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Yersinia pestis

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Yersinia pestis
Scientific classification
KingdomPseudomonadati (mul) Pseudomonadati
PhylumPseudomonadota (mul) Pseudomonadota
ClassGammaproteobacteria (mul) Gammaproteobacteria
OrderEnterobacterales (mul) Enterobacterales
DangiYersiniaceae (mul) Yersiniaceae
GenusYersinia (mul) Yersinia
jinsi Yersinia pestis
ID ɗin "{{{1}}}" ba sananne bane ga tsarin. Da fatan za a yi amfani da ID mai inganci.,
General information
DiscovererAlexandre Yersin (mul) Fassara
Rashin lafiyaCutar annoba da Plague of Justinian (en) Fassara
Gram staingram-negative bacteria (en) Fassara

Yersinia pestis ( Y. pestis ; wanda a da ake kira Pasteurella pestis ) kwayar cutar coccobacillus ce mai kama da gram-negative, ba ta motsi, ba tare da spores ba. Tana da alaƙa da ƙwayoyin cuta Yersinia enterocolitica, da Yersinia pseudotuberculosis, daga inda ta samo asali. [1] [2] Yersinia pestis ita ce ke da alhakin annobar cutar, wadda ta haifar da Annobar Justinian da Baƙar Mutuwa, biyu daga cikin annoba mafi muni a tarihin da aka rubuta. Annobar tana ɗauke da manyan siffofi guda uku: ciwon huhu, septicemic, da bubonic . Y. pestis wata ƙwayar cuta ce mai kama da anaerobic wadda za ta iya kamuwa da mutane musamman ta hanyar mai masaukin ta, ƙwarƙwarar bera ta gabas ( Xenopsylla cheopis ), amma kuma ta hanyar iska da ɗigon iska don siffar huhu. A matsayin ƙwayar cuta ta mai masaukin ta, ƙwarƙwarar bera, wacce kuma ƙwayar cuta ce ta bera, Y. pestis wani nau'in cutar kwaro ne mai yawan gaske .

An gano Y. pestis a shekarar 1894 ta hannun Alexandre Yersin, wani likita ɗan ƙasar Switzerland/Faransa kuma masanin ƙwayoyin cuta daga Cibiyar Pasteur, a lokacin annobar annoba a Hong Kong . [3] [4] Yersin memba ne na ƙungiyar tunani ta Pasteur . Kitasato Shibasaburō, wani masanin ƙwayoyin cuta ɗan ƙasar Japan wanda ya yi aiki da hanyar Koch, shi ma ya shiga cikin binciken sanadin annobar a lokacin. [5] Duk da haka, Yersin ya danganta annoba da bacillus, wanda da farko aka sanya masa suna Pasteurella pestis ; an sake masa suna Yersinia pestis a shekarar 1944.

Ana ci gaba da ba da rahoton kamuwa da cutar tsakanin mutum dubu ɗaya zuwa dubu biyu ga Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya kowace shekara. [6] Tare da ingantaccen maganin rigakafi, hasashen waɗanda abin ya shafa ya fi kyau fiye da kafin a samar da maganin rigakafi. An samu karuwar cutar a Asiya sau biyar zuwa shida a lokacin Yaƙin Vietnam, wataƙila saboda rushewar yanayin halittu da kusanci tsakanin mutane da dabbobi. Annobar ta fi yawa a Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kongo, Madagascar, da Peru . [7] Annobar kuma tana da mummunan tasiri ga dabbobi masu shayarwa waɗanda ba mutane ba; a Amurka, waɗannan sun haɗa da karen daji mai wutsiya baƙi da kuma ɗan ƙaramin ƙafafu baƙi da ke fuskantar barazanar mutuwa.

Fasaloli na gaba ɗaya

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Y. pestis wani nau'in coccobacillus ne wanda ba ya motsi, wani nau'in ƙwayar cuta mai hana ƙwayoyin cuta mai kama da bipolar (yana ba shi kamannin kariya ) wanda ke samar da wani Layer na slime mai hana ƙwayoyin cuta. Kamar sauran nau'in Yersinia, yana gwajin urease, fermentation na lactose, da indole . Nau'in yana girma mafi kyau a yanayin zafi na 28-30 °C (82.4-86 °F), da kuma pH na 7.2-7.6, amma yana iya rayuwa a cikin babban zafin jiki da kewayon pH. [8] Yana mutuwa da sauri idan aka fallasa shi ga hasken UV, ya bushe, ko kuma ya fallasa shi ga yanayin zafi sama da 40 °C (104 °F). [9] Akwai nau'ikan 11 a cikin nau'in Yersinia, kuma uku daga cikinsu suna haifar da cututtukan ɗan adam. Sauran biyun sune Yersinia pseudotuberculosis da Yersinia enterocolitica, kamuwa da cuta ta ɗayan waɗannan yawanci ana samun su ne daga cin abinci ko ruwa da ya gurɓata.

Kwayoyin halitta da kuma proteome

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Kwayoyin halitta

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Akwai cikakkun jerin kwayoyin halitta da dama don nau'ikan nau'ikan Y daban-daban. pestis : iri KIM (na biovar Y. shafi medievalis ), [10] da nau'in CO92 (na biovar Y. shafi orientalis, wanda aka samo daga wani asibiti mai keɓewa a Amurka). [11] A shekara ta 2006, an gudanar da jerin kwayoyin halitta na nau'in biovar An kammala . [12] Wasu nau'ikan ba sa haifar da cututtuka, kamar na nau'in 91001, wanda aka buga jerinsa a shekarar 2004. [13]

Siffofin kwayoyin halittar Yersinia pestis [13]
KIM CO92 91001
tsayi (bp) 4,600,755 4,653,728 4,595,065
sunadarai masu tsari 4,198 4,012 4,037
kwayoyin halitta masu kama da pseudogenes 54 149 141
tRNAs 73 70 72

Plasmids

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Kamar Y. pseudotuberculosis da kuma Y. enterocolitica, Y. pestis yana karɓar bakuncin plasmid pCD1. Hakanan yana ɗauke da wasu plasmids guda biyu, pPCP1 (wanda kuma ake kira pPla ko pPst) da pMT1 (wanda kuma ake kira pFra), waɗanda sauran nau'in Yersinia ba sa ɗauke da su. pFra yana da lambobin phospholipase D wanda yake da mahimmanci ga ikon Y. ƙwayoyin cuta da ƙuma za su iya yaɗuwa. [14] pPla yana amfani da protease, Pla, wanda ke kunna plasmin a cikin masu masaukin baki na ɗan adam kuma muhimmin abu ne na kamuwa da cuta ga annobar huhu. [15] Tare, waɗannan ƙwayoyin cuta da tsibirin pathogenicity da ake kira HPI suna samar da sunadaran da dama waɗanda ke haifar da cutar, wanda Y ke haifarwa. An san pestis sosai. Daga cikin wasu abubuwa, ana buƙatar waɗannan abubuwan da ke haifar da kamuwa da cuta don mannewar ƙwayoyin cuta da allurar sunadarai cikin ƙwayar mai masaukin baki, mamaye ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin ƙwayar mai masaukin baki (ta hanyar tsarin fitar da ƙwayoyin cuta na nau'in III ), da kuma samun ƙarfe da ɗaurewa da aka girbe daga ƙwayoyin jinin ja (ta hanyar siderophores ). Y. Ana tsammanin pestis ya samo asali ne daga cutar Y. pseudotuberculosis, binciken DNA ya gano cewa su biyun suna da kama da kashi 83%, wanda ya isa a yi la'akari da nau'in iri ɗaya. A shekarar 1981 an gabatar da cewa Y. a sake rarraba pestis a matsayin wani nau'in Y. cutar pseudotuberculosis, amma Hukumar Shari'a ta Kwamitin Duniya kan Tsarin Bacteriology ta ƙi yin hakan saboda tsarin Y. cutar pestis ta bambanta da ta Y sosai. cutar pseudotuberculosis, wadda yawanci ke haifar da gudawa mai sauƙi, wannan sake rarrabawa zai haifar da rudani. [16]

Proteom

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Cikakken bincike na proteomics na Y. An yi gwajin KIM na nau'in pestis a shekara ta 2006. [17] Binciken ya mayar da hankali kan girma a ƙarƙashin nau'ikan yanayi guda huɗu daban-daban waɗanda aka tsara don yin kwaikwayon mahalli na ƙuma da dabbobi masu shayarwa. [17]

Ƙaramin RNA mara lamba

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An gano ƙananan RNAs marasa lambar ƙwayoyin cuta da yawa don yin ayyukan sarrafawa. Wasu na iya daidaita kwayoyin halittar ƙwayoyin cuta. An gano wasu sabbin sRNAs guda 63 ta hanyar zurfafa jerin Y. pestis sRNA-ome. Daga cikinsu akwai Yersinia -specific (wanda kuma yake cikin Y. pseudotuberculosis da kuma Y. enterocolitica ) Ysr141 ( Yersinia small RNA 141). An nuna cewa Ysr141 sRNA yana daidaita tsarin fitar da furotin mai tasiri na nau'in III (T3SS) YopJ. [18] Yop-Ysc T3SS muhimmin bangare ne na kamuwa da cuta ga nau'in Yersinia . [19] An gano sabbin sRNAs da yawa daga Y. Kwayar cuta da aka girma a cikin vitro da kuma a cikin huhun beraye da suka kamu da cutar, wanda ke nuna cewa suna taka rawa a cikin ilimin halittar ƙwayoyin cuta ko pathogenesis. Daga cikinsu, an yi hasashen cewa sR035 zai haɗu da yankin SD da wurin fara rubutawa na mai kula da yanayin zafi ymoA, kuma an yi hasashen cewa sR084 zai haɗu da mai kula da ɗaukar ruwa na fur, mai kula da ɗaukar ruwa na ferric . [20]

Cututtuka da rigakafi

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Ƙwayar bera ta Gabas ( Xenopsylla cheopis ) ta kamu da cutar Y. Bakteriya ta pestis, wadda take bayyana a matsayin wani abu mai duhu a cikin hanji: Gaban wannan ƙuma yana toshewa da wani nau'in Y. pestis biofilm ; lokacin da ƙuma ta yi ƙoƙarin ciyar da mai gidan da ba shi da cutar, Y. pestis yana sake shiga cikin rauni, yana haifar da kamuwa da cuta.

A cikin zagayen birane da dazuzzuka na Y. pestis, yawancin yaduwar yana faruwa tsakanin beraye da ƙuma. A cikin zagayowar sylvatic, beraye daji ne, amma a cikin zagayowar birane, beraye galibi shine bera mai launin ruwan kasa ( Rattus norvegicus ). Bugu da ƙari, Y. Kwari na iya yaɗuwa daga muhallin birni da kuma baya. Yaɗuwar cutar ga mutane yawanci tana faruwa ne ta hanyar cizon ƙuma da suka kamu da cutar. Idan cutar ta ci gaba zuwa siffar huhu, mutane na iya yaɗa ƙwayar cutar ga wasu ta hanyar digowar numfashi ta iska; wasu da suka kamu da cutar ta wannan hanyar galibi za su kamu da cutar huhu da kansu. [1]

Manazarta

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  1. ↑ Achtman, Mark; Zurth, Kerstin; Morelli, Giovanna; Torrea, Gabriela; Guiyoule, Annie; Carniel, Elisabeth (23 November 1999). "Yersinia pestis, the cause of plague, is a recently emerged clone of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (in Turanci). 96 (24): 14043–14048. Bibcode:1999PNAS...9614043A. doi:10.1073/pnas.96.24.14043. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 24187. PMID 10570195.
  2. ↑ McNally, Alan; Thomson, Nicholas R.; Reuter, Sandra; Wren, Brendan W. (March 2016). "'Add, stir and reduce': Yersinia spp. as model bacteria for pathogen evolution" (PDF). Nature Reviews Microbiology (in Turanci). 14 (3): 177–190. doi:10.1038/nrmicro.2015.29. ISSN 1740-1534. PMID 26876035. S2CID 21267985.
  3. ↑ Yersin, Alexandre (1894). "La peste bubonique à Hong-Kong". Annales de l'Institut Pasteur (in Faransanci). 8: 662–67. Archived from the original on 11 July 2021. Retrieved 11 July 2021.
  4. ↑ Bockemühl, J (April 1994). "100 years after the discovery of the plague-causing agent—importance and veneration of Alexandre Yersin in Vietnam today". Immunitat und Infektion. 22 (2): 72–5. PMID 7959865.
  5. ↑ Howard-Jones, N (1973). "Was Shibasaburo Kitasato the co-discoverer of the plague bacillus?". Perspectives in Biology and Medicine. 16 (2): 292–307. doi:10.1353/pbm.1973.0034. PMID 4570035. S2CID 31767623.
  6. ↑ "Plague FAQ". CDC. 15 November 2021. Archived from the original on 14 March 2017. Retrieved 6 March 2022.
  7. ↑ "Plague". www.who.int (in Turanci).
  8. ↑ Empty citation (help)
  9. ↑ Ditchburn, Jae-Llane; Hodgkins, Ryan (2019). "Yersinia pestis, a problem of the past and a re-emerging threat". Biosafety and Health. 1 (2): 65–70. doi:10.1016/j.bsheal.2019.09.001.
  10. ↑ Deng W, Burland V, Plunkett G, Boutin A, Mayhew GF, Liss P, et al. (August 2002). "Genome sequence of Yersinia pestis KIM". Journal of Bacteriology. 184 (16): 4601–11. Bibcode:2002JBact.184.4601D. doi:10.1128/JB.184.16.4601-4611.2002. PMC 135232. PMID 12142430.
  11. ↑ Parkhill J, Wren BW, Thomson NR, Titball RW, Holden MT, Prentice MB, et al. (October 2001). "Genome sequence of Yersinia pestis, the causative agent of plague". Nature. 413 (6855): 523–7. Bibcode:2001Natur.413..523P. doi:10.1038/35097083. PMID 11586360.
  12. ↑ Chain PS, Hu P, Malfatti SA, Radnedge L, Larimer F, Vergez LM, et al. (June 2006). "Complete genome sequence of Yersinia pestis strains Antiqua and Nepal516: evidence of gene reduction in an emerging pathogen". Journal of Bacteriology. 188 (12): 4453–63. Bibcode:2006JBact.188.4453C. doi:10.1128/JB.00124-06. PMC 1482938. PMID 16740952.
  13. 1 2 Song, Yajun; Tong, Zongzhong; Wang, Jin; Wang, Li; Guo, Zhaobiao; Han, Yanpin; Zhang, Jianguo; Pei, Decui; Zhou, Dongsheng; Qin, Haiou; Pang, Xin (30 June 2004). "Complete genome sequence of Yersinia pestis strain 91001, an isolate avirulent to humans". DNA Research. 11 (3): 179–197. doi:10.1093/dnares/11.3.179. ISSN 1340-2838. PMID 15368893. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":1" defined multiple times with different content.
  14. ↑ Hinnebusch BJ, Rudolph AE, Cherepanov P, Dixon JE, Schwan TG, Forsberg A (April 2002). "Role of Yersinia murine toxin in survival of Yersinia pestis in the midgut of the flea vector". Science. 296 (5568): 733–5. Bibcode:2002Sci...296..733H. doi:10.1126/science.1069972. PMID 11976454. S2CID 34770234.
  15. ↑ Lathem WW, Price PA, Miller VL, Goldman WE (January 2007). "A plasminogen-activating protease specifically controls the development of primary pneumonic plague". Science. 315 (5811): 509–13. Bibcode:2007Sci...315..509L. doi:10.1126/science.1137195. PMID 17255510. S2CID 39881239.
  16. ↑ (A. ed.). Missing or empty |title= (help)
  17. 1 2 Hixson KK, Adkins JN, Baker SE, Moore RJ, Chromy BA, Smith RD, et al. (November 2006). "Biomarker candidate identification in Yersinia pestis using organism-wide semiquantitative proteomics". Journal of Proteome Research. 5 (11): 3008–17. doi:10.1021/pr060179y. PMID 17081052.
  18. ↑ Schiano CA, Koo JT, Schipma MJ, Caulfield AJ, Jafari N, Lathem WW (May 2014). "Genome-wide analysis of small RNAs expressed by Yersinia pestis identifies a regulator of the Yop-Ysc type III secretion system". Journal of Bacteriology. 196 (9): 1659–70. doi:10.1128/JB.01456-13. PMC 3993326. PMID 24532772.
  19. ↑ Cornelis GR, Boland A, Boyd AP, Geuijen C, Iriarte M, Neyt C, et al. (December 1998). "The virulence plasmid of Yersinia, an antihost genome". Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews. 62 (4): 1315–52. Bibcode:1998MMBR...62.1315C. doi:10.1128/MMBR.62.4.1315-1352.1998. PMC 98948. PMID 9841674.
  20. ↑ Yan Y, Su S, Meng X, Ji X, Qu Y, Liu Z, et al. (2013). "Determination of sRNA expressions by RNA-seq in Yersinia pestis grown in vitro and during infection". PLOS ONE. 8 (9). Bibcode:2013PLoSO...874495Y. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0074495. PMC 3770706. PMID 24040259.
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