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Yarjejeniyar Baƙar fata

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Yarjejeniyar Baƙar fata
Bayanai
Iri Tsarin Siyasa
Ƙasa Afirka ta kudu
Tarihi
Ƙirƙira 1972

Yarjejeniyar Jama'ar Baƙar fata ( BPC ) ƙungiya ce mai daidaitawa ta ƙasa don ƙungiyoyin Black Consciousness na Afirka ta Kudu. An yi hasashenta a matsayin babbar takwararta ga kungiyar daliban Afirka ta Kudu, BPC ta himmatu wajen shirya juriya ga wariyar launin fata daga kafa ta a 1972 har zuwa lokacin da aka dakatar da ita a karshen 1977.

Samuwar

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

BPC ta kasance wani ci gaba na ƙungiyar Black Consciousness a Afirka ta Kudu, wanda ya sami karbuwa a farkon shekarun 1970 kuma ya ƙara zama babbar hanyar madadin akida da goyon bayan ƙungiyoyi don tsayin daka ga tsarin wariyar launin fata . Tare da tasirin Kungiyar Dalibai ta Afirka ta Kudu (SASO), shugabannin Black Consciousness sun yi kira da a kafa sabuwar kungiyar siyasa ta Black Consciousness don shiga tare da tattara manyan kungiyoyin farar hula, a wajen jami'o'i. [1] [2] An tattauna siffar wannan laima ta kasa, wadda ta zama BPC, a jerin tarurrukan da aka yi a 1971. [3] [4] An ƙaddamar da BPC a cikin Yuli 1972 a Pietermaritzburg . A taronta na farko na kasa a watan Disamba 1972, wanda aka gudanar a Hammanskraal, Winnie Kgware an zabi shugabanta na farko. [1] [3]

Ayyuka da ka'idoji

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

BPC ta yi rajista ga falsafar Consciousness na Baƙar fata, kamar yadda Steve Biko ya faɗa. Biko yana da alaƙa da BPC, ko da yake an yi masa kaciya sosai a harkokin siyasarsa bayan dakatar da shi a 1973. [1] [2] Surukinsa, Mxolisi Mvovo, ya zama mataimakin shugaban jam'iyyar BPC na kasa a shekarar 1976. BPC ta ha]a hannu da sauran }ungiyoyin Black Consciousness, irin su SASO, wanda mambobinta suka yi taho-mu-gama da su. [1] [3] Ba a buɗe membobinsu ga farar fata ba. [1]

Bisa tsarin mulkinta, babbar manufar jam'iyyar BPC ita ce samar da hadin kai da hadin kai a siyasance, wajen samun 'yanci na tunani da abin duniya ga bakaken fata a Afirka ta Kudu. Jam'iyyar BPC ta yi adawa da wariyar launin fata ta hanyar rashin tashin hankali da kuma rashin shiga tsarin wariyar launin fata. Ta kuma bayar da shawarar samar da tsarin tattalin arziki mai daidaito bisa tsarin gurguzu da abin da ya kira "bakar gurguzu". [1] Kamar yadda aka bayyana a cikin "Mafikeng Manifesto" na BPC, wanda Biko ya rubuta kuma aka yi muhawara a wani taron tattaunawa a Mafikeng a cikin 1976, [5] baƙar fata wani nau'i ne na tsarin tattalin arzikin Afirka na gargajiya, wanda aka gyara don tattalin arziki na zamani da masana'antu. Ya ƙunshi mallakin jama'a, da ikon mallakar jiha, na kowane ƙasa.

Takaddama gwamnati

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

A ranar 25 ga watan Satumban shekarar 1974, ranar da aka gudanar da zanga-zangar adawa da kungiyar FRELIMO a birnin Durban wanda kungiyoyin BPC da SASO suka shirya, an kama shugabanin BPC da sauran kungiyoyin Black Consciousness a fadin kasar nan. Bayan haka, an yi wa shugabannin BPC da SASO tara shari'a a ƙarƙashin Dokar Ta'addanci . [1] [6] Na biyu, mafi munin tashin hankalin gwamnati ya biyo bayan tashin hankalin Soweto na 1976 . A ranar 19 ga Oktoban 1977, wani lokaci ana kiranta da "Black Laraba", kungiyoyi 18 da suka hada da BPC da SASO, gwamnatin wariyar launin fata ta dakatar da su. Kimanin shugabannin Black Consciousness 70 ne aka kama a rana guda. [1] [7] Daga cikinsu akwai Kenny Rachidi da Drake Tshenkeng, shugaban jam'iyyar BPC da mataimakinsa. Biko da kansa ya mutu a gidan yari wata guda baya.

Bayan haka

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

A cikin shekaru bayan Black Laraba, yawancin masu fafutuka na BPC da Black Consciousness sun shiga cikin kungiyar Azapo (Azapo) da kungiyoyin ta. An kafa Azapo a cikin Afrilu 1978 a Roodepoort a matsayin wani yanki na Majalisar Ayyukan Soweto, wanda aka kafa a Chiawelo, Soweto, jim kaɗan bayan 1977 murkushe. Kamar BPC, Azapo ya kasance a rufe ga farar fata kuma yana adawa da shiga cikin tsarin wariyar launin fata - har ma ya gaji taken BPC, "Azania daya, mutane daya" - amma ya fi Markisanci fiye da BPC. [5] [8] Masu fafutuka na BPC da Black Consciousness a gudun hijira sun shiga cikin Black Consciousness Movement of Azania (BCMA), wanda aka kafa a London a matsayin reshen waje na Azapo kafin BCMA da Azapo sun haɗu a hukumance a 1994. [5]

A cikin 1980s da farkon 1990s, duk da haka, shaharar ƙungiyoyin Congress -aligned sun karu kuma ƙungiyoyin Consciousness na Black Consciousness (ko da yake ba lallai ba ne akidun Consciousness baƙar fata) sun ƙi yin tasiri. Lokacin da aka dakatar da Azopo da kanta a cikin 1988, yawancin matasa masu goyon bayan Baƙar fata da suka bar Afirka ta Kudu suka shiga cikin Pan Africanist Congress da African National Congress, don samun horon soja a gudun hijira.

Sanannen membobi

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  • Steve Biko[1]
  • Winnie Kgware[1][9]
  • Mosibudi Mangena[9]
  • Sathasivan Cooper[1][9]
  • Tshenuwani Farisani[9]
  • Nkwenkwe Nkomo[1][9]
  • Priscilla Jana
  • Mthuli ka Shezi[10]
  • Mosibudi Mangena[11]
  • Aubrey Mokoape[1]
  • Malusi Mpumlwana[12]
  • Cyril Ramaphosa[13]
  • Mamphela Ramphele[14]

Ƙungiyoyi masu dangantaka

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Magana

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Samarwa

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

BPC ta kasance wani ci gaba na ƙungiyar Black Consciousness a Afirka ta Kudu, wanda ya sami karɓuwa a farkon shekarun 1970 kuma ya ƙara zama babbar hanyar madadin akida da goyon bayan ƙungiyoyi don tsayin daka akan tsarin wariyar launin fata . Tare da tasirin Ƙungiyar Ɗalibai ta Afirka ta Kudu (SASO), shugabannin Baƙaƙe Consciousness sun yi kira da a kafa sabuwar ƙungiyar siyasa ta Black Consciousness don shiga tare da tattara manyan kungiyoyin farar hula, a wajen jami'o'i. [1] [2] An tattauna siffar wannan laima ta kasa, wadda ta zama BPC, a jerin tarurrukan da aka yi a shekarar alif ɗari tara da saba'in da daya 1971. [3] [15] An ƙaddamar da BPC a cikin Yuli shekarar 1972 a Pietermaritzburg . A taronta na farko na ƙasa a watan Disamba shekarar 1972, wanda aka gudanar a Hammanskraal, Winnie Kgware an zaɓi shugabanta na farko. [1] [3]

Ayyuka da sharuɗɗa

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

BPC ta yi rajista ga falsafar Consciousness na Baƙar fata, kamar yadda Steve Biko ya faɗi. Biko yana da alaƙa da BPC, ko da yake an yi masa togaciya sosai a harkokin siyasarsa bayan dakatar da shi a 1973. [1] [2] Surukinsa, Mxolisi Mvovo, ya zama mataimakin shugaban jam'iyyar BPC na ƙasa a shekara ta alif ɗari tara da saba'in da shida 1976. BPC ta haɗa hannu da sauran ƙungiyoyin Black Consciousness, irin su SASO, wanda membobinta suka yi tamari sosai. [1] [3] Ba a buɗe membobinsu ga farar fata ba. [1]

Bisa tsarin mulkinta, babbar manufar jam'iyyar BPC ita ce samar da hadin kai a siyasance, wajen samun 'yanci na tunani da abin duniya ga bakaken fata a Afirka ta Kudu. Jam'iyyar BPC ta yi adawa da wariyar launin fata ta hanyar rashin tashin hankali da kuma rashin shiga tsarin wariyar launin fata. Har ila yau, ta bayar da shawarar samar da tsarin tattalin arziki mai daidaito bisa tsarin gurguzu da abin da ya yi wa laƙabi da "bakar gurguzu". [1] Kamar yadda aka bayyana a cikin "Mafikeng Manifesto" na BPC, wanda marubuci Biko ya rubuta kuma aka yi muhawara a wani taron tattaunawa a Mafikeng a shekarar 1976, [5] baƙar fata ya kasance bambance-bambancen tsarin tattalin arzikin Afirka na gargajiya, wanda aka gyara don tattalin arziki na zamani da masana'antu. Ya ƙunshi mallakin jama'a, da ikon mallakar jiha, na kowace ƙasa.

Taƙaddamar gwamnati

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

A ranar 25 ga watan Satumban shekarar alif ɗari tara da saba'in da huɗu 1974, ranar da aka gudanar da zanga-zangar adawa da kungiyar FRELIMO a birnin Durban wanda kungiyoyin BPC da SASO suka shirya, an kama shugabanin BPC da sauran kungiyoyin Black Consciousness a fadin kasar nan. Bayan haka, an yi wa shugabannin BPC da SASO tara shari'a a ƙarƙashin Dokar Ta'addanci . [1] [16] Na biyu, mafi munin tashin hankalin gwamnati ya biyo bayan tashin hankalin Soweto na shekarar 1976 . A ranar 19 ga Oktoban alif ɗari tara da saba'in da bakwai 1977, wannan lokaci ana kiranta da "Black Laraba", ƙungiyoyi 18 da suka hada da BPC da SASO, gwamnatin wariyar launin fata ta dakatar da su. Kimanin shugabannin Black Consciousness 70 ne aka kama a rana guda. [1] [17] Daga cikinsu akwai Kenny Rachidi da Drake Tshenkeng, shugaban jam'iyyar BPC da mataimakinsa. Biko da ya rasa ransa a gidan yari bayan wata ɗaya.

Bayan faruwar haka

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

A cikin shekaru bayan Black Laraba, yawancin masu fafutuka na BPC da Black Consciousness sun shiga cikin ƙungiyar Azapo (Azapo) da ƙungiyoyin ta. An kafa Azapo a cikin watan Afrilu shekara ta alif ɗari tara da saba'in da takwas 1978 a Roodepoort a matsayin wani yanki na Majalisar Ayyukan Soweto, wanda aka kafa a Chiawelo, Soweto, jim kaɗan bayan 1977 murkushe. Kamar BPC, Azapo ya kasance a rufe ga turawa kuma yana adawa da shiga cikin tsarin wariyar launin fata - har ma ya gaji taken BPC, "Azania ɗaya, mutane ɗaya" - amma ya kasance mai tsaurin ra'ayi fiye da BPC. [5] [8] Masu fafutuka na BPC da Black Consciousness a gudun hijira sun shiga cikin Black Consciousness Movement of Azania (BCMA), wanda aka kafa a London a matsayin reshen waje na Azapo kafin BCMA da Azapo sun haɗu a hukumance a shekarar alif ɗari tara da casain da huɗu 1994. [5]

A cikin shekarun 1980s da farkon shekarun 1990s, duk da haka, shaharar ƙungiyoyin Congress -aligned sun ƙaru kuma ƙungiyoyin Consciousness na Black Consciousness (ko da yake ba lallai ba ne aƙidun Consciousness baƙar fata) sun ƙi yin tasiri. Lokacin da aka dakatar da Azopo da kanta a cikin shekara ta alif ɗari tara da tamanin da takwas 1988, yawancin matasa masu goyon bayan Baƙar fata da suka bar Afirka ta Kudu suka shiga jam'iyyar Pan Africanist Congress da African National Congress, don samun horon soja a gudun hijira. [5]

Sanannen membobi

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Ƙungiyoyi masu dangantaka

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  1. ↑ 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.10 1.11 1.12 1.13 1.14 1.15 1.16 1.17 1.18 1.19 1.20 Buthelezi, Sipho. "The Black Peoples' Convention (BPC): Historical background and basic documents" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2020-09-29. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":0" defined multiple times with different content
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 Steve Biko Foundation. "Steve Biko: The Black Consciousness Movement". Google Arts & Culture. Archived from the original on 2020-06-03. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":1" defined multiple times with different content
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 Hadfield, Leslie Anne (2017). "Steve Biko and the Black Consciousness Movement". Oxford Research Encyclopedia of African History (in Turanci). doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.013.83. ISBN 978-0-19-027773-4. Archived from the original on 2018-12-02. Retrieved 2021-09-16. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":2" defined multiple times with different content
  4. ↑ Seleoane, Mandla. "The development of Black Consciousness as a cultural and political movement (1967-2007)" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2017-08-16.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 "Black Consciousness Movement timeline 1903-2009". South African History Archive. Archived from the original on 2020-08-03. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":3" defined multiple times with different content
  6. ↑ "Trial of nine BPC and SASO leaders ends". South African History Online. Archived from the original on 2011-10-16.
  7. ↑ "Crackdown!". South African History Archive. Archived from the original on 2015-06-15. Retrieved 2021-09-16.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named :4
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 "Black Peoples Convention – National Leadership". South African History Online. Retrieved 2022-12-05.
  10. ↑ "Mthuli ka Shezi". South African History Online. Archived from the original on 2015-03-25.
  11. ↑ "Aaron Mosibudi Mangena". South African History Online. Archived from the original on 2013-01-06.
  12. ↑ Biko, Steve (2004). I Write What I Like. Johannesburg: Picador Africa. p. 243.
  13. ↑ "President Cyril Ramaphosa: Profile". Department of Planning, Monitoring and Evaluation. Archived from the original on 2018-03-18. Retrieved 2021-09-16.
  14. ↑ "Dr Mamphela Aletta Ramphele". South African History Online. Archived from the original on 2012-03-25.
  15. ↑ Seleoane, Mandla. "The development of Black Consciousness as a cultural and political movement (1967-2007)" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2017-08-16.
  16. ↑ "Trial of nine BPC and SASO leaders ends". South African History Online. Archived from the original on 2011-10-16.
  17. ↑ "Crackdown!". South African History Archive. Archived from the original on 2015-06-15. Retrieved 2021-09-16.
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