimtar wasu haƙƙin ɗan ƙasa", don haka wannan yana ɗaya daga cikin mafi tsawo kuma mafi mahimmancin sassan Alkawari.[15]
Mataki na ashirin da 13.2 ya lissafa matakai na musamman da ake buƙatar ɓangarorin da za su bi don tabbatar da haƙƙin ilimi. Waɗannan sun haɗa da samar da ilimin firamare kyauta, na duniya da na wajibi, “gabaɗaya da samun damar” ilimin sakandare a nau'o'i daban-daban (ciki har da koyar da fasaha da sana'a), da kuma samun damar samun ilimi mafi girma daidai. Duk waɗannan dole ne su kasance samuwa ga kowa ba tare da nuna bambanci ba. Dole ne ƙungiyoyi su haɓaka tsarin makaranta (ko da yake yana iya zama na jama'a, na sirri, ko gauraye), ƙarfafawa ko ba da tallafin karatu ga ƙungiyoyin marasa galihu. Ana buƙatar jam'iyyu su mai da ilimi kyauta a kowane mataki, ko dai nan da nan ko kuma a ci gaba; "Ilimin farko ya zama wajibi kuma ya kasance kyauta ga kowa"; ilimin sakandare "za a samar da shi gabaɗaya kuma ya isa ga kowa ta kowace hanya da ta dace, musamman ta hanyar ƙaddamar da ilimi kyauta"; da "[h] ilimi mai girma za a yi daidai da kowa, bisa ga iyawa, ta kowace hanya da ta dace, musamman ta hanyar ci gaba da samar da ilimi kyauta".
Sharuɗɗa 13.3 da 13.4 sun buƙaci ƙungiyoyi su mutunta ’yancin ilimi na iyaye ta hanyar ba su damar zaɓar da kafa cibiyoyin ilimi masu zaman kansu ga ’ya’yansu, wanda kuma ake kira ‘yancin ilimi. Sun kuma amince da ‘yancin iyaye na “tabbatar da tarbiyyar ‘ya’yansu na addini da na dabi’a ta hanyar da ta dace”. Ana fassara wannan da cewa yana buƙatar makarantun gwamnati su mutunta yancin addini da lamiri na ɗalibansu, da kuma hana koyarwa a cikin wani addini ko tsarin imani sai dai idan ba a sami keɓancewa ba da kuma wasu hanyoyi.
Kwamitin kan 'yancin tattalin arziki, zamantakewa da al'adu ya fassara Alkawarin kamar yadda yake buƙatar jihohi su mutunta' yancin ilimi na ma'aikata da ɗalibai, saboda wannan yana da mahimmanci ga tsarin ilimi. Har ila yau, yana ɗaukar azabtarwa ta jiki a makarantu ba daidai ba ne da ƙa'idar Alkawari game da mutuncin mutum.
Mataki na 14 na wa'adin yana buƙatar waɗanda har yanzu ba su kafa tsarin ilimin firamare na tilas kyauta ba da su hanzarta aiwatar da cikakken shirin aiwatarwa don gabatar da shi "a cikin adadin shekaru masu ma'ana".
Hakkin shiga cikin rayuwar al'adu
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Mataki na 15 na alkawari ya amince da yancin kowa na shiga cikin rayuwar al'adu, cin moriyar ci gaban kimiyya, da kuma cin gajiyar kare haƙƙin ɗabi'a da abin duniya ga duk wani bincike na kimiyya ko aikin fasaha da suka ƙirƙira. A wani lokaci ana ganin sashe na ƙarshe a matsayin wanda ke buƙatar kariya ga dukiyoyin hankali, amma kwamitin tattalin arziki, zamantakewa da al'adu ya fassara shi da farko da yake kare haƙƙin mawallafa da kuma " shelar [suna] ainihin halin mutum na kowane halitta na tunanin ɗan adam da haɗin gwiwa mai dorewa tsakanin masu yin halitta da abubuwan da suka halitta"[16] Don haka yana buƙatar ɓangarorin da su mutunta haƙƙin marubutan a amince da su a matsayin mahaliccin aiki. Ana fassara haƙƙoƙin abin duniya a matsayin wani ɓangare na haƙƙin samun isasshiyar ma'aunin rayuwa, kuma "babu buƙatar tsawaita tsawon rayuwar marubuci.
Dole ne jam'iyyun suyi aiki don inganta kiyayewa, ci gaba da yada kimiyya da al'adu, "girmama 'yancin da ake bukata don binciken kimiyya da ayyukan kirkira", da kuma karfafa hulɗa da hadin kai na kasa da kasa a waɗannan fannoni.
Rashin ajiya
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Jam'iyyun da yawa sun yi ajiya da kuma fassarar fassarar aikace-aikacen Alkawari.
Aljeriya ta fassara wasu sassa na Mataki na 13, na kare 'yancin iyaye na zabar ko kafa cibiyoyin ilimi da suka dace, don kada a tauye hakkinta na tsara tsarin karatun ta cikin 'yanci.[1]
Bangaladesh ta fassara batun yancin kai a cikin Mataki na 1 a matsayin aiki a cikin tarihin mulkin mallaka. Har ila yau, tana da haƙƙin fassara haƙƙin ma'aikata a cikin Mataki na 7 da 8 da kuma rashin nuna bambanci na sashi na 2 da 3 a cikin tsarin tsarin mulkinta da na cikin gida.[1]
Belgium ta fassara rashin nuna wariya game da asalin ƙasa kamar yadda "ba lallai ba ne ya nuna wani wajibi a kan Jihohi kai tsaye don ba wa baƙi damar haƙƙinsu iri ɗaya na 'yan ƙasarsu. Ya kamata a fahimci kalmar don nufin kawar da duk wani hali na sabani amma ba na bambance-bambance a cikin jiyya ba bisa ga haƙiƙa da la'akari da ma'ana, daidai da ka'idodin da ke tattare da dimokuradiyya don haka.[1]
Kasar Sin ta ƙuntata haƙƙin ma'aikata a cikin Mataki na 8 a hanyar da ta dace da kundin tsarin mulkinta da dokar cikin gida.[1]
Masar ta yarda da Alkawari ne kawai har ya kai ga cewa ba ta saba wa dokar Shari'a ta Musulunci ba. Shari'a ita ce "mafi mahimmancin tushen doka" a karkashin Mataki na 2 na Kundin Tsarin Mulki na 1973 da aka dakatar da shi da kuma sanarwar Tsarin Mulki na 2011. [1]
Faransa tana kallon Alkawari a matsayin mai biyayya ga Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. Har ila yau, yana da haƙƙin sarrafa damar baƙi zuwa aiki, tsaron jama'a, da sauran fa'idodi.[1]
Indiya tana fassara haƙƙin yancin kai a matsayin amfani da "kawai ga mutanen da ke ƙarƙashin ikon ƙasashen waje". [1] kuma ba don amfani da al'ummomin cikin ƙasashe masu iko ba. Har ila yau, tana fassara iyakance haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin daidaitattun dama a wurin aiki a cikin yanayin tsarin mulkinsa[1]
Indonesia ta fassara sashi na ƙaddamar da kai (Mataki na 1) a cikin mahallin wasu dokokin kasa da kasa kuma ba su shafi mutane a cikin ƙasa mai zaman kanta ba.[1]
Ireland ta tanadi haƙƙin inganta Harshen Irish.[1]
Japan ta tanadi haƙƙin kada a ɗaure don ci gaba da gabatar da karatun sakandare na kyauta kyauta, haƙƙin yajin aikin ma'aikacin gwamnati da kuma albashi a ranakun hutu.[1]
Kuwait ta fassara sassan rashin nuna wariya na Articles 2 da 3 a cikin kundin tsarin mulkinta da dokokinta, kuma tana da haƙƙin tsaro na zamantakewa don aiki ga Kuwaiti kaɗai. Hakanan tana da haƙƙin hana yajin aiki.[1]
Mexico ta ƙuntata haƙƙin ma'aikata na Mataki na 8 a cikin mahallin kundin tsarin mulki da dokokinta.[1]
Monaco ta fassara ka'idar rashin nuna bambanci bisa tushen asalin ƙasa kamar yadda "ba lallai ba ne ya nuna wajibin atomatik daga bangaren Jihohi don tabbatar wa baƙi hakkoki iri ɗaya da 'yan ƙasarsu", [1] kuma ya ajiye haƙƙin saita bukatun zama akan haƙƙin aiki, kiwon lafiya, ilimi, da tsaron jama'a.
Myanmar tana da cikakken ra'ayi don fassara "'yancin cin gashin kai" don kada ya tsoma baki ga gwamnatin da aka kafa ko ba da izini ga duk wani mataki na lalata gwamnati. Bugu da ƙari, kalmar ba ta shafi sashe na 10 na Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Jamhuriyar Tarayyar Myanmar, 2008 ba. Sashe na 10 ya karanta cewa: "Babu wani yanki na yanki da aka kafa a cikin ƙungiyar kamar yankuna, jihohi, yankunan ƙungiyar, da yankunan da suke gudanar da kansu da za su balle daga Tarayyar."[17][18]
New Zealand ta tanadi haƙƙin yin amfani da Mataki na 8 (haƙƙin kafawa da shiga ƙungiyoyin kasuwanci) muddin matakan da ake da su ( waɗanda a lokacin sun haɗa da haɗin kai na wajibi da ƙarfafa sasantawa) ba su dace da shi ba.[1]
Norway ta ajiye haƙƙin yajin aiki don ba da izinin sasantawa na tilas na wasu rikice-rikicen ma'aikata.[1]
Pakistan tana da ajiya na gaba ɗaya don fassara Alkawari a cikin tsarin kundin tsarin mulkinta.[1]
Thailand tana fassara haƙƙin ƙaddamar da kai a cikin tsarin wasu dokokin duniya.[1]
Trinidad da Tobago suna da damar ƙuntata haƙƙin yajin aiki na waɗanda ke cikin muhimman ayyuka.
Turkiyya za ta aiwatar da Yarjejeniyar da ke ƙarƙashin Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. Har ila yau, yana da haƙƙin fassara da aiwatar da haƙƙin iyaye don zaɓar da kafa cibiyoyin ilimi ta hanyar da ta dace da kundin tsarin mulkinta.[1]
Ƙasar Ingila ta ɗauki Alkawari a matsayin mai biyayya ga Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. Ya yi ajiya da yawa game da yankunan kasashen waje.[1]
Amurka - Amnesty International ta rubuta cewa "Amurka ta sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar a 1979 a karkashin gwamnatin Carter amma ba ta cika daure shi ba har sai an tabbatar da shi. Don dalilai na siyasa, gwamnatin Carter ba ta tura wa majalisar dattijai shawarar da ya dace game da Alkawari ba, wanda dole ne ya ba da 'shawarwari da yarda' kafin Amurka ta iya amincewa da wata yarjejeniya. The Reagan, da George Hs sun dauki tsarin tattalin arziki. Ba haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin gaske bane kawai burin zamantakewa don haka bai kamata ya zama abin ɗaure yarjejeniya ba. Gwamnatin Clinton ba ta musanta yanayin waɗannan haƙƙoƙin ba amma ba ta ga amfanin siyasa ba don shiga yaƙi da Majalisa akan Alkawari. Gwamnatin George W. Bush ta bi daidai da ra'ayi na gwamnatin Bush da ta gabata.[19][20] Gidauniyar Heritage, mai ra'ayin mazan jiya, tana jayayya cewa sanya hannu zai tilasta gabatar da manufofi da take adawa da su kamar Kula da lafiyar duniya.[21]
Yarjejeniyar Zaɓuɓɓuka
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Babban Taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya amince da Yarjejeniyar Zaɓuɓɓuka a ranar 10 ga Disamba 2008. [23] AnAna buƙatar dukkan bangarorin jihohi su gabatar da rahotanni akai-akai ga Kwamitin wanda ke bayyana dokoki, shari'a, manufofi da sauran matakan da suka ɗauka don aiwatar da haƙƙin da aka tabbatar a cikin Alkawari. Rahoton farko ya zo ne a cikin shekaru biyu na tabbatar da Alkawari; bayan haka ana ba da rahotannin kowace shekara biyar buɗe shi don sa hannu a ranar 24 ga Satumba 2009, kuma tun daga Yuli 2023 jam'iyyun 46 ne suka sanya hannu kuma 27 ne suka tabbatar da shi. [24][25] Bayan ya wuce ƙofar tabbatarwar da ake buƙata, ya fara aiki a ranar 5 ga Mayu 2013.
Kwamitin kan 'Yancin Tattalin Arziki, Jama'a da Al'adu
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Kwamitin kan 'Yancin Tattalin Arziki, Jama'a da Al'adu kungiya ce ta masana kan'antun' yancin dan adam da ke da alhakin saka idanu kan aiwatar da Alkawari. Ya ƙunshi masana 18 masu zaman kansu na haƙƙin ɗan adam, waɗanda aka zaba don wa'adin shekaru huɗu, tare da rabin membobin da aka zaba a kowace shekara biyu.[26]
Ba kamar sauran hukumomin sa ido kan haƙƙin ɗan adam ba, kwamitin ba a kafa shi ba ta yarjejeniyar da take kula da ita. Maimakon haka, Majalisar Tattalin Arziki da Jama'a ce ta kafa ta biyo bayan gazawar hukumomin sa ido guda biyu da suka gabata.[9]
Ana buƙatar dukkan jam'iyyun jihohi su gabatar da rahotanni na yau da kullun ga Kwamitin da ke tsara majalisa, shari'a, manufofi da sauran matakan da suka dauka don aiwatar da haƙƙin da aka tabbatar a cikin Alkawarin. Rahoton farko ya kamata a yi a cikin shekaru biyu bayan tabbatar da Alkawarin; bayan haka rahotanni za a yi a kowace shekara biyar.[27] Kwamitin yana nazarin kowane rahoto kuma yana magance damuwarsa da shawarwari ga jam'iyyar Jiha ta hanyar "bincike na ƙarshe".
Kwamitin yawanci yana haɗuwa a kowace Mayu da Nuwamba a Geneva.[28]
Kasashe ga Alkawari
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Wadannan sune bangarorin alkawarin: [29]
| Jiha | Ranar da aka sanya hannu | Ranar da aka tabbatar, an yarda ko ya yi nasara | Bayani |
|---|---|---|---|
| Afghanistan | 24 ga Janairu 1983 | ||
| Albania | 4 ga Oktoba 1991 | ||
| Aljeriya | 10 Disamba 1968 | 12 Satumba 1989 | |
| Angola | 10 Janairu 1992 | ||
| Antigua da Barbuda | 3 ga Yulin 2019 | ||
| Argentina | 19 Fabrairu 1968 | 8 ga watan Agusta 1986 | |
| Armenia | 13 Satumba 1993 | ||
| Ostiraliya | 18 ga Disamba 1972 | 10 Disamba 1975 | |
| Ostiraliya | 10 Disamba 1973 | 10 Satumba 1978 | |
| Azerbaijan | 13 ga watan Agusta 1992 | ||
| Bahamas | 4 ga Disamba 2008 | 23 ga Disamba 2008 | |
| Bahrain | 27 Satumba 2007 | ||
| Bangladesh | 5 ga Oktoba 1998 | ||
| Barbados | 5 ga Janairu 1973 | ||
| Belarus | 19 Maris 1968 | 12 Nuwamba 1973 | An sanya hannu kuma an tabbatar da shi a matsayin Jamhuriyar Socialist Soviet ta Byelorussian . |
| Belgium | 10 Disamba 1968 | 21 ga Afrilu 1983 | |
| Belize | 6 ga Satumba 2000 | 9 Maris 2015 | |
| Benin | 12 Maris 1992 | ||
| Kasashen Bolivia da yawa | 12 ga watan Agusta 1982 | ||
| Bosnia da Herzegovina | 1 ga Satumba 1993 | Tsohuwar Yugoslavia ta sanya hannu kan Alkawarin a ranar 8 ga watan Agusta 1967 kuma ta tabbatar da shi a ranar 2 ga Yuni 1971. | |
| Brazil | 24 ga Janairu 1992 | ||
| Bulgaria | 8 ga Oktoba 1968 | 21 ga Satumba 1970 | |
| Burkina Faso | 4 ga Janairu 1999 | ||
| Burundi | 9 ga Mayu 1990 | ||
| Kambodiya | 17 ga Oktoba 1980 | 26 ga Mayu 1992 | Kampuchea ta Democrat ta sanya hannu kan Alkawarin a ranar 17 ga Oktoba 1980 |
| Kamaru | 27 Yuni 1984 | ||
| Kanada | 19 ga Mayu 1976 | ||
| Cape Verde | 6 ga watan Agusta 1993 | ||
| Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya | 8 ga Mayu 1981 | ||
| Chadi | 9 Yuni 1995 | ||
| Chile | 16 ga Satumba 1969 | 10 Fabrairu 1972 | |
| China | 27 ga Oktoba 1997 | 27 Maris 2001 | Jamhuriyar Sin ta sanya hannu a ranar 5 ga Oktoba 1967 |
| Colombia | 21 ga Disamba 1966 | 29 ga Oktoba 1969 | |
| Comoros | 25 ga Satumba 2008 | ||
| Kongo | 5 ga Oktoba 1983 | ||
| Costa Rica | 19 Disamba 1966 | 29 Nuwamba 1968 | |
| Ivory Coast | 26 Maris 1992 | ||
| Croatia | 12 ga Oktoba 1992 | Tsohuwar Yugoslavia ta sanya hannu kan Alkawarin a ranar 8 ga watan Agusta 1967 kuma ta tabbatar da shi a ranar 2 ga Yuni 1971. | |
| Cuba | 28 Fabrairu 2008 | ||
| Cyprus | 9 ga Janairu 1967 | 2 ga Afrilu 1969 | |
| Jamhuriyar Czech | 22 Fabrairu 1993 | Czechoslovakia ta sanya hannu kan Alkawarin a ranar 7 ga Oktoba 1968 kuma ta tabbatar da shi a ranar 23 ga Disamba 1975. | |
| Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Demokradiyyar Koriya | 14 Satumba 1981 | ||
| Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo | 1 ga Nuwamba 1976 | ||
| Denmark | 20 Maris 1968 | 6 ga Janairu 1972 | |
| Djibouti | 5 ga Nuwamba 2002 | ||
| Dominica | 17 Yuni 1993 | ||
| Jamhuriyar Dominica | 4 ga Janairu 1978 | ||
| Ecuador | 29 Satumba 1967 | 6 Maris 1969 | |
| Misira | 4 ga watan Agusta 1967 | 14 Janairu 1982 | |
| El Salvador | 21 ga Satumba 1967 | 30 ga Nuwamba 1979 | |
| Equatorial Guinea | 25 ga Satumba 1987 | ||
| Eritrea | 17 ga Afrilu 2001 | ||
| Estonia | 21 ga Oktoba 1991 | ||
| Habasha | 11 Yuni 1993 | ||
| Finland | 11 ga Oktoba 1967 | 19 ga watan Agusta 1975 | |
| Fiji | 16 ga watan Agusta 2018 | ||
| Faransa | 4 ga Nuwamba 1980 | ||
| Gabon | 21 ga Janairu 1983 | ||
| Gambiya | 29 Disamba 1978 | ||
| Georgia | 3 ga Mayu 1994 | ||
| Jamus | 9 ga Oktoba 1968 | 17 Disamba 1973 | Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Jamus ta sanya hannu kuma ta tabbatar da yarjejeniyar tare da ajiya a ranar 27 ga Maris 1973 da 8 ga Nuwamba 1973 |
| Ghana | 7 ga Satumba 2000 | 7 ga Satumba 2000 | |
| Girka | 16 ga Mayu 1985 | ||
| Grenada | 6 ga Satumba 1991 | ||
| Guatemala | 19 ga Mayu 1988 | ||
| Guinea | 28 Fabrairu 1967 | 24 ga Janairu 1978 | |
| Guinea-Bissau | 2 ga Yuli 1992 | ||
| Guyana | 22 ga watan Agusta 1968 | 15 Fabrairu 1977 | |
| Haiti | 8 ga Oktoba 2013 | ||
| Honduras | 19 Disamba 1966 | 17 Fabrairu 1981 | |
| Hungary | 25 Maris 1969 | 17 ga Janairu 1974 | |
| Iceland | 30 Disamba 1968 | 22 ga watan Agusta 1979 | |
| Indiya | 10 Afrilu 1979 | ||
| Indonesia | 23 Fabrairu 2006 | ||
| Iran (Jamhuriyar Musulunci) | 4 ga Afrilu 1968 | 24 Yuni 1975 | |
| Iraki | 18 Fabrairu 1969 | 25 ga Janairu 1971 | |
| Ireland | 1 ga Oktoba 1973 | 8 ga Disamba 1989 | |
| Isra'ila | 19 Disamba 1966 | 3 ga Oktoba 1991 | |
| Italiya | 18 Janairu 1967 | 15 ga Satumba 1978 | |
| Jamaica | 19 Disamba 1966 | 3 ga Oktoba 1975 | |
| Japan | 30 ga Mayu 1978 | 21 Yuni 1979 | |
| Jordan | 30 Yuni 1972 | 28 ga Mayu 1975 | |
| Kazakhstan | 2 ga Disamba 2003 | 24 ga Janairu 2006 | |
| Kenya | 1 ga Mayu 1972 | ||
| Kuwait | 21 ga Mayu 1996 | ||
| Kyrgyzstan | 7 ga Oktoba 1994 | ||
| Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Jama'ar Lao | 7 ga Disamba 2000 | 13 Fabrairu 2007 | |
| Latvia | 14 ga Afrilu 1992 | ||
| Lebanon | 3 ga Nuwamba 1972 | ||
| Lesotho | 9 ga Satumba 1992 | ||
| Laberiya | 18 ga Afrilu 1967 | 22 ga Satumba 2004 | |
| Libya | 15 ga Mayu 1970 | ||
| Liechtenstein | 10 Disamba 1998 | ||
| Lithuania | 20 ga Nuwamba 1991 | ||
| Luxembourg | 26 ga Nuwamba 1974 | 18 ga watan Agusta 1983 | |
| Madagascar | 14 ga Afrilu 1970 | 22 ga Satumba 1971 | |
| Malawi | 22 ga Disamba 1993 | ||
| Maldives | 19 ga Satumba 2006 | ||
| Mali | 16 ga Yulin 1974 | ||
| Malta | 22 ga Oktoba 1968 | 13 ga Satumba 1990 | |
| Tsibirin Marshall | 12 Maris 2018 | ||
| Mauritania | 17 ga Nuwamba 2004 | ||
| Mauritius | 12 Disamba 1973 | ||
| Mexico | 23 Maris 1981 | ||
| Monaco | 26 Yuni 1997 | 28 ga watan Agusta 1997 | |
| Mongolia | 5 Yuni 1968 | 18 ga Nuwamba 1974 | |
| Montenegro | 23 ga Oktoba 2006 | ||
| Maroko | 19 ga Janairu 1977 | 3 ga Mayu 1979 | |
| Myanmar | 16 ga Yulin 2015 | 6 ga Oktoba 2017 | |
| Namibia | 28 ga Nuwamba 1994 | ||
| Nepal | 14 ga Mayu 1991 | ||
| Netherlands | 25 Yuni 1969 | 11 ga Disamba 1978 | |
| New Zealand | 12 ga Nuwamba 1968 | 28 Disamba 1978 | |
| Nicaragua | 12 Maris 1980 | ||
| Nijar | 7 Maris 1986 | ||
| Najeriya | 29 ga Yulin 1993 | ||
| Arewacin Makidoniya | 18 Janairu 1994 | Tsohuwar Yugoslavia ta sanya hannu kan Alkawarin a ranar 8 ga watan Agusta 1967 kuma ta tabbatar da shi a ranar 2 ga Yuni 1971. | |
| Norway | 20 Maris 1968 | 13 Satumba 1972 | |
| Pakistan | 3 ga Nuwamba 2004 | 17 ga Afrilu 2008 | |
| Palau | 20 ga Satumba 2011 | ||
| Jihar Falasdinu | 2 ga Afrilu 2014 | ||
| Panama | 27 ga Yuli 1976 | 8 Maris 1977 | |
| Papua New Guinea | 21 ga Yuli 2008 | ||
| Paraguay | 10 Yuni 1992 | ||
| Peru | 11 ga watan Agusta 1977 | 28 ga Afrilu 1978 | |
| Philippines | 19 Disamba 1966 | 7 Yuni 1974 | |
| Poland | 2 Maris 1967 | 18 Maris 1977 | |
| Portugal | 7 ga Oktoba 1976 | 31 ga Yuli 1978 | |
| Qatar | 21 ga Mayu 2018 | ||
| Jamhuriyar Koriya | 10 Afrilu 1990 | ||
| Jamhuriyar Moldova | 26 Janairu 1993 | ||
| Romania | 27 Yuni 1968 | 9 ga Disamba 1974 | |
| Tarayyar Rasha | 18 Maris 1968 | 16 ga Oktoba 1973 | An sanya hannu kuma an tabbatar da shi a matsayin Tarayyar Soviet. |
| Rwanda | 16 ga Afrilu 1975 | ||
| San Marino | 18 ga Oktoba 1985 | ||
| São Tomé da Príncipe | 31 ga Oktoba 1995 | 10 Janairu 2017 | |
| Senegal | 6 ga Yulin 1970 | 13 Fabrairu 1978 | |
| Serbia | 12 Maris 2001 | Tsohuwar Yugoslavia ta sanya hannu kan Alkawarin a ranar 8 ga watan Agusta 1967 kuma ta tabbatar da shi a ranar 2 ga Yuni 1971. Jamhuriyar Tarayyar Yugoslavia ce ta yi sanarwar maye gurbin a shekara ta 2001. | |
| Seychelles | 5 ga Mayu 1992 | ||
| Saliyo | 23 ga watan Agusta 1996 | ||
| Slovakia | 28 ga Mayu 1993 | Czechoslovakia ta sanya hannu kan Alkawarin a ranar 7 ga Oktoba 1968 kuma ta tabbatar da shi a ranar 23 ga Disamba 1975. | |
| Slovenia | 6 ga Yulin 1992 | Tsohuwar Yugoslavia ta sanya hannu kan Alkawarin a ranar 8 ga watan Agusta 1967 kuma ta tabbatar da shi a ranar 2 ga Yuni 1971. | |
| Tsibirin Solomon | 17 Maris 1982 | ||
| Somaliya | 24 ga Janairu 1990 | ||
| Afirka ta Kudu | 3 ga Oktoba 1994 | 12 Janairu 2015 | |
| Sudan ta Kudu | 5 Fabrairu 2024 | ||
| Spain | 28 ga Satumba 1976 | 27 ga Afrilu 1977 | |
| Sri Lanka | 11 Yuni 1980 | ||
| St. Vincent da Grenadines | 9 ga Nuwamba 1981 | ||
| Sudan | 18 Maris 1986 | ||
| Suriname | 28 ga Disamba 1976 | ||
| Swaziland | 26 Maris 2004 | ||
| Sweden | 29 Satumba 1967 | 6 ga Disamba 1971 | |
| Switzerland | 18 Yuni 1992 | ||
| Jamhuriyar Larabawa ta Siriya | 21 ga Afrilu 1969 | ||
| Tajikistan | 4 ga Janairu 1999 | ||
| Thailand | 5 ga Satumba 1999 | ||
| Timor ta Gabas | 16 ga Afrilu 2003 | ||
| Togo | 24 ga Mayu 1984 | ||
| Trinidad da Tobago | 8 ga Disamba 1978 | ||
| Tunisiya | 30 Afrilu 1968 | 18 Maris 1969 | |
| Turkiyya | 15 ga watan Agusta 2000 | 23 ga Satumba 2003 | |
| Turkmenistan | 1 ga Mayu 1997 | ||
| Uganda | 21 ga Janairu 1987 | ||
| Ukraine | 20 Maris 1968 | 12 Nuwamba 1973 | An sanya hannu kuma an tabbatar da shi a matsayin Jamhuriyar Socialist Soviet ta Ukraine . |
| Ƙasar Ingila ta Burtaniya da Arewacin Ireland | 16 ga Satumba 1968 | 20 ga Mayu 1976 | |
| Jamhuriyar Tarayyar Tanzania | 11 Yuni 1976 | ||
| Amurka | 5 ga Oktoba 1977 | ||
| Uruguay | 21 Fabrairu 1967 | 1 ga Afrilu 1970 | |
| Uzbekistan | 28 Satumba 1995 | ||
| Venezuela (Jamhuriyar Bolivar) | 24 Yuni 1969 | 10 ga Mayu 1978 | |
| Vietnam | 24 ga Satumba 1982 | ||
| Yemen | 9 Fabrairu 1987 | An yi tasiri a matsayin Jamhuriyar Larabawa ta Yemen | |
| Zambia | 10 Afrilu 1984 | ||
| Zimbabwe | 13 ga Mayu 1991 |
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 "UN Treaty Collection: International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights". UN. 3 January 1976. Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; name "reservations" defined multiple times with different content. - 1 2 3 "Fact Sheet No.2 (Rev.1), The International Bill of Human Rights". UN OHCHR. June 1996. Archived from the original on 13 March 2008. Retrieved 2 June 2008. Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; name "ohchr-fs2" defined multiple times with different content. - ↑ "Committee on economic, social and cultural rights". www.ohchr.org.
- ↑ "International bill of human rights". lawteacher.net. Archived from the original on 19 August 2014.
- ↑ "ICCPR". UN. pp. Article 2.1. Archived from the original on 5 July 2008. Retrieved 13 July 2008.
- ↑ Paragraph 9, "CESCR General Comment 3". UN OHCHR. 14 December 1990. Retrieved 2 June 2008.
- ↑ "CESCR General Comment 18: The Right to Work" (PDF). UN Economic and Social Council. 6 February 2006. pp. paragraph 31. Retrieved 2 June 2008.
- ↑ "CESCR Draft General Comment 19: The right to social security". UN Economic and Social Council. 4 February 2008. paragraphs 1 – 4. Archived from the original on 20 May 2011. Retrieved 13 July 2008.
- 1 2 "Fact Sheet No.16 (Rev.1), The Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights". UN OHCHR. July 1991. Archived from the original on 1 May 2008. Retrieved 2 June 2008. Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; name "ohchr-fs16" defined multiple times with different content. - ↑ "CESCR General Comment 12: The right to adequate food". UN Economic and Social Council. 12 May 1999. pp. paragraph 8. Retrieved 2 June 2008.
- ↑ "CESCR General Comment 15: The right to water". UN Economic and Social Council. 20 January 2003. pp. paragraph 3. Retrieved 13 July 2008.
- 1 2 "CESCR General Comment 4: The right to adequate housing". UN OHCHR. 13 December 1991. paragraph 7. Archived from the original on 12 April 2020. Retrieved 12 Apr 2020.
- ↑ "CESCR General Comment 7: The right to adequate housing: forced evictions". UN OHCHR. 20 May 1997. Retrieved 2 June 2008.
- ↑ "CESCR General Comment 14: The right to the highest attainable standard of health". UN Economic and Social Council. 11 August 2000. pp. paragraph 9. Retrieved 2 June 2008.
- ↑ "CESCR General Comment 13: The right to education". UN Economic and Social Council. 8 December 1999. pp. paragraph 1. Retrieved 2 June 2008.
- ↑ "CESCR General Comment 17: The right of everyone to benefit from the protection of the moral and material interests resulting from any scientific, literary or artistic production of which he is the author" (PDF). UN Economic and Social Council. 12 January 2006. paragraph 12. Retrieved 2 June 2008.
- ↑ "The Constitution of the Republic of the Union of Myanmar, 2008" (PDF). Constitute Project. Retrieved 11 May 2019.
- ↑ "Declarations and Reservations". UNTC. United Nations. Retrieved 11 May 2019.
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- ↑ "Article: At last? Ratification of the Economic Covenant as a... | AccessMyLibrary – Promoting library advocacy". AccessMyLibrary. Retrieved 2013-02-05.
- ↑ Cowin, Andrew J. (29 July 1993). "Human Rights Treaty Poses Dangers For America". Heritage Foundation. Archived from the original on 15 February 2017. Retrieved 2 June 2008.CS1 maint: unfit url (link)
- ↑ "Closing a historic gap in human rights". United Nations. 10 December 2008. Retrieved 13 December 2008.
- ↑ ""Economic, social and cultural rights: legal entitlements rather than charity" say UN Human Rights Experts". United Nations. 10 December 2008. Retrieved 13 December 2008.
- ↑ "UN urges States to adhere to new instrument to protect human rights". United Nations. 24 September 2009. Retrieved 27 September 2009.
- ↑ "Parties to the Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights". United Nations Treaty Collection. Archived from the original on 18 July 2012. Retrieved 9 February 2013.
- ↑ "ECOSOC Resolution 1985/17". UN OHCHR. 28 May 1985. Retrieved 2 June 2008.
- ↑ "Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights". UN OHCHR. Retrieved 3 June 2008.
- ↑ "Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights – Sessions". UN OHCHR. Archived from the original on 11 June 2008. Retrieved 3 June 2008.
- ↑ "International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights". United Nations Treaty Collection. United Nations. Retrieved 2 January 2017.