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Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa kan 'Yancin Bil'adama da Siyasa

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yarjejeniya Kasa da Kasa kan 'Yancin Bil'adama da Siyasa (ICCPR) yarjejeniya ce ta bangarori da yawa wacce ke sanya kasashe su girmama' yancin bil'adama na mutane, gami da' 'yancin rayuwa,' 'yancin addini, 'yancin magana,' yanci na taro,' yankan zaɓe da' yanci ga tsari da ya dace da kuma shari'a mai adalci. An karbe shi ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Resolution 2200A (XXI) a ranar 16 ga Disamba 1966 kuma ya fara aiki a ranar 23 ga Maris 1976 bayan tabbatarwa ta talatin da biyar ko shiga. [A] Ya zuwa watan Yunin , Alkawarin yana da jam'iyyu 174 da wasu masu sanya hannu shida ba tare da tabbatarwa ba, musamman Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin da Cuba; Koriya ta Arewa ita ce kadai jiha da ta yi ƙoƙarin janyewa.[1]

An dauki ICCPR a matsayin takarda mai mahimmanci a tarihin dokar kasa da kasa da haƙƙin ɗan adam, wanda ya zama wani ɓangare na Dokar 'Yancin Dan Adam ta Duniya, tare da Yarjejeniyar Duniya kan 'Yancin Tattalin Arziki, Jama'a da Al'adu (ICESCR) da kuma Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR). [2]

Tarihi

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Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa kan 'Yancin Bil'adama da Siyasa

ICCPR (Alkawari na Duniya kan 'Yancin Bil'adama da Siyasa) ya samo asali ne a cikin wannan tsari wanda ya haifar da sanarwar' yancin dan adam ta duniya.[3] An gabatar da "Sanarwa game da Muhimman Hakkin Mutum" a taron San Francisco na 1945 wanda ya haifar da kafa Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, kuma an ba Majalisar Tattalin Arziki da Jama'a aikin tsara shi.[2] Da farko a cikin tsari, an raba takardar zuwa cikin sanarwar da ta gabatar da ka'idojin haƙƙin ɗan adam, da kuma yarjejeniya ko alkawari da ke ɗauke da alkawura masu ɗaurewa. Tsohon ya samo asali ne a cikin UDHR kuma an karbe shi a ranar 10 ga Disamba 1948. [2]

Rubuce-rubuce ya ci gaba a taron, amma akwai manyan bambance-bambance tsakanin membobin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya game da muhimmancin rashin jin daɗi na Jama'a da Siyasa da kuma Kyakkyawan Hakkin Tattalin Arziki, Jama'a le Al'adu. Wadannan daga ƙarshe sun sa aka raba yarjejeniyar zuwa alkawura biyu daban-daban, "ɗaya don ƙunsar haƙƙin jama'a da na siyasa ɗayan kuma don ƙunshe da haƙƙin tattalin arziki, zamantakewa da al'adu".Alkawari biyu za su ƙunshi irin wannan tanadi da yawa yadda zai yiwu, kuma a buɗe su don sa hannu a lokaci guda.Kowane mutum zai kuma ƙunshi labarin kan haƙƙin dukkan mutane ga ƙaddamar da kai.

Takardar farko ta zama Alkawari ta Duniya kan 'Yancin Bil'adama da Siyasa kuma ta biyu Alkawari na Duniya kan' Yancin Tattalin Arziki, Jama'a da Al'adu. An gabatar da takardun ga Babban Taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya don tattaunawa a 1954 kuma an karɓa a 1966. A sakamakon tattaunawar diflomasiyya an karɓi Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa kan 'Yancin Tattalin Arziki, Jama'a da Al'adu jim kadan kafin Yarjejeniyar Duniya kan' Yancin Bil'adama da Siyasa. Tare, UDHR da Alkawari biyu ana ɗaukar su a matsayin tushen rubutun haƙƙin ɗan adam a cikin tsarin haƙƙin ɗan ƙasa na zamani.[3]

Dokokin Alkawari

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Alkawari ya bi tsarin UDHR da ICESCR, tare da gabatarwa da sharuɗɗa hamsin da uku, an raba su kashi shida.

Sashe na 1 (Mataki na 1) ya amince da haƙƙin dukkan mutane don ƙaddamar da kansu, gami da haƙƙin "ƙayyade matsayin siyasa da yardar rai", bi burinsu na tattalin arziki, zamantakewa da al'adu, da sarrafawa da zubar da albarkatun kansu. Ya amince da mummunan haƙƙin mutane da ba za a hana su hanyar rayuwa ba, kuma ya ɗora wa waɗancan jam'iyyun da ke da alhakin yankunan da ba su da ikon cin gashin kansu da amincewa (mallaka) don ƙarfafawa da girmama ikon kansu.

Sashe na 2 (Mataki na 2 - 5) ya tilasta wa bangarorin yin doka inda ya cancanta don ba da tasiri ga haƙƙoƙin da aka amince da su a cikin Alkawari, da kuma samar da ingantaccen maganin doka ga duk wani keta waɗannan haƙƙoƙinsa. Har ila yau, yana buƙatar a amince da haƙƙin "ba tare da bambanci na kowane nau'i ba, kamar launin fata, jima'i, harshe, Addini, siyasa ko wani ra'ayi, asalin ƙasa ko zamantakewa, dukiya, haihuwa ko wani matsayi, " da kuma tabbatar da cewa mata suna jin daɗin su daidai. Hakkin za a iya iyakance shi ne kawai "a lokacin gaggawa ta jama'a'a wanda ke barazana ga rayuwar al'umma," kuma har ma a lokacin ba a ba da izinin ragewa daga haƙƙin rayuwa, 'yanci daga azabtarwa da Bautar, 'yancin sake dubawa, 'yanƙin mutumci, da' 'yancin tunani, lamiri, addini da' yanci daga gwajin likita ko kimiyya ba tare da yardar rai ba.

Sashe na 3 (Mataki na 6 - 27) ya lissafa haƙƙoƙin kansu. Wadannan sun hada da haƙƙoƙi ga:

  • amincin jiki, a cikin hanyar haƙƙin rayuwa da 'yanci daga azabtarwa da bautar (Mataki 6, 7, da 8);
  • 'yanci da tsaro na mutum, a cikin hanyar' yanci daga kamawa da tsare-tsare da kuma haƙƙin habeas corpus (Mataki na 9 - 11);
  • adalci na tsari a cikin doka, a cikin hanyar haƙƙin tsari mai kyau, shari'a mai adalci da rashin son kai, zaton rashin laifi, da kuma amincewa a matsayin mutum a gaban doka (Mataki 14, 15, da 16);
  • 'Yanci na mutum, a cikin nau'in' yancin motsi, tunani, lamiri da addini, magana, ƙungiya da taro, haƙƙin iyali, haƙƙin ƙasa, da haƙƙin sirri (Mataki 12, 13, 17 - 24);
  • haramtacciyar doka game da duk wani farfaganda don yaki da kuma duk wani goyon baya ga ƙiyayya ta ƙasa ko ta addini wanda ya zama karfafawa ga nuna bambanci, ƙiyayya ko tashin hankali (Mataki na 20);
  • Kasancewa cikin siyasa, gami da haƙƙin jefa kuri'a (Mataki na 25);
  • Rashin nuna bambanci, haƙƙin 'yan tsiraru da daidaito a gaban doka (Mataki na 26 da 27).

Yawancin waɗannan haƙƙoƙin sun haɗa da takamaiman ayyuka waɗanda dole ne a ɗauka don cimma su.

Sashe na 4 (Mataki na 28 - 45) yana jagorantar kafawa da aiki na Kwamitin Kare Hakkin Dan Adam da bayar da rahoto da saka idanu kan Alkawari. Har ila yau, yana bawa bangarorin damar amincewa da ƙwarewar kwamitin don warware rikice-rikice tsakanin bangarorin kan aiwatar da Alkawari (Mataki na 41 da 42).

Sashe na 5 (Mataki na 46 - 47) ya bayyana cewa ba za a fassara Alkawarin ba kamar yadda yake tsoma baki cikin aikin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ko kuma "yancin da dukkan mutane ke da shi don jin daɗi da amfani da dukiyarsu da albarkatunsu".

Sashe na 6 (Mataki 48-53) yana jagorantar tabbatarwa, shigarwa cikin aiki, da gyare-gyaren Alkawari.

Hakkin mutunci na jiki

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Mataki na 6 na Alkawari ya amince da "yancin rai" na mutum kuma yana buƙatar doka ta kare shi. "Mafi girman dama" ne wanda ba za a iya ba da izinin ragewa ba, kuma dole ne a fassara shi ko'ina.[4] Saboda haka yana buƙatar bangarorin su dauki matakai masu kyau don rage Mutuwar jarirai da kara Tsawon rayuwa, da kuma hana kashe-kashen da jami'an tsaro suka yi.[4]

Duk da yake Mataki na 6 bai hana hukuncin kisa ba, ya ƙuntata aikace-aikacensa ga "laifuka mafi tsanani" kuma ya hana a yi amfani da shi ga yara da mata masu juna biyu ko kuma a hanyar da ta saba wa Yarjejeniyar kan Rigakafi da Hukuncin Laifin Kisan kare dangi. Kwamitin Kare Hakkin Dan Adam na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya fassara labarin a matsayin "yana ba da shawarar cewa kawar da shi yana da kyau", kuma yana la'akari da duk wani ci gaba zuwa kawar da hukuncin kisa kamar yadda yake inganta wannan haƙƙin. [ing][4] Yarjejeniyar Zaɓuɓɓuka ta Biyu ta sanya hannu kan ta don kawar da hukuncin kisa a cikin iyakokinsu.

Mataki na 7 ya haramta azabtarwa, zalunci, rashin mutunci ko azabtarwa mai ƙasƙanci da gwajin likita ko kimiyya ba tare da amincewa ba. Kamar yadda yake tare da Mataki na 6, ba za a iya rage shi daga kowane yanayi ba. Yanzu an fassara labarin don sanya irin waɗannan wajibai ga waɗanda Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta Tsayayya da azabtarwa ta buƙaci, gami da ba kawai haramtacciyar azabtarwa ba, amma matakai masu aiki don hanawa amfani da ita da haramtacciya kan sakewa.[5] A mayar da martani ga Gwajin ɗan adam na Nazi a lokacin WW2 wannan labarin a bayyane ya haɗa da haramtacciyar gwajin likita da kimiyya ba tare da yardar ba.[6]

Mataki na 8 ya haramta Bautar da tilasta bautar a kowane yanayi. Har ila yau, labarin ya haramta aikin tilas, ban da hukuncin aikata laifuka, aikin soja da wajibai na farar hula.

'Yanci da tsaron mutum

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Mataki na 9 ya amince da haƙƙin 'yanci da tsaro na mutum. Ya haramta kamawa da tsare-tsare, yana buƙatar duk wani hana 'yanci ya kasance bisa ga doka, kuma ya tilasta wa bangarorin su ba da damar waɗanda aka hana' yancin su kalubalanci ɗaurin su ta hanyar kotuna. Wadannan tanadi sun shafi ba kawai wadanda aka daure a matsayin wani ɓangare na tsarin aikata laifuka ba, har ma da wadanda aka tsare saboda rashin lafiya, jaraba da miyagun ƙwayoyi, ko don dalilai na ilimi ko shige da fice.

Mataki na 9.3 da 9.4 sun sanya kariya ta tsari game da kamawa, suna buƙatar duk wanda aka kama ya sanar da shi nan da nan game da tuhumar da aka yi musu, kuma a kawo shi nan da sauri a gaban alƙali. Har ila yau, yana ƙuntata amfani da tsare-tsare kafin shari'a, yana buƙatar cewa ba 'tsarin gaba ɗaya' ba. [7]

Mataki na 10 yana buƙatar duk wanda aka hana 'yanci a bi da shi da mutunci da bil'adama. Wannan ya shafi ba kawai fursunoni ba, har ma da waɗanda aka tsare don dalilai na shige da fice ko kula da hankali.[8] Hakkin ya cika Mataki na 7 game da azabtarwa da zalunci, rashin mutunci ko wulakanci.[8] Har ila yau, labarin ya sanya takamaiman wajibai game da shari'ar aikata laifuka, yana buƙatar fursunoni da ke cikin tsare-tsare kafin a raba su da fursunoni, da yara su raba su da manya. Yana buƙatar fursunoni su mai da hankali kan sake fasalin da farfadowa maimakon azabtarwa.

Mataki na 11 ya haramta amfani da ɗaurin kurkuku a matsayin horo don karya kwangila.

Adalci da haƙƙin wanda ake tuhuma

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Mataki na 14 ya amince da kuma kare haƙƙin adalci da shari'a mai adalci. Mataki na 14.1 ya kafa ka'idojin asali: dole ne kowa ya kasance daidai a gaban kotuna, kuma duk wani sauraro dole ne a gudanar a cikin kotu mai budewa a gaban kotun da ta dace, mai zaman kanta kuma ba tare da nuna bambanci ba, tare da kowane hukunci ko hukuma da aka bayyana a fili.[Ana ba da izinin sauraron shari'a ne kawai saboda dalilai na sirri, adalci, ko tsaron kasa, kuma ana iya hana hukunce-hukunce ne kawai a cikin shari'ar saki ko don kare bukatun yara. Wadannan wajibai sun shafi shari'o'in aikata laifuka da na farar hula, da kuma dukkan kotuna da kotuna. Mataki na 14.3 ya ba da umarnin cewa dole ne a sanar da masu shigar da kara da sauri kuma dalla-dalla a cikin yaren da suka fahimta.

Sauran labarin ya sanya takamaiman wajibai da cikakkun bayanai game da tsarin shari'ar aikata laifuka don kare haƙƙin wanda ake tuhuma da haƙƙin shari'ar adalci. Ya kafa zaton rashin laifi kuma ya hana Haɗari sau biyu. Yana buƙatar cewa waɗanda aka yanke musu hukunci da laifi a ba su izinin daukaka kara ga kotun da ta fi girma, kuma yana buƙatar waɗanda aka yi wa Rashin adalci a biya su. Ya kafa haƙƙin yin shari'a da sauri, don ba da shawara, game da cin zarafin kansa, da kuma wanda ake tuhuma ya kasance ya kira da bincika shaidu.

Mataki na 15 ya haramta gurfanar da kara a karkashin dokar da ta gabata da kuma sanya hukuncin aikata laifuka, kuma yana buƙatar sanya ƙananan hukunci inda hukuncin aikata laphuka ya canza tsakanin laifi da hukunci. [1] Ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da suka faru shi ne aikata laifuka da aka gudanar don keta Ka'idoji masu tsattsauran ra'ayi (jus cogens) a ƙarƙashin dokar al'ada ta duniya, [ kamar kisan kare dangi, bautar, azabtarwa, da yaƙe-yaƙe na tashin hankali.

Mataki na 16 yana buƙatar jihohi su amince da kowa a matsayin mutum a gaban doka.

'Yancin mutum

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Mataki na 12 ya ba da tabbacin 'yancin motsi, gami da' yancin mutane su zaɓi mazauninsu, su bar kuma su koma ƙasa.[9] Wadannan hakkoki suna aiki ga baƙi na doka da kuma 'yan ƙasa na wata jiha, kuma ana iya ƙuntata su ne kawai inda ya cancanta don kare tsaron ƙasa, tsarin jama'a ko kiwon lafiya, da haƙƙoƙi da' yanci na wasu.[10] Labarin ya kuma amince da haƙƙin mutane su shiga ƙasarsu: haƙƙin dawowa. Kwamitin Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ya fassara wannan haƙƙin gabaɗaya kamar yadda ya shafi ba kawai ga 'yan ƙasa ba, har ma da waɗanda aka ƙwace ko aka hana su' yan ƙasa.[10] Har ila yau, suna ɗaukar shi kusan cikakke; "akwai kaɗan, idan akwai, yanayin da hana haƙƙin shiga ƙasar mutum zai iya zama mai ma'ana".[10]

Mataki na 13 ya haramta fitar da baƙi mazauna kuma yana buƙatar irin waɗannan yanke shawara don a iya daukaka kara da sake dubawa.

Mataki na 17 ya ba da umarnin haƙƙin sirri. Wannan tanadin, musamman Mataki na 17 (1), yana kare ayyukan jima'i na manya masu zaman kansu, don haka ya soke haramtacciyar haramtacciya kan halayyar ɗan luwaɗi, [11] duk da haka, kalmomin wannan alkawarin auren (Mataki na 23) ya cire ƙaddamar da haƙƙin auren jinsi ɗaya daga wannan tanadin.[12] Mataki na 17 kuma yana kare mutane daga hare-hare ba bisa ka'ida ba ga mutuncin su da sunansu. Mataki na 17 (2) ya ba da kariya ga doka daga irin waɗannan hare-haren.[13]

Mataki na 18 ya ba da umarnin 'yancin addini ko imani.

Mataki na 19 ya ba da izinin 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki.

Mataki na 20 ya ba da izini ga takunkumi game da tayar da yaki da ƙiyayya.

Mataki na 21 ya ba da izinin 'yancin taro kuma 22 ya ba da' yancin tarayya. Wadannan tanadi sun tabbatar da 'yancin tarayya, 'yancin kungiyoyin kwadago kuma sun bayyana Kungiyar Kwadago ta Duniya.

Mataki na 23 ya ba da umarnin haƙƙin aure. Kalmomin wannan tanadin ba sa buƙatar ko hana auren jinsi ɗaya.[14]

Mataki na 24 ya ba da umarnin kariya ta musamman, haƙƙin suna, da haƙƙin ƙasa ga kowane yaro.

Mataki na 27 ya ba da umarnin haƙƙin kabilanci, addini da ƙarancin harshe don jin daɗin al'adunsu, don bayyana addininsu, da kuma amfani da yarensu.

'Yancin siyasa

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Sabanin haka, Mataki na 26 ya ƙunshi ka'idar juyin juya hali ta hanyar samar da ka'idar daidaito mai cin gashin kanta wanda ba ya dogara da wani haƙƙi a ƙarƙashin yarjejeniyar da aka keta. Wannan yana da tasirin fadada ikon ka'idar rashin nuna bambanci fiye da ikon ICCPR.

Dokokin zaɓi

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Akwai Dokokin Zaɓuɓɓuka guda biyu ga Alkawari. Yarjejeniyar Zaɓin Farko ta kafa tsarin korafe-korafe na mutum, yana bawa mutane damar yin korafi ga Kwamitin Kare Hakkin Dan Adam game da keta Alkawari. Wannan ya haifar da kirkirar shari'a mai rikitarwa game da fassarar da aiwatar da Alkawari. Ya zuwa watan Satumbar , Yarjejeniyar Zaɓin Farko tana da jam'iyyun 116.[15]

Yarjejeniyar Zaɓuɓɓuka ta Biyu ta soke hukuncin kisa; duk da haka, an ba ƙasashe izinin yin ajiya wanda ke ba da izinin amfani da hukuncin kisa ga manyan laifuka na yanayin soja, waɗanda aka aikata a lokacin yaƙi. Ya zuwa watan Yunin , Yarjejeniyar Zaɓuɓɓuka ta Biyu tana da jam'iyyu 90.[15]

Jam'iyyun da yawa sun yi ajiya da kuma fassarar fassarar aikace-aikacen Alkawari.[16]

Ostiraliya ta ajiye haƙƙin ci gaba da aiwatar da ka'idodin kurkuku na Mataki na 10, don biyan diyya ga rashin adalci ta hanyar gudanarwa maimakon ta hanyar kotuna, kuma ta fassara haramtacciyar haramtacciya kan tayar da launin fata a matsayin abin da ke ƙarƙashin 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki, ƙungiya da taro. Har ila yau, ya bayyana cewa za a aiwatar da shi a kowane matakin tsarin tarayya.[17]

Austria ta tanadi haƙƙin ci gaba da yin gudun hijira ga membobin Gidan Habsburg, kuma tana iyakance haƙƙin wanda ake tuhuma da haƙƙin shari'a mai kyau ga waɗanda suka riga sun kasance a cikin tsarin shari'arta.[17]

Bahamas, saboda matsalolin aiwatarwa, tana da damar kada ta biya bashin zubar da ciki na adalci.[17]

Bangladesh ta tanadi 'yancin shari'ar mutane ba tare da shi ba inda suke 'yan gudun hijira daga adalci kuma ta bayyana cewa ƙuntatawa na albarkatu yana nufin cewa ba za ta iya raba kurkuku ba ko ba da shawara ga mutanen da ake tuhuma.[17]

Barbados ta tanadi 'yancin kada ta ba da shawara kyauta ga mutanen da ake tuhuma saboda ƙuntatawa na albarkatu.[17]

Belgium tana fassara 'yancin magana, taro da haɗin kai a hanyar da ta dace da Yarjejeniyar Turai kan 'Yancin Dan Adam. Ba ta dauki kanta a matsayin tilastawa ta haramta farfagandar yaki kamar yadda Mataki na 20 ya buƙaci, kuma tana fassara wannan labarin a cikin hasken 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki a cikin UDHR. [17]

Belize ta tanadi haƙƙin kada ta biya bashin zubar da ciki na adalci, saboda matsalolin aiwatarwa, kuma ba ta shirya samar da lauya kyauta saboda dalilai iri ɗaya da ke sama. Har ila yau, ya ki tabbatar da haƙƙin tafiye-tafiye kyauta a kowane lokaci, saboda dokar da ke buƙatar waɗanda ke tafiya zuwa ƙasashen waje su samar da takaddun shaida na haraji.[17]

Kongo, kamar yadda Dokar Jama'a, Kasuwanci, Gudanarwa da Tsarin Kudi ta Kongo, a cikin al'amuran doka mai zaman kanta, yanke shawara ko umarni da ke fitowa daga ayyukan sulhu za a iya aiwatar da su ta hanyar ɗaurewa don bashin.[17]

Denmark ta tanada haƙƙin ware manema labarai da jama'a daga gwaji kamar yadda dokokinta suka tanada. An ci gaba da ajiyewa zuwa Mataki na 20, sakin layi na 1. Wannan ajiyar ta yi daidai da kuri'un da Denmark ta jefa a cikin Babban Taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na XVI a 1961 lokacin da Wakilan Denmark, suna magana game da labarin da ya gabata game da 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki, suka kada kuri'a a kan haramtacciyar farfaganda don yaki.

Pakistan, ta yi ajiya da yawa ga sassan da ke cikin yarjejeniyar; "za a yi amfani da tanadin Mataki na 3, 6, 7, 18 da 19 har zuwa inda ba su da ƙiyayya ga tanadin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Pakistan da dokokin Shari'a", "za a aiwatar da tanadin Sashe na 12 don ya dace da tanadin Kungiyar Pakistan", "Gwamnati ta Jamhuriyar Musulunci ta Pakistan ba ta da haƙƙantar da ita ga Dokar Kundin Tsarin Kundin Tsarin Gida ta 40 ba".

Amurka ta yi ajiyar cewa babu wani sashi da ya kamata ya ƙuntata haƙƙin 'yancin magana da haɗin kai; cewa gwamnatin Amurka na biyar sanya hukuncin kisa ga kowane mutum banda mace mai ciki, gami da mutanen da ba su kai shekara 18 ba; cewa "mummunan, rashin mutunci da kuma wulakanci ko hukunci" yana nufin waɗancan jiyya ko azabtarwa da aka haramta ta ɗaya ko fiye daga cikin biyar,na takwas, na goma sha huɗu ga Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Amurka; cewa sashi na uku na Sashe na Mataki na 15 ba zai iya amfani da sakin layi na gaba na gaba na 3 ba; kuma ba tare da sakin layi ba. Har ila yau, Amurka ta gabatar da "magana" guda biyar, da kuma "bayyanawa" guda huɗu.[18]

Aiwatarwa da tasirin

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa kan 'Yancin Bil'adama da Siyasa tana da jam'iyyun jihohi 167, 67 ta hanyar sa hannu da tabbatarwa, kuma sauran ta hanyar shiga ko maye gurbin. Sauran jihohi biyar sun sanya hannu amma har yanzu ba su tabbatar da yarjejeniyar ba.

Dangane da binciken 2013, ICCPR ta inganta ayyukan haƙƙin ɗan adam sosai a kan batutuwan da farashin samar da shaida da ka'idojin hujja suke da ƙarancin tasiri ga wuraren da aka ba da izini inda shaidar da doka ta dace take da tsada don samarwa kuma ka'idodin hujja suna da yawa. Wannan yana nufin cewa ICCPR ta " inganta girmamawar gwamnatoci ga 'yancin magana, ƙungiya, taro, da addini" amma ba ta da tasiri sosai game da haƙƙin mutunci.[19]

Ostiraliya

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Alkawarin ba za a iya aiwatar da shi kai tsaye a Ostiraliya ba, amma tanadinta suna tallafawa dokokin cikin gida da yawa, waɗanda ke ba da haƙƙoƙin da za a iya aiwatarwa ga mutane. Misali, Mataki na 17 na yarjejeniyar an aiwatar da shi ta hanyar Dokar Tsaro ta Australiya ta 1988. Hakazalika, tanadin daidaito da hana nuna bambanci na Alkawari na Tarayya ya goyi bayan Dokar Nuna Bambanci ga nakasassu ta 1992. A ƙarshe, Alkawari yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan tushen 'yancin ɗan adam' da aka jera a cikin Dokar 'Yancin Dan Adam (Binciken Majalisar Dokoki) ta 2011. Wannan dokar tana buƙatar mafi yawan sabbin dokoki da kayan aikin gudanarwa (kamar dokokin wakilai / masu ƙasƙanci) da za a gabatar a majalisa tare da wata sanarwa da ke nuna daidaituwa da dokar da aka gabatar tare da haƙƙin ɗan adam da aka jera Kwamitin hadin gwiwa kan haƙƙin ɗanɗano yana bincika duk sabbin dokokin da maganganun jituwa. Binciken kwamitin hadin gwiwa ba shi da bin doka.

Dokar ta kuma kafa Hukumar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Australiya wacce ke ba da damar Hukumar Kare Hakkan Dan Adam ta Australia (AHRC) don bincika dokokin da aka kafa (don ba da shawarar gyaran gyare-gyare ), gwamnatinta (don ba le shawarar guje wa ayyuka ) da kuma bin doka gaba ɗaya tare da alkawarin da aka tsara ga dokar AHRC.[20]

A Victoria da Babban Birnin Australiya, mai shigar da kara ko wanda ake tuhuma wanda ke kiran takardun haƙƙin ɗan adam na waɗannan hukuma na iya amfani da yarjejeniyar. Duk da yake ba za a iya amfani da Yarjejeniyar don soke dokar Victorian ko ACT ba, Kotun na iya ba da 'bayyanawar rashin daidaituwa' wanda ke buƙatar Babban Lauyan da ya dace ya amsa a Majalisar a cikin wani lokaci.[22] Kotuna a Victoria da ACT suma ana ba da umarni ta hanyar doka don fassara doka ta hanyar ba da tasiri ga haƙƙin ɗan adam, kuma sabbin dokoki da ƙananan dokoki dole ne su kasance tare da sanarwa na jituwa.[21][23] Kokarin aiwatar da irin wannan Yarjejeniya a matakin kasa ya gaza kuma Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Ostiraliya na iya hana ba da ikon 'bayyanawa' ga alƙalai na tarayya.[24]

Ireland

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Amfani da Ireland na Kotun hukunta manyan laifuka na musamman inda alƙalai suka maye gurbin juriya da sauran hanyoyin da ake amfani da su na musamman an gano cewa ba su keta yarjejeniyar ba: "A ra'ayin Kwamitin, shari'a a gaban kotuna ban da kotuna na yau da kullun ba lallai ba ne, a kanta, keta haƙƙin sauraron adalci kuma gaskiyar shari'ar yanzu ba ta nuna cewa an yi irin wannan keta doka ba".

New Zealand

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

New Zealand ta dauki matakai don ba da tasiri ga yawancin haƙƙoƙin da ke ciki ta hanyar wucewa Dokar 'Yancin New Zealand a cikin 1990, kuma a hukumance ta haɗa matsayin mai kariya a cikin doka ta hanyar wucewar Dokar Shige da Fice ta 2009. [25]

Sri Lanka

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

An kama marubucin Sri Lanka Shakthika Sathkumara a ranar 1 ga Afrilu 2019 don tayar da tashin hankali na addini, bayan wallafa wani ɗan gajeren labari game da luwadi da cin zarafin yara a haikalin Buddha a Sri Lanka. An yi la'akari da marubucin mafi kyawun ɗan gajeren labari na Harshen Sinhala a cikin bukukuwan wallafe-wallafen matasa na Sri Lanka na 2010 da 2014, kuma ya kasance sau biyu mai karɓar lambar yabo ta wallafe-walfen lardin arewa maso yamma. Wani rukuni na 'yan addinin Buddha sun mamaye wurin aiki na marubucin suna neman a hukunta shi bayan labarin ya fara bayyana a Facebook; ICCPR ta haramta "tabbatar da ƙiyayya ta ƙasa, launin fata ko addini wanda ya zama karfafawa ga nuna bambanci, ƙiyayya ko tashin hankali". Kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam Civicus da Hukumar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Asiya (AHRC) sun tabbatar da cewa tuhumar ba gaskiya ba ne kuma a bayyane take take hakkin marubucin 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki.

Amurka

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Tsayawa, fahimta, da kuma sanarwa

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Majalisar Dattijai ta Amurka ta tabbatar da ICCPR a shekarar 1992, tare da ajiya biyar, fahimta biyar, da sanarwa huɗu.[18] Wasu sun lura cewa tare da ajiya da yawa, aiwatar da shi ba shi da tasiri a cikin gida, kodayake an yi jayayya cewa dalilin da ke bayan ajiyar Majalisar Dattijai shine cewa Mataki na 20 (2) (game da maganganun ƙiyayya) na ICCPR na iya zama ba bisa ga tsarin mulki ba bisa ga abin da Kotun Koli ta gabata. [26][27] An haɗa shi a cikin tabbatarwar Majalisar Dattijai shine sanarwar cewa "tsarin Mataki na 1 zuwa 27 na Alkawari ba ya aiwatar da kansa", kuma Rahoton Zartarwa na Majalisar Dattijai ya bayyana cewa sanarwar tana nufin "bayyana cewa Alkawariwar ba za ta haifar da wani dalili na sirri a Kotunan Amurka ba".

Inda yarjejeniya ko alkawari ba ta aiwatar da kanta ba, kuma inda Majalisa ba ta yi aiki don aiwatar da yarjejeniyar tare da doka ba, babu wani haƙƙin sirri na aiki a cikin tsarin shari'a na Amurka da aka kirkira ta hanyar tabbatarwa.[1] Koyaya, ajiyar da ba ta dace da abu da manufar ba" na yarjejeniya ba ta da amfani a matsayin batun Yarjejeniyar Vienna kan Dokar Yarjejeniya da dokar kasa da kasa, kuma akwai tambaya game da ko sanarwar da ba ta cika kai ba ta tsarin mulki ce a ƙarƙashin Ma'anar Mafi Girma (Prof. Louis Henkin ya yi jayayya cewa ba ta da ). Farfesa Jordan Paust ya soki amincewar Amurka game da sanarwar da ba ta aiwatar da kai ba a matsayin cin zarafin yarjejeniyar.

Sashe na Alkawari

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
State party Signed Ratified or acceded Entry into force
 Afghanistan — 24 January 1983 24 April 1983
 Albania — 4 October 1991 4 January 1992
 Algeria 10 December 1968 12 September 1989 12 December 1989
Andorra 5 August 2002 22 September 2006 22 December 2006
 Angola — 10 January 1992 10 April 1992
 Antigua and Barbuda — 3 July 2019 3 November 2019
 Argentina 18 February 1968 8 August 1986 8 November 1986
 Armenia — 23 June 1993 23 September 1993
 Australia 18 December 1972 13 August 1980 13 November 1980
 Austria 10 December 1973 10 September 1978 10 December 1978
 Azerbaijan — 13 August 1992 13 November 1992
Samfuri:Country data Bahamas, The 4 December 2008 23 December 2008 23 March 2009
 Bahrain — 20 September 2006 20 December 2006
 Bangladesh — 6 September 2000 6 December 2000
 Barbados — 5 January 1973 23 March 1976
 Belarus 19 March 1968 12 November 1973 23 March 1976
 Belgium 10 December 1968 12 April 1983 12 July 1983
 Belize — 10 June 1996 10 September 1996
 Benin — 12 March 1992 12 June 1992
 Bolivia — 12 August 1982 12 November 1982
Herzegovina[lower-alpha 1] — 1 September 1993 6 March 1992
 Botswana 8 September 2000 8 September 2000 8 December 2000
 Brazil — 24 January 1992 24 April 1992
 Bulgaria 8 October 1968 21 September 1970 23 March 1976
 Burkina Faso — 4 January 1999 4 April 1999
 Burundi — 8 May 1990 8 August 1990
Kambodiya[lower-alpha 2] 17 October 1980 26 May 1992 26 August 1992
 Cameroon — 27 January 1984 27 April 1984
 Canada — 19 May 1976 19 August 1976
Cabo Verde — 6 August 1993 6 November 1993
Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya — 8 May 1981 8 August 1981
Cadi — 9 June 1995 9 September 1995
 Chile 16 September 1969 10 February 1972 23 March 1976
Kolombiya 21 December 1966 29 October 1969 23 March 1976
Jamhuriyar dimokuradiyya Kwango — 1 November 1976 1 February 1977
Samfuri:Country data Congo, Republic of the — 5 October 1983 5 January 1984
 Costa Rica 19 December 1966 29 November 1968 23 March 1976
 Côte d'Ivoire — 26 March 1992 26 June 1992
Kroatiya[C] — 12 October 1992 12 January 1993
 Cyprus 19 December 1966 2 April 1969 23 March 1976
 Czech Republic[lower-alpha 3] — 22 February 1993 1 January 1993
 Denmark 20 March 1968 6 January 1972 23 March 1976
Jibuti — 5 November 2002 5 February 2003
 Dominica — 17 June 1993 17 September 1993
 Dominican Republic — 4 January 1978 4 April 1978
Timor-Leste — 18 September 2003 18 December 2003
 Ecuador 4 April 1968 6 March 1969 23 March 1976
 Egypt 4 August 1967 14 January 1982 14 April 1982
 El Salvador 21 September 1967 30 November 1979 29 February 1980
Gini Ikwatoriya — 25 September 1987 25 December 1987
 Eritrea — 22 January 2002 22 April 2002
Istoniya — 21 October 1991 21 January 1992
 Ethiopia — 11 June 1993 11 September 1993
 Fiji — 16 August 2018 16 November 2018
 Finland 11 October 1967 19 August 1975 23 March 1976
 France — 4 November 1980 4 February 1981
Gabon — 21 January 1983 21 April 1983
Samfuri:Country data Gambia, The — 22 March 1979 22 June 1979
{{country data Georgia}} — 3 May 1994 3 August 1994
 Germany[lower-alpha 4] 9 October 1968 17 December 1973 23 March 1976
 Ghana 7 September 2000 7 September 2000 7 December 2000
 Greece — 5 May 1997 5 August 1997
 Grenada — 6 September 1991 6 December 1991
 Guatemala — 5 May 1992 5 August 1992
Gine 28 February 1967 24 January 1978 24 April 1978
Guinea-Bissau 12 September 2000 1 November 2010 1 February 2011
 Guyana 22 August 1968 15 February 1977 15 May 1977
 Haiti — 6 February 1991 6 May 1991
 Honduras 19 December 1966 25 August 1997 25 November 1997
 Hungary 25 March 1969 17 January 1974 23 March 1976
 Iceland 30 December 1968 22 August 1979 22 November 1979
 India — 10 April 1979 10 July 1979
Indonesiya — 23 February 2006 23 May 2006
 Iran 4 April 1968 24 June 1975 23 March 1976
 Iraq 18 February 1969 25 January 1971 23 March 1976
Ireland 1 October 1973 8 December 1989 8 March 1990
Isra'ila 19 December 1966 3 October 1991 3 January 1992
 Italy 18 January 1967 15 September 1978 15 December 1978
 Jamaica 19 December 1966 3 October 1975 23 March 1976
 Japan 30 May 1978 21 June 1979 21 September 1979
 Jordan 30 June 1972 28 May 1975 23 March 1976
Kazakystan 2 December 2003 24 January 2006 24 April 2006
 Kenya — 1 May 1972 23 March 1976
Samfuri:Country data Korea, North[lower-alpha 5] — 14 September 1981 14 December 1981
Samfuri:Country data Korea, South — 10 April 1990 10 July 1990
 Kuwait — 21 May 1996 21 August 1996
Kyrgystan — 7 October 1994 7 January 1995
 Laos 7 December 2000 25 September 2009 25 December 2009
 Latvia — 14 April 1992 14 July 1992
 Lebanon — 3 November 1972 23 March 1976
 Lesotho — 9 September 1992 9 December 1992
Laberiya 18 April 1967 22 September 2004 22 December 2004
 Libya — 15 May 1970 23 March 1976
Liechtenstein — 10 December 1998 10 March 1999
 Lithuania — 20 November 1991 10 February 1992
 Luxembourg 26 November 1974 18 August 1983 18 November 1983
Masadoiniya ta Arewa[C] — 18 January 1994 17 September 1991
Madagaskar 17 September 1969 21 June 1971 23 March 1976
 Malawi — 22 December 1993 22 March 1994
 Maldives — 19 September 2006 19 December 2006
 Mali — 16 July 1974 23 March 1976
 Malta — 13 September 1990 13 December 1990
Tsibiran Mashal — 12 March 2018 12 June 2018
Muritaniya — 17 November 2004 17 February 2005
Moris — 12 December 1973 23 March 1976
 Mexico — 23 March 1981 23 June 1981
 Moldova — 26 January 1993 26 April 1993
Monaco 26 June 1997 28 August 1997 28 November 1997
Mangolia 5 June 1968 18 November 1974 23 March 1976
 Montenegro[C] — 23 October 2006 3 June 2006
 Morocco 19 January 1977 3 May 1979 3 August 1979
Mozambik — 21 July 1993 21 October 1993
Namibiya — 28 November 1994 28 February 1995
 Nepal — 14 May 1991 14 August 1991
{{country data Kingdom of the Netherlands}} 25 June 1969 11 December 1978 11 March 1979
 New Zealand 12 November 1968 28 December 1978 28 March 1979
 Nicaragua — 12 March 1980 12 June 1980
Nijar — 7 March 1986 7 June 1986
 Nigeria — 29 July 1993 29 October 1993
 Norway 20 March 1968 13 September 1972 23 March 1976
 Pakistan 17 April 2008 23 June 2010 23 September 2010
State of Palestine — 2 April 2014 2 July 2014
 Panama 27 July 1976 8 March 1977 8 June 1977
Sabuwar Gini Papuwa — 21 July 2008 21 October 2008
 Paraguay — 10 June 1992 10 September 1992
 Peru 11 August 1977 28 April 1978 28 July 1978
Filipin 19 December 1966 23 October 1986 23 January 1987
 Poland 2 March 1967 18 March 1977 18 June 1977
 Portugal[lower-alpha 6] 7 October 1976 15 June 1978 15 September 1978
 Qatar — 21 May 2018 21 August 2018
 Romania 27 June 1968 9 December 1974 23 March 1976
 Russia 18 March 1968 16 October 1973 23 March 1976
Ruwanda — 16 April 1975 23 March 1976
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines (en) Fassara — 9 November 1981 9 February 1981
 Samoa — 15 February 2008 15 May 2008
San Marino — 18 October 1985 18 January 1986
Sao Tome da Prinsipe 31 October 1995 10 January 2017 10 April 2017
 Senegal 6 July 1970 13 February 1978 13 May 1978
Serbiya[C] — 12 March 2001 27 April 1992
 Seychelles — 5 May 1992 5 August 1992
Saliyo — 23 August 1996 23 November 1996
Slofakiya[E] — 28 May 1993 1 January 1993
Sloveniya[C] — 6 July 1992 6 October 1992
Somaliya — 24 January 1990 24 April 1990
 South Africa 3 October 1994 10 December 1998 10 March 1999
Sudan ta Kudu — 5 February 2024 5 May 2024
 Spain 28 September 1976 27 April 1977 27 July 1977
 Sri Lanka — 11 June 1980 11 September 1980
Sudan — 18 March 1986 18 June 1986
 Suriname — 28 December 1976 28 March 1977
Eswatini — 26 March 2004 26 June 2004
 Sweden 29 September 1967 6 December 1971 23 March 1976
 Switzerland — 18 June 1992 18 September 1992
 Syria — 21 April 1969 23 March 1976
 Tajikistan — 4 January 1999 4 April 1999
 Tanzania — 11 June 1976 11 September 1976
Thailand — 29 October 1996 29 January 1997
 Togo — 24 May 1984 24 August 1984
 Trinidad and Tobago — 21 December 1978 21 March 1979
 Tunisia 30 April 1968 18 March 1969 23 March 1976
 Turkey 15 August 2000 23 September 2003 23 December 2003
 Turkmenistan — 1 May 1997 1 August 1997
 Uganda — 21 June 1995 21 September 1995
 Ukraine 20 March 1968 12 November 1973 23 March 1976
 United Kingdom[lower-alpha 7] 16 September 1968 20 May 1976 20 August 1976
 United States 5 October 1977 8 June 1992 8 September 1992
 Uruguay 21 February 1967 21 May 1967 23 March 1976
 Uzbekistan — 28 September 1995 28 December 1995
 Vanuatu 29 November 2007 21 November 2008 21 February 2009
 Venezuela 24 June 1969 10 May 1978 10 August 1978
 Vietnam — 24 September 1982 24 December 1982
 Yemen — 9 February 1987 9 May 1987
Zambiya — 10 April 1984 10 July 1984
 Zimbabwe — 13 May 1991 13 August 1991

Dubi kuma

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  • Kwamitin Kare Hakkin Dan Adam na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya
  • Majalisar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya
  • Jerin yankunan da ba su da ikon cin gashin kansu
  • Ƙaddamarwar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya 66 (I)
  • Ƙaddamarwar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta 1514 (XV)
  • Ƙaddamarwar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta 1541 (XV)
  • Ƙaddamarwar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta 1654 (XVI)
  1. ↑  Yugoslavia signed the Covenant on 8 August 1967 and ratified it on 2 June 1971; it entered into force for Yugoslavia on 23 March 1976. Following the breakup of Yugoslavia, the following states located in the former Yugoslavia made declarations regarding that status of the Covenant with regard to themselves:
    • Herzegovina – On 1 September 1993, it declared that the Covenant was in force for it since 6 March 1992.
    • Serbia and Montenegro (en) Fassara – On 12 March 2001, it declared that the Covenant was in force for it since 27 April 1992. On 4 February 2003, the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia changed its name to Serbia and Montenegro, and on 3 June 2006 Serbiya succeeded Serbia and Montenegro. Therefore, for Serbia, the Covenant has retroactively been in force since 27 April 1992.
    • Masadoiniya ta Arewa – On 18 January 1994, it declared that the Covenant was in force for it since 17 September 1991.
    •  Montenegro – On 23 October 2006, it declared that the Covenant was in force for it since 3 June 2006.
  2. ↑ Although Cambodia signed the Covenant when it was known as Democratic Kampuchea, it filed an instrument of accession, not ratification, on 26 May 1992.
  3. ↑  Czechoslovakia signed the Covenant on 7 October 1968 and ratified it on 23 December 1975; it entered into force for Czechoslovakia on 23 March 1976. Following the dissolution of Czechoslovakia, the  Czech Republic declared on 22 February 1993 that the Covenant was in force for it since 1 January 1993 and Slofakiya declared on 28 May 1993 that the Covenant was also in force for it since 1 January 1993.
  4. ↑  East Germany signed the Covenant on 23 March 1973 and ratified it on 8 November 1973; it entered into force for East Germany on 23 March 1976. Following the reunification of Germany on 3 October 1990, East Germany ceased to exist.
  5. ↑ On 25 August 1997, North Korea notified the Secretary-General of the United Nations that it was withdrawing from the Covenant. However, the Secretary-General still considers North Korea a state party to the Covenant because the Covenant does not allow for withdrawal and therefore withdrawal would only be possible if all other states parties allowed it, which has not occurred.
  6. ↑ Portugal extended the territorial application of the Covenant to Macau on 27 April 1993. On 3 December 1999, China notified the Secretary-General of the United Nations that the Covenant would still be in force for Macau following the transfer of sovereignty on 20 December 1999.
  7. ↑ Both China and the United Kingdom notified the Secretary-General that the Covenant would continue to remain in force for Hong Kong upon transfer of sovereignty on 1 July 1997.

Manazarta

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  1. ↑ name="reservations">"UN Treaty Collection - International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights". Status of ratification
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 "Fact Sheet No.2 (Rev.1), The International Bill of Human Rights". UN OHCHR. June 1996. Archived from the original on 13 March 2008. Retrieved 2008-06-02.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Christopher N.J.Roberts. "William H. Fitzpatrick's Editorials on Human Rights (1949)". Quellen zur Geschichte der Menschenrechte. Retrieved 4 November 2017.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 "CCPR General Comment No. 6: The right to life". UN OHCHR. 30 April 1982. Retrieved 2010-10-10.
  5. ↑ "CCPR General Comment No. 20: Replaces general comment 7 concerning prohibition of torture and cruel treatment or punishment". UN OHCHR. 10 March 1992. Retrieved 2010-10-10.
  6. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Art7
  7. ↑ "CCPR General Comment No. 08: Right to liberty and security of persons". UN OHCHR. 30 June 1982. Retrieved 2010-10-10.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 "General Comment No. 21: Replaces general comment 9 concerning humane treatment of persons deprived of liberty". UN OHCHR. 10 April 1992. Retrieved 2010-10-10.
  9. ↑ "International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights". www.ohchr.org.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 "CCPR: General Comment No. 27: Freedom of movement". UN OHCHR. 2 November 1999. Retrieved 2010-10-10.
  11. ↑ "Toonen v Australia Communication No. 488/1992 (1994) U.N. Doc CCPR/C/50/D/488/1992 at [8.1–8.6]".
  12. ↑ "Joslin v New Zealand (2002) Comm. No. 902/1999 U.N. Doc. A/57/40 at 214 (2002) at [Appendix (My Lallah & Mr Scheinen)]".
  13. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Art17
  14. ↑ Joslin v New Zealand (2002) Comm. No. 902/1999 U.N. Doc. A/57/40 at 214 (2002) at [8.2–9.0(majority)] & [1(Lallah & Scheinen JJ] "Joslin v New Zealand (2002) Comm. No. 902/1999 U.N. Doc. A/57/40 at 214 (2002)".
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 "OHCHR Dashboard". United Nations. Retrieved 2019-11-25.
  16. ↑ "United Nations Treaty Collection". un.org.
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 17.2 17.3 17.4 17.5 17.6 17.7 "UN Treaty Collection - International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights". Status of ratification
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 "U.S. reservations, declarations, and understandings, International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 138 Cong. Rec. S4781-01". University of Minnesota Human Rights Library. 1992-04-02. Retrieved 2020-09-10."U.S. reservations, declarations, and understandings, International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 138 Cong. Rec. S4781-01". Minnesota: University of Minnesota Human Rights Library. 2 April 1992. Retrieved 10 September 2020. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "umn-hrlibrary" defined multiple times with different content
  19. ↑ Lupu, Yonatan (2013). "Best Evidence: The Role of Information in Domestic Judicial Enforcement of International Human Rights Agreements". International Organization (in Turanci). 67 (3): 469–503. doi:10.1017/S002081831300012X. ISSN 0020-8183. S2CID 15372366. Archived from the original on 20 August 2022. Retrieved 20 August 2022.CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link)
  20. ↑ "Australian Human Rights Commission Act 1986 (Cth), schedule 2".
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 21.2 "Human Rights Act 2004 (ACT)" (PDF). legislation.act.gov.au.
  22. ↑ For example, Part 4, Human Rights Act 2004 (ACT).[21]
  23. ↑ For example, Part 4, Human Rights Act 2004 (ACT).[21]
  24. ↑ Vines, Timothy; Faunce, Thomas Alured (2012). "A Bad Trip for Health-Related Human Rights: Implications of Momcilovic v the Queen (2011) 85 ALJR 957". Journal of Law and Medicine (in Turanci). Rochester, NY. 19 (4): 685–98. PMID 22908613. SSRN 2257114.
  25. ↑ "Immigration Act 2009 No 51 (as at 06 May 2016), Public Act Part 5 Refugee and protection status determinations – New Zealand Legislation".
  26. ↑ Black, Allinda; Hopkins, June, eds. (2003). "Covenant on Civil and Political Rights". The Eleanor Roosevelt Papers. Eleanor Roosevelt National Historic Site. Retrieved 21 February 2009.
  27. ↑ (Péter ed.). Missing or empty |title= (help)
Daga "https://ha.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yarjejeniyar_Kasa_da_Kasa_kan_%27Yancin_Bil%27adama_da_Siyasa&oldid=688208"