Yarjejeniyar Anglo-Masar ta 1936
 | |
| Iri | yarjejeniya |
|---|---|
| Kwanan watan | 26 ga Augusta, 1936 |
Coming into force (en)  | 22 Disamba 1936 |
| Wuri | Landan |
| Signatory (en) | |
Yarjejeniyar Anglo-Masar ta 1936 (a hukumance, Yarjejeniyar Haɗin kai Tsakanin Mai Martaba, Game da Mulkin Ƙasar Ingila, da Mai Martaba Sarkin Masar) wata yarjejeniya ce tsakanin Ingila da Masarautar Masar. Yarjejeniyar ta rage tasirin Birtaniya a harkokin cikin gidan Masar amma har yanzu Biritaniya tana da tasiri sosai a harkokin ketare da tsaron Masar musamman mashigin Suez.
A ƙarƙashin yarjejeniyar dai an buƙaci Birtaniya da ta janye dukkan sojojinta daga ƙasar Masar, sai dai waɗanda suka wajaba don kare mashigin ruwa na Suez da kewaye, waɗanda adadinsu ya kai dakaru 10,000 da na mataimaka. Bugu da ƙari, Burtaniya za ta ba da horo da horar da sojojin Masar tare da taimakawa wajen kare kai idan ana yaki. Yarjejeniyar za ta ɗau shekaru 20; An yi shawarwari a fadar Zaafarana, aka sanya hannu a Landan a ranar 26 ga watan Agusta 1936 kuma aka amince da shi a ranar 22 ga watan Disamba. An yi rajista a cikin jerin yarjejeniya ta League of Nations a ranar 6 ga watan Janairu 1937.[1]
Tarihi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]An fara mamayar Ingila a Masar a shekara ta 1882 lokacin da sojojin Birtaniya ƙarƙashin jagorancin Sir Garnet Wolseley suka shiga tsakani don murkushe boren kishin ƙasa ƙarƙashin jagorancin jami'in Masar Ahmed Urabi, wanda ya kai ga yakin Anglo-Egypt na 1882. Bayan shan kaye a Kafr El Dawwar, sojojin Birtaniya sun canza shiri tare da fatattakar Sojojin Masar A yakin Tell El Kebir, suka doshi Alkahira ba tare da izini ba. A sakamakon haka, Urabi ya miƙa wuya kuma ya yi hijira zuwa Ceylon (Sri Lanka a yau). Birtaniya ta ba da hujjar shiga tsakani da buƙatar kare muradun Birtaniyya, musamman ma kogin Suez, wanda ke da muhimmanci ga daular mulkin mallaka da kuma hanyoyin kasuwanci na Biritaniya. Masar ta ci gaba da zama Ottoman Vassal mai suna tare da daularta, soja da tsarin shari'a. Masar ta zama mai cin gashin kanta ta Daular Usmaniyya kuma ta zama ƙasa mai cin gashin kanta a lokacin hawan Muhammad Ali, musamman bayan yakin Masar da Ottoman.
A cikin shekarar 1914, lokacin yakin duniya na ɗaya, Birtaniya ta ayyana Masar a matsayin mai karewa, wanda ta kawo ƙarshen mulkin mallaka na daular Usmaniyya a kan ktasar. Masar ta zama mai kariyar Biritaniya a matsayin Masarautar Masarautar Masar, ta maido da sultan da Ottoman suka lalata a shekarar 1517. Tarzoma a shekarar 1919 wanda ya kai ga juyin juya halin Masar na 1919 ƙarƙashin jagorancin jam'iyyar Wafd, yana neman cikakken 'yancin kai. Yayin da Birtaniyya da farko suka yi tsayin daka wajen bai wa Masar 'yancin kai, ra'ayoyi da zanga-zangar 'yan kishin ƙasa da suka yaɗu, tare da matsin lamba na yakin duniya na ɗaya, sun tilastawa Birtaniya yin shawarwari da shugabannin siyasar Masar. A cikin shekarar 1922, Biritaniya ta amince da 'yancin kai na Masar a matsayin Masarautar Masar, kodayake wannan 'yancin kai ne na asali kuma tasirin Burtaniya ya kasance mai ƙarfi a duk faɗin Masar.
A watan Nuwamban 1918, fitattun Masarawa bakwai daga ƴan ƙasa da kuma masu aikin shari'a, ciki har da Sa'd Zaghlul, sun kafa wata tawaga, ko Wafd, wanda babban burinsu shi ne samun cikakken 'yancin kai na Masar daga mulkin Birtaniya. Amma lokacin da Wafd ya tambayi Babban Kwamishinan Burtaniya a Masar ko za su iya wakiltar kasar a taron zaman lafiya na Paris na 1919, ya ƙi. Sakamakon haka, masu shirya tawaga sun miƙa sakonsu na samun 'yancin kai ga al'ummar Masar wanda hakan ya kai ga kafa jam'iyyar siyasa mafi shahara a tarihin Masar na zamani.[2]
Shugabannin na wafati sun yi tunanin cewa ra'ayoyin 'yancin kai da mulkin tsarin mulki na da alaka ta kut-da-kut, kuma suna da wanda za su yi koyi da kansu - Birtaniya. Bayan ayyana Kundin Tsarin Mulkin Masar na 1923 an gudanar da zaɓen 'yan majalisar dokokin Masar na 1923-24. Yawancin Masarawa masu ilimi a Turai sun yi imanin cewa wanzuwar tsarin mulki da majalisa kawai zai halasta da'awar Masar na samun cikakken 'yancin kai.[2]
Amma 'yancin kai na dimokuradiyyar Masar ya fuskanci cikas da dama; yanayin tsarin mulki ya baiwa sarki iko da dama, ciki har da ikon rusa majalisa. Don haka sarkin ya yi amfani da wannan ikon da kundin tsarin mulki ya ba shi wajen kawar da majalisar idan ta saba wa son ransa, wanda ya kai ga zamanin mulkin sarauta. Har ila yau, Turawan mulkin mallaka sun ci gaba da tsoma baki cikin harkokin siyasar Masar, kuma ba su ba da damar samar da na'urorin siyasa masu cikakken 'yanci ba. Haka kuma jam'iyyar Wafd da sauran kananan jam'iyyun siyasa ba su taba samar da wata hadaka da za ta tsaya tsayin daka wajen adawa da Birtaniya ba, a maimakon haka sai suka raina junansu. Sakamakon wadannan tarnaki dai shi ne gwagwarmayar neman madafun iko tsakanin Sarki Fu'ad I mai samun goyon bayan Birtaniya, da kuma jam'iyyar Wafd da ke neman cikakken 'yancin kai daga Turawan mulkin mallaka.
Babban sha'awar samun 'yancin kai na gaske ya cika ne kawai a cikin shekarar 1936, lokacin da Biritaniya ta amince ta sake tattaunawa da shelanta 'yancin kai na shekarar 1922, saboda faɗaɗa Italiya zuwa Habasha a 1935.
Daga cikin dalilan da suka tabbatar da yarjejeniyar har da yakin Italo-Abyssiniya na biyu, wanda aka fara a shekarar 1935. Sarki Farouk ya ji tsoron kada Italiyawa su mamaye Masar ko kuma su ja ta cikin faɗa. Yarjejeniyar 1936 ba ta warware batun Sudan ba, wanda, a ƙarƙashin sharuɗɗan yarjejeniyar Condominium na Anglo-Masar na 1899, ya bayyana cewa Masar da Birtaniya za su gudanar da mulkin Sudan tare, amma tare da ikon gaske da ya rage a hannun Birtaniya. Tare da tashin hankali a Turai, yarjejeniyar ta nuna fifikon ci gaba da kasancewa a halin yanzu.[3] Yarjejeniyar, duk da haka, ba ta yi maraba da masu kishin Masar ba kamar Masarautar Masar, waɗanda ke son cikakken 'yancin kai. Hakan ya haifar da zanga-zangar adawa da Birtaniya da Jam'iyyar Wafd, wadanda suka goyi bayan yarjejeniyar.
Sa hannu kan yarjejeniya
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]An sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar a ɗakin Locarno a ginin Ofishin Harkokin Waje a London a ranar 27 ga watan Agusta 1936.[4] Manyan waɗanda suka rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar sun haɗa da firaministan Masar Nahas Pasha da sakataren harkokin wajen Birtaniya Anthony Eden. [4]
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Sauran waɗanda suka sanya hannu sun haɗa da Ramsay MacDonald, Mahmoud Pasha, Lord Halifax, Sir John Simon, Ismail Sidky Pasha, Makram Ebeid Pasha, Sir Miles Lampson da Amin Osman.[4][5]
tanade-tanaden yarjejeniya
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- Cire sojojin Birtaniya daga garuruwan Masar zuwa yankin Suez Canal amma sojojin Birtaniya a Sudan suna ci gaba da kasancewa ba tare da wani sharadi ba.
- Adadin sojojin Burtaniya a Masar bai wuce sojoji dubu 10 da matukan jirgi 400 tare da ma'aikatan da ake buƙata don gudanar da aikin gudanarwa da fasaha a lokacin zaman lafiya kawai, yayin da a lokacin yakin Burtaniya ke da hakkin kara adadin.
- Ba a tura sojojin Burtaniya zuwa sabbin yankuna har sai an gina sabbin bariki.
- Sojojin Burtaniya sun ci gaba da zama a Alexandria shekaru takwas daga ranar da aka kulla yarjejeniya
- Sojojin saman Birtaniyya na ci gaba da zama a sansanin da ke yankin Canal kuma suna da damar yin amfani da sararin samaniyar Masar kuma an baiwa jiragen na Masar hakki iri daya.
- Idan aka yi yaki gwamnatin Masar ta kuduri aniyar samar da dukkan kayayyakin aiki da taimako ga sojojin Birtaniya da suka hada da 'yancin amfani da tashoshin jiragen ruwa da filayen jiragen sama da kuma hanyoyin Masar.
- Bayan shekaru 20 daga aiwatar da yarjejeniyar za a tantance ko kasancewar sojojin Birtaniyya ya zama dole domin sojojin Masar na iya ba da tabbacin jigilar kayayyaki a mashigin Suez cikin aminci. Ana iya ƙaddamar da rashin jituwa ga Ƙungiyar Ƙasashen Duniya.
- Masar na da hakkin neman a soke hakokin kasashen waje.
- Soke duk yarjejeniyoyin da takaddun da suka saba wa tanadin wannan yerjejeniyar ciki har da sanarwar 28 ga watan Fabrairu
- Komawar sojojin Masar zuwa Sudan da kuma amincewa da gudanar da hadin gwiwa tare da Birtaniya.
- 'Yancin Masar na kulla yarjejeniya da kasashen waje, muddin wadannan ba su saba da tanade-tanaden wannan yarjejeniya ba.
- Musayar jakadu da Burtaniya.
Bayan haka
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]A ranar 23 ga watan Satumban shekarar 1945, bayan kawo karshen yakin duniya na biyu, gwamnatin Masar ta buƙaci a sauya yarjejeniyar da za ta kawo ƙarshen zaman sojojin Birtaniya, da kuma ba da damar shigar da ƙasar Sudan ta Anglo-Masar.[6] A shekara ta 1946, Birtaniya ta amince da janye dukkan sojojin da suka rage a Masar zuwa yankin Suez Canal. [7] A cikin shekarar 1947, sojojin Burtaniya a hukumance sun fice daga duk wasu sansanonin Masarautar da ke wajen yankin Suez Canal.[7] Bayan nasarar da Jam'iyyar Wafd ta samu a zaɓen 1950 da aka kaurace wa Masar, sabuwar gwamnatin Wafd ta soke yarjejeniyar a ranar 15 ga watan Oktoba 1951. Shekaru uku bayan haka, kuma tare da sabon shugabancin gwamnati a ƙarƙashin Gamal Abdel Nasser, Birtaniya ta amince da janye sojojinta a cikin Yarjejeniyar Anglo-Egypt na 1954; An kammala janyewar Burtaniya a watan Yunin 1956. Ana ganin wannan rana a matsayin lokacin da Masar ta sami cikakken 'yancin kai, ko da yake Nasser ya riga ya kafa manufofin ketare mai cin gashin kanta wanda ya haifar da rikici da yawancin ƙasashen yammacin Turai.
Bayan janye tayin da Birtaniya da Amurka suka yi ba zato ba tsammani, Masar ta mayar da mashigin ruwa na Suez Canal kasa a ranar 26 ga watan Yulin 1956,[8] da alama don biyan kuɗin madatsar ruwan, ko da yake a gaskiya Soviets sun ba da mafi yawan kuɗaɗen. Ƙaddamar da ƙasar ya saba wa yarjejeniyar ƙasa da ƙasa da Nasser ya sanya hannu a ranar 19 ga watan Oktoba 1954, kodayake ya amince ya biya diyya ga masu hannun jari. Bayan wasu watanni, Faransa, Isra'ila da Biritaniya sun haɗa kai don hambarar da Nasser, kuma rikicin Suez ya faru. Bayan matsin lamba da barazanar da ƙasashen duniya suka yi daga sabbin ƙasashe 2 masu karfin faɗa-a-ji (Amurka da USSR) an tilastawa Birtaniya, Faransa da Isra'ila ficewa daga Masar, kuma magudanar ruwa ta ci gaba da zama ƙarƙashin ikon Masar.[9]
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ League of Nations Treaty Series, vol. 173, pp. 402–431.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Cleveland, Bunton (2013). A History of the Modern Middle East. Boulder: Westview Press.Samfuri:ISBN?[page needed]
- ↑ Robert O. Collins, A History of Modern Sudan
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 "Egyptian Treaty". The Times. London. 22 August 1936. Retrieved 7 November 2021.
- ↑ "Historic Anglo-Egyptian treaty signed in London – archive, 1936". The Guardian. 27 August 2021. Retrieved 28 August 2021.
- ↑ Jessup, John E. (1989). A Chronology of Conflict and Resolution, 1945–1985. New York: Greenwood Press. ISBN 0-313-24308-5.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 "Middle East 1930–1947: British Troops in Egypt 1930–45". britishmilitaryhistory.com. Retrieved October 30, 2022.
- ↑ "Suez crisis" The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Politics. Ed. Iain McLean and Alistair McMillan. Oxford University Press, 2003. Samfuri:ISBN? [page needed]
- ↑ Avi Shlaim, The Protocol of Sèvres,1956: Anatomy of a War Plot Archived 2018-04-05 at the Wayback Machine Published in International Affairs, 73:3 (1997), 509–530
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- "Full Text of the Treaty". Foreign and Commonwealth Office. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 September 2012. Retrieved 23 February 2010.
- Video of the treaty signing