Yetzer hara

Yetzer hara
ƙunshiya

In Judaism, yetzer hara (Hebrew: יֵצֶר הַרַע‎, romanized: yēṣer haraʿ‍) is a term for humankind's congenital inclination to do evil. The concept is prominent in rabbinic texts and in the works of the Syriac poet Narsai. The term itself is drawn from the phrase "the inclination of the heart of man is evil" (Biblical Hebrew: יֵצֶר לֵב הָאָדָם רַע, romanized: yêṣer lêḇ hā-ʾāḏām raʿ), which occurs twice at the beginning of the Torah (Genesis 6:5 and Genesis 8:21).

Kalmar Ibrananci yetzer da ta bayyana sau biyu a cikin Farawa ta sake faruwa a ƙarshen Attaura: "Na san abubuwan da suka kirkira da suke yi". Don haka daga farko zuwa ƙarshe yetzer na zuciya (tsarin) yana ci gaba da yin mugunta. Koyaya, Attaura wacce ta fara da albarka tana tsammanin albarka ta gaba wacce za ta zo ne sakamakon Allah ya yi wa zuciya kaciya a kwanakin ƙarshe. A cikin addinin Yahudanci na gargajiya, yetzer hara ba ikon aljanu ba ne; duk da haka, Samael an dauke shi tushen yetzer hara, ta hanyar amfani da mutum game da abubuwan da jiki ke buƙata don tsira. Don haka, buƙatar abinci ta zama mai cin abinci saboda yetzer hara. Bukatar haihuwa ta zama lalata, da sauransu.

Ma'anar Yahudawa game da yetzer hara yayi kama da ra'ayin Kirista na "rashin hankali" ko kuma yanayin ɗan adam mai lalacewa, wanda aka sani a cikin al'adar Augustine a matsayin ƙyamar, nisantar ɗan adam daga Allah da kuma siffar Allah a cikin kansa da sauransu, wanda ke haifar da jahilci da tawaye, ci gaba da asarar kamanceceniyar Allah, da kuma halin jin daɗin mugunta da aikata mugunta. Koyaya, asali sha'awa asali ne ko zunubi na kakanninmu, yayin da yetzer hara wani bangare ne na halitta na halittar Allah. Har ila yau, a cikin addinin Yahudanci an ce kowane mutum yana da yetzer hatov (kyakkyawan hali) wanda ke daidaita mummunar hali.

A cewar littafin Talmudic Avot de-Rabbi Natan, mummunar sha'awar yaro ta fi sha'awarsa mai kyau har sai ya cika shekaru 13 (bar mitzvah), a wannan lokacin ana "haifiyar" kyakkyawar sha'awar kuma tana iya sarrafa halayensa. Bugu da ƙari, malamai sun ce: "Yayin da mutum ya fi girma, ya fi girma da sha'awarsa. "

'Yanci na zaɓe, da kuma zaɓin tsakanin mugunta da kyawawan halaye

Ka'idar da ke cikin tunanin Yahudawa ta bayyana cewa kowane mutum - Bayahude da Al'ummai iri ɗaya - an haife shi da kyakkyawar da mummunar sha'awa. Kasancewa da mummunar dabi'a ba a dauke shi da mummunari ko kuma ba daidai ba. Matsalar, duk da haka, ta taso ne lokacin da mutum ya yi zabi da gangan don "ƙetare kan layin," kuma yana neman gamsar da mummunar sha'awar su, bisa ga samfuran gaskiya da kuskure a cikin Littafi Mai-Tsarki na Ibrananci. Wannan ra'ayi an rubuta shi a takaice a cikin Talmud na Babila: "Duk abin da sama ya ƙaddara, sai dai tsoron mutum na sama, " ma'ana, duk abin da ke cikin rayuwar mutum Allah ne ya ƙaddara - sai dai zaɓin mutumin ya zama mai adalci ko mugunta, wanda aka bar ga 'yancin zaɓe.

Littafi Mai-Tsarki ya bayyana cewa kowane mutum a wani lokaci ya fada cikin mummunar sha'awarsu: "Gama babu wani mutum mai adalci a duniya, wanda ke yin nagarta, kuma ba ya zunubi". Talmud ya yi magana game da wahalar shawo kan mummunar dabi'a: "Me yake, mummunar hali a cikin mutum? Yana kama da uba wanda ya ɗauki ɗansa, ya wanke shi da turare, ya san shi da turarensa, ya sa shi a cikin kayan aikinsa mafi kyau, ya sa'a, zai iya shan shi, ya zama mai wuya a wuyansa, ya sa a gaban mutane ɗaya ya sa'arsa, ya saurin wannan ƙafar nan ya zama mai kyau kuma ya sa'ad da yawa a wannan ƙafar sa'a nan ya sa'ar sa'a ya zama mai wahala?

Maimonides ya ba da umarni game da yadda za a kalli mummunar dabi'a da wahalar da ta biyo baya akan wannan asusun:

...Therefore, let a man prepare his own mind and request from God that anything that should ever happen to him in this world, whether of the things that are by God's providence good, or of the things that are by Him evil, that the reason [for their occurrence] is so that he might attain true happiness. Now this was stated with regard to the Good Inclination [in man] and with regard to [his] Evil Inclination, that is to say, that he might lay to his heart the love of God and his [continued] faith in Him, even at an hour of rebellion or of wrath or of displeasure, seeing that all of this revolves around [man's] evil inclination, just as they have said: 'In all your ways acknowledge Him', [meaning], even in a matter involving transgression.

Moshe Chaim Luzzatto ya rubuta a cikin Derech Hashem cewa "Mutum shine halitta da aka halicce shi don a jawo shi kusa da Allah. An sanya shi tsakanin kammala da rashi, tare da ikon samun kammala. Mutum dole ne ya sami wannan kammala, duk da haka, ta hanyar 'yancin zaɓe... Don haka sha'awar Mutum tana daidaita tsakanin nagarta (Yetzer HaTov) da mugunta (Yetzar HaRa), kuma ba a tilasta masa zuwa ga kowanne daga cikinsu ba. Yana da ikon zaɓe da gangan da yardar rai da yardar kaina.

Ikon da ke cikin mutum don shawo kan zunubi

Duk da yake Allah ya halicci bil'adama tare da kyawawan halaye da mugunta, iko biyu ko halaye da ke jan mutum a bangarori daban-daban, Allah ya umarci kowane mutum ya zaɓi hanya mai kyau da madaidaiciya a kan mugunta. A cikin labarin Kayinu da Habila, Allah ya gaya wa Kayinu: "Shin ba gaskiya bane cewa idan kun yi nagarta, za a gafarta maka? Duk da haka, idan ba za ku yi nagarta ba, saboda zunubi yana durƙusa a ƙofar [zuwarku], kuma a gare ku zai zama marmarin sa, kodayake kuna da ikon mamaye shi. " Mai sharhi na zamani Rashi ya bayyana: "kuma a gare ku zama marmarin," ma'ana, suna da sha'awar zunubi - wato, ma'awar cewa yana da sha'awa, yana da shafarkawa, kuma yana da shi, yana da shi "ko da sha'a'awar cewa mutum zai iyawa, yana da yawa".

Ma'anar ita ce kowane mutum yana iya shawo kan zunubi idan suna so su yi hakan. Wannan na iya zama da wahala ko ba zai iya zama da wuya ba, kuma yana iya buƙatar sake fasalin, amma har yanzu yana yiwuwa.

Although there are many vices, the Sages of Israel have said that most people are drawn to "stealing" what does not belong to them (גזל), while fewer people are inclined to "uncover the nakedness" of others (גלוי עריות), a euphemism for lechery. On lust, Shalom Shabazi (1619 – c. 1720) calls it "a phenomenon of the soul," and lays out ways in which a person tempted by lust can overcome the urge, without being swept into its clutches.

Yin gumaka

A cikin wallafe-wallafen malamai, ana ganin yetzer hara a matsayin muhimmiyar karfi da ke motsa mutane zuwa ga zunubi, musamman Bautar gumaka. Ana kallon wannan sha'awar a matsayin wani bangare na rabbi'ar ɗan adam, wanda ke jagorantar mutane daga bautar allahntaka zuwa ga girmama alloli na ƙarya.

A cewar wani sanannen labari daga Talmud, malamai a farkon Lokacin Haikali na Biyu sun fahimci ikon lalacewa na yetzer hara don Bautar gumaka kuma sun yanke shawarar kawar da shi. Sun shiga addu'a mai tsanani da azumi, suna rokon Allah ya cire wannan sha'awar daga duniya. A mayar da martani, Allah ya amince da roƙonsu, kuma rabbi sun kama mummunar sha'awar bautar gumaka. Koyaya, sakamakon wannan aikin ya nuna rikitarwa na shawarar da suka yanke; rashin yetzer hara ya kuma rage karfin ɗan adam don wasu muhimman al'amuran rayuwa, kamar haifuwa (duba ƙasa). Ta yaya ainihin wannan canjin gaskiya ya faru kuma ya ci gaba da bayyana ta hanyar masana da yawa, gami da Masu tunani na Orthodox kamar Ibrahim Isaac Kook, Zadok HaKohen, da sauransu.

Matsayin kirki na mugun sha'awa

Har ila yau, tushen rabbi sun bayyana yetzer hara (lokacin da aka yi amfani da shi yadda ya kamata) kamar yadda ya zama dole don ci gaba da al'umma, kamar yadda sha'awar jima'i ke motsawa ga kafa iyalai, kuma kwaɗayi ke motsa aiki:   Mishnah ta fassara umarnin Littafi Mai-Tsarki na ƙaunar Allah "da dukan zuciyarka" don nufin "tare da sha'awarka guda biyu - kyakkyawar sha'awar da mugunta". An fassara rabin wannan fassarar ta hanyoyi daban-daban. A cewar wasu, yana nuna cewa jin daɗin jiki kamar cin abinci da shan giya na iya zama wani nau'i na hidima ga Allah, idan manufar mutum ita ce ta haka ta ƙarfafa jiki don ya fi bauta wa Allah.

Har ila yau, ana ganin yetzer hara da kyau saboda wanzuwarsa tana ba da damar 'yancin zaɓe, wanda hakan ke ba da damar lada ga waɗanda suka zaɓi ayyuka masu kyau.

Bayyana mugunta

Kodayake wasu Yahudawa na farko sun bayyana sun yi imani da wanzuwar mugunta ta sama da na halitta, musamman Mala'iku da suka fadi a cikin Littafin Tekun Gishiri, yetzer hara a cikin tushen da ba na apocryphal ba an gabatar da shi a matsayin mutum-mutumi na mugunta wanda ya bambanta da Iblis na allahntaka na Kiristanci da Islama. Wannan halin da ake ciki na lalata Shaidan yana cikin Talmud na Babila

Wannan da sauran sassan Talmud ba su musanta wanzuwar Shaiɗan na waje ba, amma sun haifar da haɗin kai tsakanin ikon mugunta na waje da na ciki. Hakanan ana iya samun irin wannan dabi'u a wasu marubutan Kirista na Haskakawa, kamar a cikin rubuce-rubucen addini na Isaac Newton . [yanawa da ake buƙata] 

Gwagwarmaya da tasirin yetzer hara

Yawancin ka'idojin da rabbi suka yi a cikin ƙarni sune ainihin "tsaron" don nisanta mutum daga sha'awarsu ta halitta kuma ya sa ya zama da wuya a gare su yin zunubi. Hanawar Dauda game da yichud, dokar da ta hana mutum ya kasance a ɓoye a cikin ɗaki tare da mace da ba ta da alaƙa da shi, da kuma dokokin da ke tsara halin Yahudawa lokacin da suka shiga Gidan wanka na jama'a, misalai ne. An bayyana a cikin Kubawar Shari'a cewa a cikin yanayin kyakkyawar mace da aka kama a lokacin yaƙi, Attaura ta ba da damar soja Bayahude ya yi mata fyade (Kubawar Shari'ar 21:10-14); kodayake Talmud na Babila ya kira shi yarda da mummunar sha'awar mutum, Ibrahim Isaac Kook ya bayyana cewa izinin 'kyakkyawan mace da aka yi wa fursuna' yana amfani da ka'idar tunanin mutum "wanda ke da gurasa a cikin kwandonsa, wani abu ne ga wanda ya ba da damar yin jima'a da matarsa bisa ga abin da ya sa ya sa ya hana shi, bisa ga ikon yin amfani da ya saurinsa ya saurin da ya sa.

Dubi kuma

• Fushin A Addinin Yahudanci
• Cin zarafi
• Iblis
• Lashon hara, mummunan harshe
• Zunubi na asali
• Tuba a cikin addinin Yahudanci
• Shaidan