Yarjejeniyar Kyoto da ayyukan gwamnati

Yarjejeniyar Kyoto da ayyukan gwamnati
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Yarjejeniyar Kyoto yarjejeniya ce ta kasa da kasa wacce ta tsawaita Yarjejeniyar Tsarin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta 1992 kan Canjin Yanayi . Gwamnatoci da yawa a duk faɗin duniya sun ɗauki matakai daban-daban.

Ƙaddamarwa ta I

Gabaɗaya, Ƙungiyoyin Ƙaddamarwa na I sun gudanar da raguwar kashi 3.3% a cikin iskar gas (GHG) tsakanin 1990 da 2004 (UNFCCC, 2007, shafi na 11). A cikin shekara ta 2007, tsinkaye sun nuna karuwar hayaki na kashi 4.2% tsakanin 1990 da 2010. Wannan tsinkaye ya ɗauka cewa ba za a dauki wani mataki na ragewa ba. Ragewa a cikin shekarun 1990s ya haifar da sake fasalin tattalin arziki a cikin tattalin arzikin da ke cikin canji (EITs. Duba Kyoto Protocol § Intergovernmental Emissions Trading for the list of EITs). Rage fitarwa a cikin EITs ba shi da alaƙa da manufofin canjin yanayi (Carbon Trust, 2009, shafi na 24). Wasu raguwa a cikin hayaki na Annex I sun faru ne saboda matakan manufofi, kamar inganta ingancin makamashi (UNFCCC, 2007, shafi na 11).   

Ostiraliya

A kan canjin gwamnati bayan zaben a watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2007, Firayim Minista Kevin Rudd ya sanya hannu kan tabbatarwar nan da nan bayan ya hau mulki a ranar 3 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 2007. Ya fara aiki a watan Maris na shekara ta 2008. Manufar Ostiraliya ita ce ta iyakance hayakin ta zuwa 8% sama da matakin 1990 a lokacin 2008-2012, watau, matsakaicin hayakin su a lokacin 2008-2012 ya kamata a kiyaye su ƙasa da 108% na matakin 1990 (IEA, 2005, shafi na 51). A cewar gwamnatin Australiya, ya kamata Ostiraliya ta cika burinta na Kyoto (IEA, 2005, shafi na 56; DCCEE, 2010).   

Lokacin da yake cikin adawa, Rudd ya ba da umarni ga Ross Garnaut don bayar da rahoto game da tasirin tattalin arziki na rage hayakin gas. An gabatar da rahoton ga Gwamnatin Australiya a ranar 30 ga Satumba 2008.

Manufofin gwamnatin Rudd sun bambanta da na tsohuwar gwamnatin Australiya, wacce ta ki amincewa da yarjejeniyar a kan cewa bin yarjejeniyar zai zama mai tsada.

Manufofin

Matsayin Ostiraliya, a karkashin Firayim Minista John Howard, shi ne cewa ba ta da niyyar tabbatar da yarjejeniyar (IEA, 2005, shafi na 51). Dalilin wannan shine cewa: 

• yarjejeniyar ba ta rufe kashi 70% na hayaki na duniya ba;
• Kasashe masu tasowa an cire su daga iyakancewar fitarwa.
• kuma mafi girma a lokacin GHG mai ba da izini, Amurka, ba ta tabbatar da yarjejeniyar ba.

Gwamnatin Howard ta yi niyyar cika burinta na Kyoto, amma ba tare da tabbatarwa ba (IEA, 2005, shafi na 51). 

A matsayin wani ɓangare na kasafin kuɗi na shekara ta 2004, an sadaukar da dala biliyan 1.8 ga dabarun canjin yanayi. An yi amfani da dala miliyan 700 zuwa ga fasahar fitarwa mai ƙarancin iska (IEA, 2005, shafi na 56). Gwamnatin Howard, tare da Amurka, sun amince da sanya hannu kan Haɗin gwiwar Asiya ta Pacific kan Ci Gaban Tsabtace da Yanayi a taron yanki na ASEAN a ranar 28 ga Yuli 2005. Bugu da ƙari, jihar New South Wales (NSW) ta fara shirin rage iskar gas ta NSW. Wannan makircin tilas na cinikin hayaki na gas ya fara ne a ranar 1 ga Janairun 2003 kuma a halin yanzu gwamnatin jihar a NSW kadai tana cikin gwaji. Musamman, wannan makircin yana bawa masu ba da takardar shaidar izini damar cinikin hayaki daga gidaje a cikin jihar. Ya zuwa shekara ta 2006, shirin har yanzu yana nan duk da cewa Firayim Minista mai barin gado ya kori kasuwancin hayaki a matsayin mafita mai inganci ga canjin yanayi.

Biye da misalin NSW, an kafa tsarin kasuwancin hayaki na kasa (NETS) a matsayin wani shiri na gwamnatocin jihohi da yankuna na Ostiraliya, dukansu suna da gwamnatocin Jam'iyyar Labor, sai dai Yammacin Ostiraliya. Manufar NETS ita ce ta kafa tsarin kasuwancin carbon na cikin Australiya don daidaita manufofi tsakanin yankuna. Kamar yadda Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Ostiraliya ba ya nufin musamman ga al'amuran muhalli (ban da ruwa), za a warware rarraba alhakin a matakin siyasa. A cikin shekaru masu zuwa na gwamnatin Howard (1996-2007), jihohin da Labor ke jagoranta sun dauki matakai don kafa NETS (a) don daukar mataki a fagen da akwai matakai kaɗan na tarayya da (b) a matsayin hanyar sauƙaƙe tabbatar da Yarjejeniyar Kyoto ta gwamnatin Labor mai shigowa.

A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2009, Kevin Rudd ya jinkirta kuma ya canza tsarin rage gurɓataccen carbon:

• shirin zai fara ne a cikin 2011/2012, shekara guda bayan yadda aka tsara da farko (an shirya shi don farawa a ranar 1 ga Yuli 2010);
• za a sami farashi na shekara guda na A $ 10 a kowace izini a cikin 2011/2012 (a baya, farashi ya kasance a ƙarƙashin farashin $ 40);
• za a sami izini mara iyaka daga gwamnati a cikin shekara ta farko (a baya, an kiyasta tan miliyan 300 na carbon dioxide (CO₂) za a sayar da su);
• za a ba da mafi girman kashi na izini, maimakon a sayar da su (a baya, ana ba da kashi 60% ko 90% na izini);
• Za a soke diyya a cikin 2010/2011 kuma a rage shi a cikin 2011/2012;
• Gidaje na iya rage sawun carbon ta hanyar sayen da kuma ritaya izini a cikin amincewar carbon ta Australiya (a baya, ba a haɗa irin wannan makirci ba);
• dangane da yarjejeniyar kasa da kasa, Ostiraliya za ta himmatu ga raguwa da kashi 25% daga matakin 2000 zuwa 2020 (a baya, za a sami raguwa da 15%);
• 5% daga cikin raguwar 25% za a iya cimma ta hanyar sayen gwamnati na kasa da kasa (a baya, ba a haɗa irin wannan makirci ba).