Yarjejeniyar Alvor

Yarjejeniyar Alvor
Iri	peace treaty (en)
Suna saboda	Alvor (mul)
Validity (en)	1975 –
Kwanan watan	15 ga Janairu, 1975

Yarjejeniyar Alvor da aka sanya hannu a ranar 15 ga watan Janairun 1975 a Alvor, Portugal, ta bai wa Angola 'yancin kai daga Portugal a ranar 11 ga watan Nuwamba kuma a hukumance ta kawo ƙarshen yakin 'yancin kai na Angola na tsawon shekaru 13.

Gwamnatin Portugal ta rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar, da jam'iyyar People's Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA), National Liberation Front of Angola (FNLA), National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA), kuma ta kafa gwamnatin riƙon kwarya da ta kunshi wakilan waɗannan ɓangarori huɗu. Ba jam’iyyar ‘Yanci ta Enclave of Cabinda (FLEC) ce ta sanya hannu ba ko kuma Tawayen Gabas kamar yadda sauran jam’iyyun suka cire su daga tattaunawar. Ba da jimawa ba gwamnatin rikon kwarya ta ruguje, inda kowanne bangare na masu kishin ƙasa, bai amince da sauran ba, kuma ba ya son raba madafun iko, yana yunkurin kwace iko da ƙasar da karfin tsiya. Wannan ya fara yakin basasar Angola.^[1]^[2] Sunan yarjejeniyar ya fito ne daga ƙauyen Alvor, a yankin kudancin Portugal na Algarve, inda aka sanya hannu.

Sulhuntawa

Jami'an soji na hagu sun hambarar da gwamnatin Caetano a Portugal a cikin juyin juya halin Carnation a ranar 25 ga watan Afrilu 1974. MPLA, FNLA da UNITA duk sun yi shawarwari kan yarjejeniyoyin zaman lafiya da gwamnatin rikon kwarya ta Portugal tare da fara fafatawa da juna domin samun iko da babban birnin Angola, Luanda, da ma sauran ƙasar. Holden Roberto, Agostinho Neto, da Jonas Savimbi sun haɗu a Bukavu, Zaire, a watan Yuli kuma sun amince su yi shawarwari tare da Portuguese a matsayin ƙungiya ɗaya na siyasa. Sun sake haɗuwa a birnin Mombasa na ƙasar Kenya a ranar 5 ga watan Janairun 1975, sun amince su daina faɗa da juna, tare da bayyana matsayar yin shawarwarin haɗin gwiwa kan sabon kundin tsarin mulki. Sun haɗu a karo na uku a Alvor, Portugal daga watan Janairu 10–15 kuma sun sanya hannu kan abin da aka sani da Yarjejeniyar Alvor.^[1]

Sharuɗɗa

Jam’iyyun sun amince da gudanar da zaɓen ‘yan majalisar dokokin Angola a watan Oktoban shekarar 1975. Daga ranar 31 ga watan Janairu 1975 zuwa 'yancin kai, gwamnatin riƙon kwarya da ta kunshi Babban Kwamishinan Portugal Admiral Rosa Coutinho da Majalisar Firayim Minista (PMC) za ta yi mulki. PMC ta ƙunshi wakilai uku, ɗaya daga kowace jam'iyyar Angola da ke kan yarjejeniyar, tare da shugabancin karɓa-karɓa tsakanin wakilan. Kowane shawarar PMC na buƙatar goyon bayan kashi biyu bisa uku. An raba ma'aikatun goma sha biyu a tsakanin jam'iyyun Angola da gwamnatin Portugal, uku na kowanne. Marubucin Witney Wright Schneidman ya soki wannan tanadi a cikin Haɗakar da Afirka: Washington da Faɗuwar Daular Mulkin Mallaka ta Portugal don tabbatar da "gurguwar dabi'a a cikin ikon zartarwa". Ofishin leken asiri da bincike ya yi gargadin cewa wuce gona da iri na son kiyaye daidaiton iko a cikin yarjejeniyar ta hana gwamnatin riƙon kwarya ta Angola damar yin aiki.^[1]^[2]^[3]

Babban burin gwamnatin Portugal a tattaunawar shi ne hana farar fata 'yan Angola yawan hijira. Abin ban mamaki, yarjejeniyar ta ba wa MPLA, FNLA, da UNITA kawai damar gabatar da 'yan takara a zaɓen farko na majalisa, da gangan ta hana Bakongo da ke gabashin ƙasar, majalisar dokoki (mazaunan Cabinda, wani yanki na arewacin Angola, wanda da yawa daga cikinsu sun yi fatan samun 'yancin kai daga Angola), da kuma fararen fata. Turawan Portugal sun yi tunanin cewa dole ne 'yan Angola farar fata su shiga cikin ƙungiyoyin kishin ƙasa, kuma ƙungiyoyin za su daidaita tsarinsu don faɗaɗa tushen siyasarsu.

Yarjejeniyar ta buƙaci haɗewar fuka-fukan masu fafutuka na ɓangarorin Angola cikin wani sabon soja, rundunar tsaron Angola. ADF za ta sami ma'aikata 48,000, waɗanda suka ƙunshi sojojin Baƙar fata na cikin gida 24,000 na Sojojin Portugal da 8,000 MPLA, FNLA, da UNITA bi da bi. Kowanne ɓangare ya kasance yana kula da bariki daban-daban da sanduna daban-daban. Duk shawarar da sojoji suka yanke na buƙatar amincewar hedkwatar kowace jam'iyya da kuma rundunar sojojin haɗin gwiwa. Sojojin Portugal ba su da kayan aiki da jajircewa wajen tabbatar da hakan, yayin da masu kishin ƙasar Angola ke adawa da juna da rashin horo.

Yarjejeniyar, wadda FLEC ba ta amince da ita ba, ta bayyana Cabinda a matsayin "ɓangare mai mahimmanci kuma ba za a iya raba shi da Angola ba".^[4] 'Yan aware na kallon yarjejeniyar a matsayin take hakkin Cabindan na cin gashin kai. A watan Agusta 1975 MPLA ta mallaki Cabinda.^[5]

Aiwatarwa

Yarjejeniyar ba ta samar da hanyar tabbatar da adadin mayakan daga kowace runduna ba. Ba da ɗewa ba dukkan ɓangarorin uku suka sami dakaru da suka fi na Portugal yawansu, wanda hakan ya yi barazana ga ikon mulkin mallaka na kiyaye zaman lafiya.^[6] Yakin ɓangaranci ya sake komawa inda ya kai wani matsayi yayin da kayan yaki na ƙasashen waje ke karuwa. A cikin watan Fabrairu, gwamnatin Cuba ta gargaɗi kungiyar Gabashin ƙasar cewa yarjejeniyar Alvor ba za ta yi nasara ba. A lokacin bazara, Majalisar Wakilan Afirka da SWAPO sun yi na'am da gargaɗin Cuba. Shugabannin kungiyar haɗin kan Afrika sun shirya taron zaman lafiya, wanda shugaban ƙasar Kenya Jomo Kenyatta ya jagoranta, tare da shugabannin uku a Nakuru, Kenya, a watan Yuni. Shugabannin Angolan sun ba da sanarwar Nakuru a ranar 21 ga watan Yuni, sun amince da yin biyayya ga tanadin yarjejeniyar Alvor yayin da suka yarda cewa rashin amincewa da juna ya haifar da tashin hankali.

Manazarta da dama sun soki gwamnatin riƙon kwarya a ƙasar Portugal da tashe-tashen hankula da suka biyo bayan yarjejeniyar Alvor dangane da rashin nuna damuwa ga tsaron cikin gida na Angola da kuma nuna kyama ga jam'iyyar MPLA. Babban Kwamishina Coutinho, ɗaya daga cikin jagororin kungiyar ceto ta ƙasa bakwai, ya fito fili ya raba wa dakarun MPLA makamai da kayan aikin soja na tsohon ɗan Portugal.^[7] Edward Mulcahy, Mukaddashin Mataimakin Sakataren Harkokin Wajen Amurka kan Harkokin Afirka a Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka, ya gaya wa Tom Killoran, ƙaramin jakadan Amurka a Angola, ya taya PMC murna, maimakon FNLA da UNITA da kansu da kuma Coutinho, saboda "kokarin da Portugal ta yi ba tare da gajiyawa ba" a yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya. ^[3] Sakataren harkokin wajen Amurka Henry Kissinger ya yi la'akari da duk wata gwamnati da ta shafi 'yan Soviet masu ra'ayin gurguzu, MPLA, a matsayin abin da ba za a amince da su ba, amma shugaban Amurka Gerald Ford ya sa ido kan kara ba da taimako ga FNLA.^[8]

A watan Yuli, MPLA ta tilastawa FNLA ficewa daga Luanda, kuma UNITA da son rai ta fice zuwa sansaninta a kudu. A can ne dakarun MPLA suka yi artabu da UNITA, wadda ta ayyana yaki. A watan Agusta, MPLA ta mallaki 11 daga cikin manyan larduna 15, ciki har da Cabinda da Luanda. Afirka ta Kudu ta shiga tsakani a ranar 23 ga Oktoba, inda ta tura dakaru 1,500 zuwa 2,000 daga Namibiya zuwa kudancin Angola. FNLA-UNITA-Dakarun Afirka ta Kudu sun kwace manyan biranen larduna biyar, ciki har da Novo Redondo da Benguela, cikin makonni uku. A ranar 10 ga watan Nuwamba Portuguese ta bar Angola bisa ga yarjejeniyar Alvor. Sojojin Cuba-MPLA sun fatattaki dakarun FNLA na Afirka ta Kudu, suna ci gaba da rike Luanda. A ranar 11 ga watan Nuwamba, Neto ya ayyana 'yancin kai na Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Angola. FNLA da UNITA sun mayar da martani ta hanyar shelanta gwamnatinsu da ke Huambo. A tsakiyar watan Nuwamba, gwamnatin Huambo ta mallaki kudancin Angola kuma ta fara turawa arewa.

Duba kuma

Yarjejeniyar Bicese
Lusaka Accord
Lusaka Protocol
Movimento das Forças Armadas Armed Forces Movement
Yarjejeniyar Nakuru
Yaƙin Turawan Mulkin Fotigal

Manazarta

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 Rothchild, Donald S. (1997). Managing Ethnic Conflict in Africa: Pressures and Incentives for Cooperation. Washington D.C.: Brookings Institution Press, 1997. p. 116. ISBN 978-0815775935.
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 Tvedten, Inge (1997). Angola: Struggle for Peace and Reconstruction. London. pp. 3. ISBN 9780813333359.
↑ ^3.0 ^3.1 Schneidman, Witney Wright (2004). Engaging Africa: Washington and the Fall of Portugal's Colonial Empire. Dallas. p. 200. ISBN 978-0761828129.
↑ Ryan, J. Atticus (1998). Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization Yearbook. The Hague; Cambridge MA. p. 58. OCLC 40709448.
↑ Porter, Bruce D (1986). The USSR in Third World Conflicts: Soviet Arms and Diplomacy in Local Wars, 1945–1980. Cambridge. pp. 149. ISBN 978-0521263085.
↑ Westad, Odd Arne (2005). The Global Cold War: Third World Interventions and the Making of Our Times. Taylor & Francis. p. 227. ISBN 978-1912302796.
↑ McDannald, Alexander Hopkins (1976). The Americana Annual: An Encyclopedia of Current Events, 1877–1976. not identified. p. 86. ISBN 9780717202072.
↑ Wright, George (1997). The Destruction of a Nation: United States Policy Towards Angola Since 1945. London. pp. 57. ISBN 978-0745310299.

[a-1] 1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 Rothchild, Donald S. (1997). Managing Ethnic Conflict in Africa: Pressures and Incentives for Cooperation. Washington D.C.: Brookings Institution Press, 1997. p. 116. ISBN 978-0815775935.

[b-2] 2.0 ^2.1 Tvedten, Inge (1997). Angola: Struggle for Peace and Reconstruction. London. pp. 3. ISBN 9780813333359.

[c-3] 3.0 ^3.1 Schneidman, Witney Wright (2004). Engaging Africa: Washington and the Fall of Portugal's Colonial Empire. Dallas. p. 200. ISBN 978-0761828129.

[d-4] Ryan, J. Atticus (1998). Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization Yearbook. The Hague; Cambridge MA. p. 58. OCLC 40709448.

[e-5] Porter, Bruce D (1986). The USSR in Third World Conflicts: Soviet Arms and Diplomacy in Local Wars, 1945–1980. Cambridge. pp. 149. ISBN 978-0521263085.

[f-6] Westad, Odd Arne (2005). The Global Cold War: Third World Interventions and the Making of Our Times. Taylor & Francis. p. 227. ISBN 978-1912302796.

[g-7] McDannald, Alexander Hopkins (1976). The Americana Annual: An Encyclopedia of Current Events, 1877–1976. not identified. p. 86. ISBN 9780717202072.

[j-8] Wright, George (1997). The Destruction of a Nation: United States Policy Towards Angola Since 1945. London. pp. 57. ISBN 978-0745310299.

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