Yarukan Chadi
Yarukan Chadi
Abinda ke ciki
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Newman shekarar (1977) ya rarraba harsunan zuwa rukunoni huɗu waɗanda aka yarda da su a cikin dukkan wallafe-wallafe masu zuwa. Subarin ƙaddamar da yanki, duk da haka, bai kasance mai ƙarfi ba; Blench (2006), misali, kawai yana karɓar rabe-raben A / B na Gabashin Chadi. [1] An kara Kujargé daga Blench (2008), wanda ke ba da shawarar Kujargé na iya rabuwa kafin ɓarnatar da Proto-Chadic sannan daga baya ya sami tasiri daga Gabashin Chadi. [2] Aiki na gaba da Lovestrand yayi jayayya da ƙarfi cewa Kujarge memba ne na Gabashin Chadi. Sanya Luri a matsayin farkon raba yankin Yammacin Chadi kuskure ne. Caron (2004) ya nuna cewa wannan yaren shi ne a Kudancin Bauchi kuma da wani ɓangare ne na tarin Polci.
- Yammacin Chadi Rassa biyu, waɗanda suka hada da
- (A) harsunan Hausa, Ron, Bole, da Angas ; kuma
- (B) harsunan Bade, Warji, da Zaar.
- Biu – Mandara (Chadi ta Tsakiya) sassa uku, waɗanda suka haɗa da
- (A) yaren Bura, Kamwe, da Bata, a tsakanin sauran rukunoni;
- (B) yaren Buduma da Musgu; kuma
- (C) Gidar
- Gabashin Chadi sassa biyu, waɗanda suka haɗa da
- (A) harsunan Tumak, Nancere, da Kera ; kuma
- (B) harsunan Dangaléat, Mukulu, da Sokoro
- Masa
- ? Kujargé
Asali
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Nazarin kwayar halittar zamani na yankin Arewa maso Yammacin Kamaru masu magana da harshen Chadi sun lura da yawan mitar Y-Chromosome Haplogroup R1b a cikin waɗannan yawan jama'ar (nau'ikan R1b-V88 [3] ). Wannan alamar ta uba ta zama gama gari a sassan Yammacin Eurasia, amma in ba haka ba ba safai a Afirka ba. Cruciani et al. (2010) don haka aka gabatar da cewa masu magana da yaren Proto-Chadic a lokacin tsakiyar Holocene (~ shekaru 7,000 da suka gabata) sun yi ƙaura daga Levant zuwa Sahara ta Tsakiya, kuma daga can suka zauna a Tafkin Chadi .
Koyaya, wani bincike na baya-bayan nan a cikin 2018 ya gano cewa haplogroup R1b-V88 ya shiga Chadi sosai kwanan nan yayin "Baggarization" (hijirar Larabawan Baggara zuwa Sahel a cikin ƙarni na 17 AD), ba tare da samun wata hujja ta tsoffin ƙwayar Eurasia ba.
Kalmomin aro
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Harsunan Chadi suna ƙunshe da kalmomin aro na Nilo-Sahara da yawa daga ɗayan rassan Songhay ko Maban, suna nuna alaƙar farko tsakanin masu yaren Cadi da Nilo-Saharan yayin da Chadic ke yin ƙaura zuwa yamma.
Kodayake ana magana da harsunan Adamawa kusa da harsunan Chadic, hulɗa tsakanin Chadi da Adamawa tana da iyaka. [4]
Karin magana
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Karin magana a cikin Proto-Chadic, idan aka kwatanta da karin magana a cikin harsunan Proto-Afroasiatic (Vossen & Dimmendaal 2020: 351): [5]
| Karin magana | Yarjejeniyar-Chadi | Proto-Afroasiatic |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | *ní | *i ~ *yi |
| 2M | *ka | *ku, *ka |
| 2F | *ki (m) | *kim |
| 3M | *nì | *si, *isi |
| 3F | *ta | |
| 1PL | *mun (hada), *na (sama.) | (*-na ~ *-nu ~ *-ni) ? |
| 2PL | *kun | *kuuna |
| 3PL | *rana | *su ~ *usu |
Kwatanta ƙamus
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Samfurin kalmomin asali a cikin rassa daban daban na Chadi da aka jera daga yamma zuwa gabas, tare da sake gina wasu rassa na Afroasiatic kuma an basu don kwatancen:
| Turanci | eye | ear | nose | tooth | tongue | mouth | blood | bone | tree | water | eat | name |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hausa | ido | kunne | hanci | haƙori | harshe | baki | jini | ƙashi | itace; bishiya | ruwa | ci | suna |
| Proto-Chadic | *ydn | *km/*ɬm | *ntn | *s₃n; *ƙ-d | *ls₃- | *bk | *br | *ƙs₃ | *ymn | *hrɗ (hard); *twy (soft) | *s₃m | |
| Proto-Ron | *kumu | **atin | *haŋgor | *liʃ | *fo | ɟɑ̄lɑ̄, tɾɔ̃̄ | *kaʃ | *sum | ||||
| Polci | yiir | kəəm | cin | shen | haƙori | bii | buran; bəran | gooloo | pət | maa | ci | suŋ |
| Proto-Central Chadic | *hadaj; *tsɨʸ | *ɬɨmɨɗʸ | *hʷɨtsɨnʸ | *ɬɨɗɨnʸ | *ɗɨrɨnɨhʸ; *ɣanaɗʸ; *naɬɨj | *maj | *ɗiɬ; *kɨrakaɬʸ | *hʷɨp | *ɗɨjɨm | *zɨm | *ɬɨmɨɗʸ | |
| Proto-Masa | *ir | *hum | *cin | *s- | *si | *vun | *vuzur | *sok | *gu | *mb- | *ti | *sem |
| Kujarge[6] | kunɟu | kumayo ~ kime | kaata | kiya | aliŋati | apa | ɪbɪrí | (kaɟeɟa), kàyɛ́ya | kaʃíè | ʃia | (tona), tuye [imp. sg.]; tuwona [imp. pl.] | rúwà |
| Other Afroasiatic branches | ||||||||||||
| Proto-Cushitic[7] | *ʔil- | *ʔisŋʷ- | *ʔiɬkʷ- | *caanrab- | *ʔaf-/*yaf- | *mikʷ’-; *moc’- | *-aħm-/*-uħm-; *ɬaam- | *sim-/*sum- | ||||
| Proto-Maji[8] | *ʔaːb | *háːy | *aːç’u | *eːdu | *uːs | *inču | *haːy | *um | ||||
| Tarifiyt Berber[9] | ŧit’t’ | aməžžun, aməz’z’uɣ | ŧinzā | ŧiɣməsŧ | iřəs | aqəmmum | iđammən | iɣəss | aman | šš | isəm | |
| Coptic | ia | ma'aje | ša | šol, najhe | las | ro | snof | kas | šēn | mou | wōm | ran |
| Proto-Semitic | *ʕayn- | *ʔuḏn- | *ʔanp- | *šinn- | *lišān- | *dam- | *ʕaṯ̣m- | *ʕiṣ̂- | *mā̆y- | *ʔ-k-l | (*šim-) | |
| Proto-Afroasiatic | *ʔǐl- | *-ʔânxʷ- | *sǐn-/*sǎn- 'tip, point' | *-lis’- 'to lick' | *âf- | *dîm-/*dâm- | *k’os- | *ɣǎ | *âm-; *akʷ’- | *-mǎaʕ-; *-iit-; *-kʷ’-̌ | *sǔm-/*sǐm- | |
Kalmomin Proto-Chadic
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Kalmomin Proto-Chadic:[10]
| Turanci | Proto-Chadic | Hausa | Hausa (furucci) |
|---|---|---|---|
| sleep | *(w)sn/*swn | yi barci | yí bárcíi |
| come, go | *b₂-; *l- | ||
| night | *bɗ | dare | dárée |
| seed | *bdr/*bzr | iri | írìi |
| five | *bɗʸɬ | biyar | bìyár̃ |
| mouth | *bk | baki | bàakíi |
| hole | *bk | rami | ráamìi |
| house | *b-n | gida | gídáa |
| give | *br | ba | báa |
| blood | *br | jini | jíníi |
| ashes | *bt- | toka | |
| fall | *d₂-; *g₂ɮ | faɗi | fáaɗì |
| hear | *d₂gw | ji | jí |
| sit | *dmn | zauna | záunàa |
| beat, pound, kill | *dwk | ||
| neck | *gɗʸr | wuya | wúyàa |
| do, make | *gə́n-; *ly; *ɗm | ||
| laugh | *gms₂ | dariya | dàaríyáa |
| ten | *gʷm/*gʷ-m | goma | góomà |
| sand | *gʷsk | yashi; ƙasa | yàashíi; ƙásáa |
| eat hard things | *hrɗ | ||
| burn | *kɗ | ƙone | |
| skin | *k-d; *zm | feɗe | féeɗèe |
| fly (insect) | *ƙdb | ||
| crocodile | *kdm | kara | |
| one | *kɗn | ɗaya | ɗáyá |
| head | *kɗn | kai | kâi |
| dog | *kɗn | kare | kàrée |
| finger | *kl- | yatsa | yátsàa |
| earth | *ƙɬɗ | kasa | |
| fish | *klp | kifi | kíifíi |
| ear | *km/*ɬm | kunne | kûnnée |
| hand | *ƙmn | hannu | hánnúu |
| three | *knɗ | uku | úkù |
| bark | *krp; *ɓ-r | ɓawo | ɓáawóo |
| bone | *ƙs₃ | ƙashi | ƙàshíi |
| rat | *ksm | ||
| tail | *kṣr | wutsiya | wútsíyàa |
| fire | *-kw | wuta | wútáa |
| cow, buffalo | *ɬ- | ||
| root, vein, medicine | *ɬ₂rw | ||
| lick | *lkɗ | lasa | làasáa |
| tongue | *ls₃- | harshe | hárshèe |
| meat | *ɬw | nama | náamàa |
| new | *mrb | sabo | sáabóo |
| man, husband, person | *mtm | mutum | |
| die | *mwt | mutu | mútù |
| hunger | *my | ||
| see | *ngn | gani | gáníi |
| nose | *ntn | hanci | háncìi |
| ripen | *nwk | ||
| cat | *patu | mage; ƙyanwa | màagée; ƙyânwáa |
| four | *-pɗ | huɗu | húɗú |
| flower | *pl | fure | fùrée |
| sun | *p-t | rana | ráanáa |
| cut | *pt; *ɬ₂wl | yanke | yánkèe |
| drink | *s₂w- | sha; abin sha | sháa; àbín shâa |
| name | *s₃m | suna | súunáa |
| tooth | *s₃n; *ƙ-d | hakori | hákóoríi |
| know | *s-n | sani | sánìi |
| two | *sr | biyu | bíyú |
| sheep | *tmk | tunkiya | túnkìyáa |
| spit | *tp | tofa | tóofàa |
| moon | *t-r | wata | wátàa |
| eat soft things | *twy | ||
| goat | *wk-/*kw- | akwiya | àkwíyàa |
| stand (up) | *wɬk | ||
| open | *wn | buɗe | búuɗèe |
| full, fill | *wn | cikakke | |
| hair | *yàɗ | gashi | gáashìi |
| bird | *yɗ | tsuntsu | tsúntsúu |
| eye | *ydn | ido | ídòo |
| saliva | *ylk | ||
| water | *ymn | ruwa | rúwáa |
| give birth | *yw/*wy | ||
| body | *zk | jiki | jìkíi |
Kalmomin Proto-Ron
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Kalmomin Proto-Ron:[11]
| Turanci | Proto-Ron | Hausa | Hausa (furucci) |
|---|---|---|---|
| nose | **atin | hanci | háncìi |
| crocodile | **haram | kada | |
| navel | **mutuk | cibiya | cíibíyàa |
| friend | **mwin | aboki; amini | àbóokíi; àmíinìi |
| land | **nɗoro | ƙasa; sauka | ƙásáa; sàuká |
| molar | *ɓukum | ||
| open (door) | *ɓwali | ||
| chest | *cin | ƙirji | ƙìrjíi |
| mouth | *fo | baki | bàakíi |
| breast (female) | *fofo | nono | |
| thigh | *for | cinya | cínyàa |
| blow (mouth) | *fuɗ | ||
| fall | *fur | faɗi | fáaɗì |
| throat | *goroŋ | maƙwagwaro | màƙwágwàróo |
| tooth | *haŋgor | hakori | hákóoríi |
| head | *hay | kai | kâi |
| bone | *kaʃ | ƙashi | ƙàshíi |
| put | *kin | sa | sâa (2) |
| elbow | *kukwat | gwiwar hannu | gwíiwàr̃ hánnúu |
| ear | *kumu | kunne | kûnnée |
| call (summon) | *lahyal | ||
| tongue | *liʃ | harshe | hárshèe |
| flesh | *lo | nama | náamàa |
| saliva, spittle | *lyal | ||
| person | *naaf | mutum | mùtûm |
| chin | *njumut | haɓa | háɓàa |
| urine | *sar | ||
| name | *sum | suna | súunáa |
| meet | *tof | sadu | sàadú |
| I | *yin | ni | níi |
Kalmomin Proto-North Bauchi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Kalmomin Proto-North Bauchi:[12]
| Turanci | Proto-North Bauchi | Hausa | Hausa (furucci) |
|---|---|---|---|
| grass | *(a)was | ciyawa | cìyáawàa |
| give | *ča/iy- | ba | báa |
| ask | *c̣aɣ- | ||
| egg | *caḥʷi | ƙwai | ƙwái |
| stink | *čam- | ||
| pull | *c̣am- | ja | jáa (1) |
| sour | *c̣am- | mai tsami | mài tsáamíi |
| bitter | *č̣am- | mai ɗaci | mài ɗáacíi |
| night | *č̣amaz- | dare | dárée |
| goat | *č̣ang- | akwiya | àkwíyàa |
| herd | *caQʷ- | ||
| rip | *č̣ar- | ||
| middle | *cawɣ- | tsakiya | tsákíyàa |
| sit | *c̣əg- | zauna | záunàa |
| change | *c̣ək- | sake; canja | sáakèe; cánjàa |
| cut | *cəḳər- | yanke | yánkèe |
| swell | *c̣əm-; *puč- | ||
| sweat | *cən-; *zukum- | ||
| nail | *č̣ərf- | ƙusa | ƙúusàa |
| wring | *č̣ey- | ||
| two | *či/ar- | biyu | bíyú |
| dig | *ciḳ- | haƙa; tona | háƙàa; tóonàa |
| sew | *ĉ̣im- | ɗinka | ɗínkàa |
| send | *čin-; *ǯikʷ- | aika | àikáa |
| worm | *ĉ̣iy- | tsutsa | tsúutsàa |
| fish (v.) | *ču | ||
| dry | *c̣uf- | a bushe | à bùushé |
| foot | *cum- | ƙafa | ƙáfàa |
| swear | *cum- | rantse | rántsèe |
| stand | *c̣urw- | tashi | táashì |
| morning | *cuwy- | safe | sáafée |
| heart | *č̣Vnk- | zuciya | zúucìyáa |
| urine | *cVpr- | ||
| bird | *č̣VT- | tsuntsu | tsúntsúu |
| head | *ɣ/ḥam- | kai | kâi |
| hair | *gəz- | gashi | gáashìi |
| roast | *gəẑ- | ||
| fish | *ɣʷad- | kifi | kíifíi |
| see | *ḥan- | gani | gáníi |
| fill | *ḥʷan- | ||
| mount | *ḥʷum- | ||
| build | *ḥʷun- | gina | gínàa |
| bone | *ḳas- | ƙashi | ƙàshíi |
| war | *ḳas- | ||
| count | *ḳin- | ƙirga | ƙírgàa |
| bite | *ḳiy- | ciza | cìizáa |
| nine | *kuč̣- | tara | tár̃à |
| forge | *ḳuf- | ƙera | ƙéeràa |
| deep | *ḳulḳul- | mai zurfi | mài zúrfíi |
| buy | *ḳʷan- | saya | sàyáa |
| angry | *ḳʷar- | ||
| hunt | *le[ḥ]- | farauta | fàráutàa |
| sell | *məč̣- | sayar da | sáyár̃ dà |
| chest | *mVc̣- | ƙirji | ƙìrjíi |
| descend | *pəc̣- | ||
| fat | *rəvəz-; *ĉ̣əb- | ||
| earth | *riĉ̣- | ||
| flower | *riẑ- | fure | fùrée |
| tooth | *ṭiḥn- | hakori | hákóoríi |
| kill | *tuḥ- | kashe | káshèe |
| five | *vaĉ̣- | biyar | bìyár̃ |
| pour | *vʷaḥ- | zub da | zúb dà |
| throw | *vʷaḥ- | jefa | jéefàa |
| close | *zaḅʷ- | ||
| stab | *zaḳʷ- | soka | sòokáa |
| beans | *zam- | ||
| open | *ẑar- | buɗe | búuɗèe |
| call | *zar-; *ḳiy- | ||
| tremble | *ẑaẑar- | ||
| bow | *zaʔ- | baka | bàkáa |
| stone | *zəḳəy | ||
| to skin | *zəl- | ||
| body | *zər- | jiki | jìkíi |
| fowl | *ẑirkiy- | kaza | kàazáa |
| ground corn | *zu | ||
| awaken | *zuḳʷ- | ||
| run | *ẑVẑV | gudu | gúdù |
| rope | *zʸaw- | igiya | ígíyàa |
| turn | *ǯiKal | mayar da | máyár̃ dà |
| allow | *ǯu | ||
| pound | *ǯu/iw- | doka; kutufo | dòokáa; kùtùfóo |
| life | *ǯukʷ- | rayuwa | ràayúwáa |
Kalmomin Proto-Masa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Kalmomin Proto-Masa:[13]
| Turanci | Proto-Masa | Hausa | Hausa (furucci) |
|---|---|---|---|
| father | *b- | uba | ùbáa |
| bat | *babay | jemage | jéemáagèe |
| vulture | *bak | ungulu | ùngùlúu |
| mushroom | *bik | naman kaza | náamàn kàazáa |
| tail | *c-- | wutsiya | wútsíyàa |
| nose | *cin | hanci | háncìi |
| star | *ciw | tauraro | tàuràaróo |
| dog | *d- | kare | kàrée |
| flute | *d-f | sarewa; sarewa | sàareewàa; sàréewàa |
| penis | *ɗiw | bura; azzakari | bùuráa; àzzákàr̃íi |
| chin | *d-m | haɓa | háɓàa |
| mud | *dorɓo | taɓo | tàɓóo |
| liver | *duk | hanta | hántàa |
| sun | *fat | rana | ráanáa |
| four | *fiɗi | huɗu | húɗú |
| blow | *fo | busa; hura | búusàa; húuràa |
| navel | *fuk | cibiya | cíibíyàa |
| flour | *fut | gari | gàaríi |
| small | *g- | ƙarami | ƙàrámíi |
| knee | *gif | gwiwa | gwíwàa |
| heart | *g-l-s | zuciya | zúucìyáa |
| ten | *gup | goma | góomà |
| left | *guɾ | hagu | hágú |
| cold | *hep | mura; mai sanyi; mai ɗari | múr̃àa; mài sányíi; mài ɗáaríi |
| three | *hindi | uku | úkù |
| goat | *hu | akwiya | àkwíyàa |
| ear | *hum | kunne | kûnnée |
| eye | *ir | ido | ídòo |
| seed | *ir | iri | írìi |
| six | *kargi | shida | shídà |
| year | *kim | sheƙara, shekara | shèeƙáràa, shèekáràa |
| yesterday | *k-mb- | jiya | jíyà |
| fish | *k-ɾf- | kifi | kíifíi |
| fire | *ku | wuta | wútáa |
| mat | *ɮat | tabarma | tàabármáa |
| red | *ɬew | ja | jáa (2) |
| feather | *ɮ-m | gashi | gáashìi |
| water | *mb- | ruwa | rúwáa |
| dew | *mb-ɗ- | raɓa | ráaɓáa |
| milk | *mbir | nono; tatsa | nóonòo; tàatsáa |
| horn | *mek | ƙaho | ƙàhóo |
| darkness | *nduvun | duhu | dúhùu |
| sand | *ŋeɬ | yashi; ƙasa | yàashíi; ƙásáa |
| hair | *ŋgusa | gashi | gáashìi |
| breast | *po | nono | nóonòo |
| pus | *ɾ-- | mugunya | múgúnyàa |
| hunt | *ɾam | farauta | fàráutàa |
| fly | *raw | ƙuda; tashi | ƙúdáa; táashì |
| time | *ɾi | lokaci; sa’a | lóokàcíi; sáa'àa |
| place | *ɾi | wuri; waje | wúríi; wájée |
| bean | *ɾit | wake | wáakée |
| tooth | *s- | hakori | hákóoríi |
| person | *s- | mutum | mùtûm |
| grass | *-s- | ciyawa | cìyáawàa |
| broom | *samat | mashari | másháaríi |
| spear | *sap | mashi | máashìi |
| egg | *se | ƙwai | ƙwái |
| name | *sem | suna | súunáa |
| sleep | *sen | yi barci | yí bárcíi |
| tongue | *si | harshe | hárshèe |
| seven | *siɗa | bakwai | bákwài |
| wind | *simbet | iska | ískàa |
| field | *sine | gona | góonáa |
| bone | *sok | ƙashi | ƙàshíi |
| root | *s-r | jijiya; saiwa | jíijíyàa; sâiwáa |
| people | *su | jama’a; mutane | jàmá'àa; mútàanée |
| beer | *sum | giya; burkutu | gíyàa; bùr̃kùtù |
| sheep | *time | tunkiya | túnkìyáa |
| moon | *tiɾ | wata | wátàa |
| brain | *toʔon | ƙwalƙwalwa | ƙwálƙwálwáa |
| body | *tu | jiki | jìkíi |
| grave | *us | kabari | kábàr̃íi |
| five | *vaɬ | biyar | bìyár̃ |
| wasp | *viŋ | zanzaro | zànzáróo |
| monkey | *vir | biri | bírìi |
| charcoal | *v-n | gawayi | gáwàyíi |
| hare | *v-t | zomo | zóomóo |
| salt | *vu | gishiri | gíshíríi |
| mouth | *vun | baki | bàakíi |
| blood | *vuzur | jini | jíníi |
| girl | *way | yarinya | yáarínyàa |
| black | *wura | baƙi | báƙíi |
| rope | *zew | igiya | ígíyàa |
| hole | *z-ɾ | rami | ráamìi |
Bibiyar Tarihi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- Caron, Bernard 2004. Le Luri: quelques notes sur une langue tchadique du Najeriya. A cikin: Pascal Boyeldieu & Pierre Nougayrol (eds. ), Langues et Al'adu: Terrains d'Afrique. Gidaje a Faransa Cloarec-Heiss (Afrique et Langage 7). 193-201. Louvain-Paris: Peeters.
- Lukas, Johannes (1936) 'Halin ilimin harshe a yankin Tafkin Chadi a Afirka ta Tsakiya.' Afirka, 9, 332 – 349.
- Lukas, Johannes. Zentralsudanische Studien, Hamburg 1937;
- Newman, Paul da Ma, Roxana (1966) 'Kwatancen Cadiic: salon magana da kalmomi.' Jaridar Harsunan Afirka, 5, 218 – 251.
- Newman, Paul (1977) 'Tsarin Chadi da sake ginawa.' Harsunan Afroasiatic 5, 1, 1 – 42.
- Newman, Paul (1978) 'Chado-Hamitic' adieu ': sabbin tunani kan rabe-raben harshen Chadi', a Fronzaroli, Pelio (ed. ), Atti del Secondo Congresso Internazionale di Linguistica Camito-Semitica . Florence: Instituto de Linguistica e di Lingue Orientali, Jami'ar di Firenze, 389 – 397.
- Newman, Paul (1980) Theididdigar Chadic a cikin Afroasiatic. Leiden: Jami'ar Pers Leiden.
- Herrmann Jungraithmayr, Kiyoshi Shimizu: Tushen lafazin Chadic. Reimer, Berlin 1981.
- Herrmann Jungraithmayr, Dymitr Ibriszimow: Tushen lafazin Chadic. 2 kundin. Reimer, Berlin 1994
- Schuh, Russell (2003) 'Tsinkayen Chadic', a cikin M. Lionel Bender, Gabor Takacs, da David L. Appleyard (eds. ), Zaba Comparative-Historical Afrasian ilimin harsuna Nazarin a Memory of Igor M. Diakonoff, LINCOM Europa, 55 – 60.
- Bayanin bayanai
- Robert Forkel, & Tiago Tresoldi. (2019). lexibank / kraftchadic: Chadic Wordlists (Shafin v3.0) [Saitin bayanai]. Zenodo. doi:10.5281/zenodo.3534953
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ Blench, 2006. The Afro-Asiatic Languages: Classification and Reference List Archived 2024-12-03 at the Wayback Machine (ms)
- ↑ Blench, Roger. 2008. Links between Cushitic, Omotic, Chadic and the position of Kujarge Archived 2022-10-09 at ghostarchive.org [Error: unknown archive URL]. 5th International Conference of Cushitic and Omotic languages.
- ↑ https://yfull.com/tree/R-Y7771/
- ↑ Blench, Roger. 2012. Linguistic evidence for the chronological stratification of populations South of Lake Chad. Presentation for Mega-Tchad Colloquium in Naples, September 13–15, 2012.
- ↑ Vossen, Rainer and Gerrit J. Dimmendaal (eds.). 2020. The Oxford Handbook of African Languages. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- ↑ Doornbos, Paul. 1981. Field notes on Kujarge, language metadata, 200-word list plus numerals and pronouns.
- ↑ Ehret, Christopher. 1987. Proto-Cushitic reconstruction. In Sprache und Geschichte in Afrika 8: 7-180. University of Cologne.
- ↑ Aklilu, Yilma. 2003. Comparative phonology of the Maji languages. Journal of Ethiopian studies 36: 59-88.
- ↑ Kossmann, Maarten. 2009. Tarifiyt Berber vocabulary. In: Haspelmath, Martin & Tadmor, Uri (eds.) World Loanword Database. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology.
- ↑ Jungraithmayr, Herrmann; Ibriszimow, Dymitr. 1994. Chadic Lexical Roots. Tentative reconstruction, grading, distribution and comments. (Sprache und Oralität in Afrika; 20), volume I, Berlin: Dietrich Reimer Verlag.
- ↑ Blench, Roger. no date. Ron comparative wordlist Archived 2015-04-21 at the Wayback Machine.
- ↑ Takács, Gábor 2004. Comparative dictionary of the Angas-Sura languages. Sprache und Oralität in Afrika (SOA) 23. Berlin: Dietrich Reimer Verlag.
- ↑ Shryock, Aaron. 1997. The classification of the Masa group of languages. Studies in African Linguistics 26(1): 29‒62.