Yarjejeniyar 'Yancin Dan Adam da' Yanci

 

Yarjejeniya ta 'Yancin Dan Adam da 'Yanci (Faransanci: Charte des droits et libertés de la personne,   ), kuma aka sani da "Quebec Charter", doka ce ta haƙƙin haƙƙin ɗan adam da Majalisar Dokokin ƙasar Quebec ta zartar a ranar 27 ga Yuni, 1975. Ya sami sammacin sarauta daga Laftanar Gwamna Hugues, 6 zuwa Laftanar. Gwamnatin Liberal ta Robert Bourassa ce ta gabatar da ita, Yarjejeniya ta bi manyan ayyukan shirye-shiryen da aka fara a ƙarƙashin gwamnatin Tarayyar Ƙasa ta Daniel Johnson.

Yarjejeniya ta fahimci cewa kowane mutum a yankin Quebec yana daidai da kima da daraja. Tun da Yarjejeniya tana nufin tabbatar da haƙƙin ɗan adam da daidaita alaƙar da ke tsakanin 'yan ƙasa, da kuma tsakanin 'yan ƙasa da cibiyoyi, Yarjejeniya ta ɗaure ƙasa (majalisa, zartarwa, gudanarwa) kuma ta shafi dangantakar doka ta sirri (tsakanin mutane). Yarjejeniya ta kuma kafa Hukumar des droits de la personne et des droits de la jeunesse (Human Rights and Youth Rights Commission, wanda kuma aka sani da sunan "CDPDJ"), wanda aka caje shi don ingantawa da amfani da Yarjejeniya, da Kotun Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam na Quebec (Faransanci: Tribunal des droits de la personne).

Yarjejeniya ta yi matsayi a tsakanin sauran dokokin Quebec na kundin tsarin mulki, kamar Yarjejeniya ta Harshen Faransa da Dokar da ke mutunta damar samun takaddun da hukumomin jama'a ke riƙe da kuma Kariyar bayanan sirri. Samun fifiko a kan duk dokokin lardi (ciki har da na ƙarshe), Yarjejeniya ta 'Yancin Dan Adam da 'Yanci tana tsaye a koli na tsarin shari'a na Quebec. Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Kanada kawai, gami da Yarjejeniya ta Kanada ta Hakkoki da 'Yanci, suna da fifiko akan yarjejeniyar Quebec. Sauran larduna da yankuna na Kanada sun ɗauki irin waɗannan dokoki.

Shirye-shiryen

Yarjejeniyar 'Yancin Dan Adam da' Yanci ta ƙunshi sassa bakwai:

• Sashe na I ya bayyana muhimman hakkokin ɗan adam. Babi shida sun bayyana 'yanci da' yanci na asali, haƙƙin daidaito, haƙƙin siyasa, haƙƙin shari'a, haƙƙin tattalin arziki da zamantakewa, da tanadin fassara.
• Sashe na II ya kafa Hukumar Kare Hakkin Mutum da Hakkin Matasa. Hukumar tana da alhakin ingantawa da kuma tabbatar da ka'idodin sashin ta hanyar kowane mataki da ya dace, gami da bincika yiwuwar nuna bambanci da kuma gabatar da shari'a. Majalisar Dokoki ce ke nada mambobin hukumar. Ma'aikatan hukumar ba na cikin ma'aikatan gwamnati ba ne, don kare 'yancin kansu.
• Sashe na III yana ba da shirye-shiryen aiki masu tabbatarwa.
• Sashe na IV ya tabbatar da haƙƙin sirri.
• Sashe na V ya ba gwamnati ikon sarrafawa.
• Sashe na VI ya kafa Kotun Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Quebec, wanda aka zaba mambobinta da ke da ikon yanke shawara daga bangaren shari'a.
• Sashe na VII ya ba da tanadi na ƙarshe na Yarjejeniyar, da kuma wasu takunkumi na azabtarwa.

Kwatanta da sauran kayan aikin kare hakkin dan adam

Yarjejeniya ta 'Yancin Dan Adam da 'Yanci ta bambanta a tsakanin Kanada (da Arewacin Amurka) takaddun haƙƙin ɗan adam domin ta ƙunshi ba kawai haƙƙoƙin ɗan adam (na farar hula da siyasa) ba amma har da wasu muhimman haƙƙoƙin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki. Kariyar da ke kunshe a cikin Yarjejeniya ta samo asali ne daga Yarjejeniya ta Duniya ta Hakkokin Dan Adam, Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa kan 'Yancin Bil Adama da Siyasa da Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa kan Hakkokin Tattalin Arziki da Jama'a da Al'adu.

Bugu da ƙari, jerin abubuwan da aka haramta na nuna wariya da aka haɗa a cikin Yarjejeniya ta Quebec suna da yawa; An ƙididdige jimillar dalilai goma sha huɗu da aka haramta, waɗanda suka haɗa da launin fata, launi, ƙabila ko asalin ƙasa, jima'i, ciki, shekaru, nakasa, da harshe. "Yanayin zamantakewa" ya kasance haramtacciyar hanyar nuna wariya tun lokacin da yarjejeniyar ta fara aiki. An haramta wariya dangane da yanayin jima'i tun 1977; tare da wannan canjin, Quebec ya zama ikon farko wanda ya fi girma fiye da birni ko yanki don hana nuna wariyar jinsi. A cikin 2016, an ƙara ainihin jinsi ko magana a cikin Yarjejeniya ta Quebec.

Hanyar aiwatar da shi

Tabbatar da bangarorin jama'a da masu zaman kansu

Kowane mutum, ƙungiya, cibiyoyi, masu zaman kansu, sabis na jama'a da masu zaman kansu, da kuma gwamnatin Quebec (cibiyar ta da na gunduma da gwamnatin makaranta) suna da alaƙa da Yarjejeniya ta. Don haka, cin zarafi na Yarjejeniya ba bisa ka'ida ba, ko ta wata ƙungiya mai zaman kanta ko ta Lardi, na iya haifar da dakatarwa da hani da kuma biyan diyya. Ana iya samun lamuni mai ladabtarwa idan aka yi ganganci da keta doka.

Yarjejeniya ta Quebec ba ta aiki ga ayyukan da gwamnatin tarayya ke tsarawa a Quebec, kamar sabis na jama'a na tarayya, bankuna, kamfanonin sadarwa (misali: CBC, Bell, Rogers), da sabis na sufuri na iska, dogo, ko teku (misali: Air Canada, Via Rail). Waɗancan suna ƙarƙashin Yarjejeniya ta Kanada na Haƙƙoƙi da 'Yanci da/ko Dokar Haƙƙin Dan Adam na Kanada.

Matsayi na kusan kundin tsarin mulki

Yarjejeniyar 'Yancin Dan Adam da' Yanci ana kiranta kusan tsarin mulki saboda, bisa ga sashi na 52, babu wani tanadi na duk wani Dokar da Majalisar Dokokin Quebec ta zartar da shi da zai iya ragewa daga sashe na 1 zuwa 38, sai dai idan irin wannan Dokar ta bayyana a fili cewa tana aiki duk da yarjejeniyar (kimanin aiki a matsayin daidai da ma'anar Yarjejeniyar' Yancin Kanada). Cikakken rashin yiwuwar karɓar dokokin da ba su dace da ikon mallakar majalisa ba, ƙa'ida ce ta asali a cikin tsarin siyasa da ke bin al'adar Burtaniya; duk da haka, Kanada, wanda Quebec lardin ne, yana da al'adar mafi girman tsarin mulki. Kundin Tsarin Mulki, wanda ya haɗa da 'Yarjejeniyar 'Yancin Kanada da' Yanci', shine mafi girma, yana ɗaure majalisar tarayya da majalisun majalisa na larduna da yankuna na Kanada.

Rashin rinjaye na haƙƙin tattalin arziki da na zamantakewa

Ƙimar Yarjejeniya ta Quebec a ƙarƙashin sashe na 52 ya shafi nau'ikan haƙƙoƙi masu zuwa: haƙƙoƙin asali da yanci ('yancin rayuwa, 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki, 'yancin yin addini, 'yancin keɓewa, da sauransu); 'yancin daidaitawa; 'yancin siyasa; da hakkin shari'a. Haƙƙin tattalin arziki da zamantakewa ba sa jin daɗin girma amma, a cewar Kotun Koli na Kanada a cikin shari'ar 2002 na Gosselin v. Quebec (Attorney General), rashin mutunta irin wannan haƙƙin na iya haifar da sanarwar cin zarafi na shari'a.

Hukumar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam da Kotun Kare Hakkin dan Adam

Yarjejeniya ta tanada takamaiman injuna a lokuta na wariya (ko cin zarafin tsoho ko mai nakasa). Maimakon gabatar da kara a kotu, wadanda aka yi musu irin wannan cin zarafi na iya shigar da kara ga Hukumar Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam da Matasa. Hukumar za ta binciki lamarin tare da kokarin ganin an sasanta tsakanin bangarorin. Yana iya ba da shawarar matakan gyarawa. Idan ba a bi waɗannan ba, hukumar za ta iya gabatar da ƙara a gaban kotu (yawanci, amma ba dole ba, Kotun Kare Haƙƙin Dan Adam). Hukumar za ta iya wakilta wadanda abin ya shafa kyauta (bisa ga ra'ayin hukumar).

Tarihi

Yarjejeniya ta 'Yancin Dan Adam da 'Yanci ta bi manyan ayyukan shirye-shiryen da aka fara a karkashin Gwamnatin Tarayyar Tarayya ta Daniel Johnson.

Kafin karɓar Yarjejeniyar, Quebec ba ta da Dokar Hakki, ba kamar wasu larduna ba. A wannan lokacin, Dokar Jama'a (Code civil du Bas-Canada) ta yi aiki don kare wasu 'Yancin Dan Adam da' Yanci. Ligue des droits de l'Homme (yanzu Ligue des rights et libertés) ta shawo kan gwamnati game da muhimmancin kare haƙƙin ɗan adam ta hanyar takamaiman doka. Yawancin sanannun farfesa na shari'a a lokacin, kamar su Paul-André Crépeau, Jacques-Yvan Morin da Frank Scott, sun shiga cikin tsara Dokar da za ta zama Yarjejeniyar Quebec.

A ranar 29 ga Oktoba, 1974, ministan shari'a, mai sassaucin ra'ayi Jérôme Choquette, ya gabatar da kudirin a gaban majalisar dokokin Quebec. Majalisar ta amince da Yarjejeniya gaba ɗaya a ranar 27 ga Yuni, 1975, kuma ta fara aiki a ranar 28 ga Yuni, 1976.

Tun lokacin da ya fara aiki, an yi gyare-gyaren Yarjejeniya ta sau da yawa don tabbatar da mafi kyawun yancin ɗan adam:

• 1977: An kara da jima'i a cikin haramtacciyar tushen nuna bambanci (s. 10).
• 1979: Hakkin kowane ma'aikaci ga yanayin aiki mai adalci da ma'ana wanda ke da la'akari da lafiyarsa, aminci da jin daɗi na jiki an kara shi tsakanin haƙƙin tattalin arziki da zamantakewa (s. 46).
• 1982: An canza Yarjejeniyar don hana cin zarafin nuna bambanci (s. 10.1), nuna bambanci a cikin aiki bisa ga bayanan aikata laifuka (s. 18.2), da kuma nuna bambanci bisa ga nakasa, ciki, da shekaru (s. 10). Sashe na III na Yarjejeniyar, wanda ke tsara shirye-shiryen aiki na Tabbatacce, an kuma kara shi.
• 1989: An kara Sashe na IV na Yarjejeniyar, don ƙirƙirar Kotun Kare Hakkin Dan Adam. Sashe na II na Yarjejeniyar, game da rawar da ikon Hukumar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam, an canza shi daidai.
• 2006: Hakkin kowane mutum na rayuwa a cikin yanayi mai lafiya wanda aka adana halittu masu yawa an kara shi a cikin haƙƙin tattalin arziki da zamantakewa (s. 46.1).
• 2008: Yarjejeniyar ta ba da cewa dole ne a tabbatar da dukkan hakkoki da 'yanci daidai tsakanin maza da mata (s. 50.1).
• 2019: An kara ka'idar laicity na Jiha (laicism na Jiha) a s. 9.1 kuma zuwa ga Preamble na Yarjejeniyar.
• 2022: An kara muhimmancin kare harshen Faransanci zuwa s. 9.1 da kuma Preamble na Yarjejeniyar. Yarjejeniyar ta kuma tabbatar da haƙƙin rayuwa a Faransanci (s. 3.1) kuma an kara sabon sakin layi zuwa s. 50, bisa ga abin da ba za a iya fassara Yarjejeniyar a hanyar da za ta hana ko ƙuntata haƙƙin da ke da niyyar kare harshen Faransanci ba.

Lura cewa sai dai lokacin da dan majalisa ya gyara rubutun Yarjejeniya, juyin halittar Yarjejeniya da fassarar yanayinsa ba kawai daga hukunce-hukuncen kotuna ba ne, har ma daga gwagwarmayar da kungiyoyin farar hula suka yi.

Shari'ar shari'a mai daraja

Shahararrun shari'o'in da aka yanke a karkashin Yarjejeniyar sun hada da:

• Ford v. Quebec (Attorney General) , [1988] 2 S.C.R. 712: 'Yanci na faɗar albarkacin baki da alamu
• Devine v. Quebec (Attorney General) [1988] 2 S.C.R. 790: 'Yanci na faɗar albarkacin baki
• Tremblay v. Daigle [1989] 2 S.C.R. 530: Zubar da ciki
• Godbout v. Longueuil (City) , [1997] 3 S.C.R. 844: Bukatar zama
• Aubry v. Éditions Vice-Versa inc., [1998] 1 S.C.R. 591: Hakkin sirri
• Quebec (Kwamitin haƙƙin mutum da haƙƙin matasa) v. Montreal (City of); Quebec (Kyamitin haƙƙin ɗan adam da haƙƙin ƙuruciya) v. Boisbriand (City for), 2000 SCC 27: Nuna bambanci bisa ga nakasa (ƙasasshi)
• Gosselin v. Quebec (Attorney General) [2002] 4 S.C.R. 429, 2002 SCC 84: Hakkin jama'a
• Syndicat Northcrest v. Amselem [2004] 2 S.C.R. 551: 'Yanci na addini
• Gosselin (Tutor of) v. Quebec (Attorney General) [2005] 1 S.C.R. 238: Ilimin harshe na Ƙananan
• Chaoulli v. Quebec (Attorney General) [2005] 1 S.C.R. 791: Kula da lafiya
• Movement laïque québécois v. Saguenay (City), 2015 SCC 16: Tsakanin Jiha a cikin al'amuran addini
• Ward v. Quebec (Kwamitin haƙƙin mutum da haƙƙin matasa) , 2021 SCC 43: maganganun nuna bambanci da rikici na haƙƙin mallaka

Dubi kuma

• 'Yancin Dan Adam a Kanada
• Kotun Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Quebec