Jump to content

Yarjejeniyar Harkin-Engel

Daga Wikipedia, Insakulofidiya ta kyauta.
Infotaula d'esdevenimentYarjejeniyar Harkin-Engel
Iri protocol (en) Fassara
Yaron da ke tattara koko bayan ya bushe wake

Yarjejeniyar Harkin-Engel, wani lokacin ana kiranta Yarjejeniyar Cocoa, yarjejeniya ce ta kasa da kasa da nufin kawo karshen Mafi munin nau'ikan aikin yara (bisa ga Yarjejeniyar Kungiyar Kwadago ta Duniya ta 182) da kuma tilasta aiki (bisa ga Yakin ILO na 29) a cikin samar da koko, babban sinadaran a cikin cakulan.[lower-alpha 1] Sanata na Amurka Tom Harkin da Wakilin Amurka Eliot Engel ne suka tattauna yarjejeniyar don mayar da martani ga wani shirin da kuma labarai da yawa a cikin 2000 da 2001 da ke ba da rahoton yaduwar bautar yara da fataucin yara a cikin samar da koko. An sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar a watan Satumbar shekara ta 2001. Sanarwar hadin gwiwa a cikin 2001, 2005 da 2008 da kuma Sanarwar Haɗin gwiwa a cikin 2010 sun tsawaita sadaukarwar magance matsalar.

Alkawarin masana'antar na rage aikin yara a Ivory Coast da Ghana da kashi 70%, kamar yadda Yarjejeniyar ta bi, ba a cika shi ba a ƙarshen 2015; an sake tsawaita lokacin, zuwa 2020.

Tarihi

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Sanata Tom Harkin
Rep. Eliot Engel

A ƙarshen shekara ta 2000 wani shirin BBC ya ba da rahoton amfani da yara bayi a cikin samar da koko - babban sinadarin cakulan - a Yammacin Afirka.[2] Sauran kafofin watsa labarai sun biyo bayan bayar da rahoton yaduwar Bautar yara da fataucin yara a cikin samar da koko.[3] An zargi masana'antar koko da cin riba daga bautar yara da fataucin mutane. Kungiyar Cocoa ta Turai ta yi watsi da waɗannan zarge-zargen a matsayin "ƙaryaci da wuce gona da iri" kuma masana'antar ta ce rahotannin ba su wakilci dukkan fannoni ba.[4] Daga baya masana'antar ta yarda cewa yanayin aiki ga yara ba su gamsu ba kuma ana keta haƙƙin yara a wasu lokuta kuma sun yarda cewa ba za a iya watsi da ikirarin ba. [5]

A shekara ta 2001, Wakilin Amurka Eliot Engel ya gabatar da gyare-gyaren majalisa ga dokar noma. Wannan gyare-gyare shine don ba da Hukumar Abinci da Magunguna ta Amurka (FDA) $ 250,000 don haɓaka lakabi don nuna cewa ba a yi amfani da aikin bawa na yara a cikin girma ko girbi koko; [6] wannan lakabin zai yi kama da lakabin "Dolphin mai aminci" da aka yi amfani da shi don tuna. An amince da gyaran a cikin majalisar wakilai na kuri'un 291-115. [lower-alpha 2] Kudin ya bayyana yana da irin wannan goyon baya a Majalisar Dattijai.[8] Masana'antar koko ta kasa da kasa ta yi tsayayya da ita sosai kuma Kungiyar Masu Kayan Kayan Kyakkyawan ta hayar tsoffin sanatoci George Mitchell da Bob Dole don yin amfani da ita.[9] Masana'antar koko ta fuskanci yiwuwar kauracewa masu amfani da dokoki masu cutarwa idan lissafin ya wuce.[9] Mitchell da Dole sun ƙarfafa masana'antar ta yi yarjejeniya, kuma kafin lissafin ya tafi zabe a Majalisar Dattijai, masana'antar koko ta amince da magance matsalar ba tare da doka ba. [9][8]

Sanata Tom Harkin da Engel sun tattauna yarjejeniya tare da masana'antar koko don ƙirƙirar Yarjejeniyar Harkin-Engel. [a] An sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar a watan Satumbar 2001 tare da manufar kawar da "Mafi munin nau'ikan aikin yara" da aikin tilasta wa manya a gonakin koko a Yammacin Afirka. [1] Shugabannin manyan kamfanonin cakulan guda takwas ne suka sanya hannu kuma suka shaida shi, Harkin, Engel, Sanata Herb Kohl, jakadan Côte d'Ivoire, darektan Shirin Kasa da Kasa kan Kashe Ayyukan Yara, da sauransu.[1]

Yarjejeniya da Sanarwar hadin gwiwa ta 2001

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Yarjejeniyar Harkin-Engel yarjejeniya ce ta son rai ta jama'a da masu zaman kansu don kawar da Mafi munin nau'ikan aikin yara (wanda aka ayyana bisa ga Yarjejeniya 182) ta Ƙungiyar Ma'aikata ta Duniya (ILO) a cikin ci gaba da sarrafa koko a Côte d'Ivoire da Ghana. Yarjejeniyar yarjejeniya ce ta son rai wacce ta haɗa kan gwamnatoci, masana'antar koko ta duniya, masu samar da koko, ma'aikatan koko, kungiyoyin da ba na gwamnati ba.[1] Yarjejeniyar ta tsara jerin takamaiman ayyukan kwanan wata, gami da ci gaban ka'idojin son rai na takardar shaidar jama'a.[1] Yarjejeniyar ba ta sanya masana'antar ta kawo karshen duk aikin yara a cikin samar da koko ba, kawai mafi munin nau'ikansa. Jam'iyyun sun amince da shirin sharuɗɗa shida:

  1. Sanarwar jama'a game da bukatar da sharuɗɗa na shirin aiki - Masana'antar koko ta amince da matsalar tilasta wa yara aiki kuma za ta ba da "masu mahimmanci" don magance matsalar.
  2. Kafa kungiyoyin ba da shawara na bangarori da yawa - A ranar 1 ga Oktoba 2001, za a kafa ƙungiyar ba da shawara don bincika ayyukan aiki. A ranar 1 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 2001, masana'antu za su kafa ƙungiyar ba da shawara kuma su tsara magunguna masu dacewa don magance mafi munin nau'ikan aikin yara.
  3. An sanya hannu kan sanarwa ta hadin gwiwa game da aikin yara da za a shaida a ILO - A ranar 1 ga Disamba 2001, dole ne a yi sanarwa da ke fahimtar bukatar kawo karshen mafi munin nau'ikan aikin yara da kuma gano hanyoyin ci gaba ga yaran da aka cire daga aiki.
  4. Yarjejeniyar hadin gwiwa - A ranar 1 ga Mayu 2002, Kafa shirin hadin gwiwa na bincike, musayar bayanai, da aiki don tilasta ka'idoji don kawar da mafi munin nau'ikan aikin yara. Kafa mai saka idanu da bin ka'idojin.
  5. Kafa tushe na hadin gwiwa - A ranar 1 ga Yulin 2002, masana'antu za su kafa tushe don kula da kokarin kawar da mafi munin nau'ikan aikin yara. Zai yi ayyukan filin kuma ya zama gidan tsabta a kan mafi kyawun ayyuka.
  6. Gina zuwa ga ƙa'idodin da aka amince da su - A ranar 1 ga Yulin 2005, masana'antar za ta haɓaka da aiwatar da ƙa'idodin masana'antu na takardar shaidar jama'a cewa an shuka koko ba tare da wani nau'i mafi muni na aikin yara ba.[1]

Ci gaban 2005 da Sanarwar hadin gwiwa

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

A watan Yulin 2005 - ranar ƙarshe - masana'antar koko ta ci gaba da burinsu na kawar da mafi munin nau'ikan aikin yara. Yawancin bukatun an cimma su ne ta hanyar ƙayyadadden lokaci. Kafin a sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar, masana'antar koko ta amince da matsalar tilasta wa yara aiki don magance wani ɓangare na Mataki na 1.[1] An yi sanarwa ta hadin gwiwa a cikin 2001 don magance wani ɓangare na Mataki na 3. An kafa Cibiyar Cocoa ta Duniya (ICI) a cikin 2002 don magance wani ɓangare na Mataki na 5.[10] Ta hanyar ICI, an kashe dala miliyan 3 a kan ayyukan matukin jirgi. An sanya Cibiyar Aikin Gona ta Duniya (IITA) don bincika 'yan Afirka ta Yamma game da yara a cikin samar da koko.[11] An kafa ayyukan gwaji don saka idanu kan aikin yara. A shekara ta 2004, masana'antar koko ta kirkiro kuma ta ba da kuɗin Verification Working Group. An dakatar da kudade a shekara ta 2006, amma an yi kwangila da wani kamfani don yin tabbaci a shekara ta 2007.

Ci gaban 2008 da Sanarwar hadin gwiwa

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

A lokacin da aka sake sabuntawa - 1 Yuni 2008 - duk manufofi har yanzu ba a cika su ba. An sami ci gaba; alal misali, masana'antar koko ta samar da dala miliyan 10 ga ICI. A cikin 2006-07 ICI tana da horo 17 a Côte d'Ivoire da 23 a Ghana don wayar da kan jami'an gwamnati, 'yan sanda da kafofin watsa labarai game da ayyukan aiki na yara da manya. Manufar Sanarwar hadin gwiwa ita ce ta takaddun shaida. Masana'antar koko ta gudanar da tattara bayanai a kan kashi 50% na yankunan da ke girma a duka Côte d'Ivoire da Ghana. Amma tabbatarwa mai zaman kanta, wanda masana'antu suka tallafawa, a waɗannan yankuna ba a kammala shi ba. An tsawaita lokacin zuwa ƙarshen shekara ta 2010. A wannan lokacin, ana buƙatar masana'antu su sami cikakken takaddun shaida da tabbatarwa mai zaman kanta.

Dukkanin bangarorin sun sake tabbatar da jajircewarsu na kawar da mafi munin nau'ikan aikin yara. Masana'antar koko ta himmatu ga aiki tare da gwamnatocin Côte d'Ivoire da Ghana don kafa takaddun shaida mai zaman kanta a ƙarshen 2010; taimaka wa gwamnatoci su yi niyya da kokarin gyarawa bisa ga takaddun shaidar mai zaman kanta; da kuma tallafawa ICI yayin da yake fadada ga wasu al'ummomin cikin gida da kuma samar da horo kan ayyukan aiki masu aminci.

Sanarwar hadin gwiwa da Tsarin Ayyuka na 2010

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Sanarwar hadin gwiwa ta 2010 ta taƙaita alkawarin Yarjejeniyar Harkin-Engel kuma ta sake tabbatar da jajircewar cimma burin yarjejeniyar. Manufar tsarin aikin ita ce rage mafi munin nau'ikan aikin yara 70% nan da shekarar 2020. Musamman, sun kasance don cire yara daga kuma su hana shiga yara a cikin mafi munin nau'ikan aikin yara, inganta hanyoyin rayuwa masu ɗorewa ga masu shuka koko, kafawa da aiwatar da tsarin sa ido na aikin yara na al'umma, da ci gaba da binciken aikin yara na kasa. Sanarwar hadin gwiwa ta kafa kungiyar kula da Cocoa ta Yara don daidaita ayyukan tsarin da samar da shugabanci

Manazarta

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 "Protocol for the growing and processing of cocoa beans and their derivative products in a manner that complies with ILO Convention 182 concerning the prohibition and immediate action for the elimination of the worst forms of child labor" (PDF). International Cocoa Initiative. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "HE Protocol" defined multiple times with different content
  2. ↑ "Combating Child Labour in Cocoa Growing" (PDF). International Labour Organization. 2005. Retrieved 26 April 2012.
  3. ↑ Sudarsan Raghavan & Sumana Chatterjee (24 June 2001). "Slaves feed world's taste for chocolate: Captives common in cocoa farms of Africa". Archived from the original on 17 September 2006. Retrieved 25 April 2012.
  4. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Payson2010 p26
  5. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named BBC2000
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Tiaji Salaam-Blyther; Charles Hanrahan & Nicolas Cook (13 July 2005). "Child Labor in West African Cocoa Production: Issues and U.S. Policy" (PDF). Congressional Research Service, The Library of Congress. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 March 2012. Retrieved 25 April 2012.
  7. ↑ Payson 2010, p. 27
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Payson2011 p13
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Tiger
  10. ↑ "International Cocoa Initiative About Us".
  11. ↑ "Summary of Findings from the Child Labor Surveys in the Cocoa Sector of West Africa: Cameroon, Côte d'Ivoire, Ghana, and Nigeria" (PDF). International Institute of Tropical Agriculture. July 2002. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 October 2011. Retrieved 27 April 2012.


Cite error: <ref> tags exist for a group named "lower-alpha", but no corresponding <references group="lower-alpha"/> tag was found

Daga "https://ha.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yarjejeniyar_Harkin-Engel&oldid=670909"