Yin farautar giwa a Kenya
An hana farautar giwaye, wanda a da ya kasance aikin karbuwa a Kenya, a shekarar 1973, kamar yadda aka hana cinikin hauren giwa. Kenya ta jagoranci lalata hauren giwaye a matsayin hanyar yaki da wannan bakar kasuwa.
Tarihi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Ƙasar mulkin mallaka ta Kenya
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]A Lokacin mulkin mallaka, ana ganin farautar giwa a Kenya a matsayin wasanni ga masu daraja kuma gwamnonin mulkin mallaka sun yi amfani da shi. Birtaniya Gabashin Afirka ba ta musamman ba ce a cikin wannan: farautar manyan wasanni ta shahara a sassa da yawa na Daular.
A cikin farar fata mafarauta, an ce giwar bijimin ita ce ta fi armashi. Ƙananan bindigogi sun bayyana a matsayin zaɓin da aka fi so kuma nufin kwakwalwa maimakon zuciya wani zaɓi ne. Dalilin ba ko da yaushe ya kasance na kuɗi ba. Duk da haka, yawancin mafarauta ba su nuna wariya ba wajen zabar giwaye da za su kashe – yaro, babba, namiji ko mace, ba kome ba, domin manufar farko ita ce hauren giwa don sayar da naman giwa don ciyar da mafarautarsu.
An kafa Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Mafarauta ta Gabashin Afirka don daidaita masana'antar tare da taƙaita wuce gona da iri. Ƙungiyar, wacce ta kasance a Otal ɗin Norfolk, Nairobi, ta samo asali ne daga sha'awar tsara farauta a sakamakon ci gaban fasaha kamar motar safari, wanda ya sa isa ga wuraren farauta mai nisa. A lokacin wanzuwarsa ta sami damar cim ma abubuwa da yawa don kiyaye namun daji na Gabashin Afirka kuma ta zama watakila ɗaya daga cikin al'ummomin da ake girmamawa a cikin irinta.
Ɗaya daga cikin masu farauta mafi yawa shine mai ba da labari na Scotland W. D. M. Bell, wanda aka ruwaito ya kashe giwaye sama da dubu, ya bazu a cikin ƙasashen Afirka da yawa. Dubi na farko daga cikin tarihinsa, The Wanderings of an Elephant Hunter (1923), don ƙarin bayani. Wasu daga cikin hauka na sha'awar harba giwa (ko da yake ba a Kenya ba) an nuna su a cikin White Hunter Black Heart, wani labari mai ban mamaki game da abin da ya faru a lokacin yin fim na Hollywood classic African Queen.
A cikin 1963, Shekara ta farko ta 'yancin kai, Gwamnatin Kenya ta ba da izini 393 (lasisin farauta) ga giwaye.
A cikin shekarun 1950 zuwa 1960, mafarautan Kenya ya karɓi kusan Shs. 3-4 / lb ($.79-1.05 / kg); a cikin 1970s, Shs. 100/kg ($12.74/kg), yana ƙara ƙimar kasuwar baƙar fata ga mai samarwa na farko daga kusan kashi ɗaya cikin biyar zuwa kashi uku na ƙimar gaske.
Hanawa, da safarar hauren giwa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]A cewar mai farauta na Amurka Craig Boddington, an haramta farautar giwa a Kenya a 1973 kuma duk farautar dabbobi ba tare da izini ba a 1977. [1] A ƙarshen shekarun 1970s, an kiyasta yawan giwa a kusa da 275,000, ya sauka zuwa 20,000 a shekarar 1989.[2] Tsakanin 1970 da 1977, Kenya ta rasa fiye da rabin giwaye.[3]
A cikin shekarun 1970s, Ngina Kenyatta ("Mama Ngina"), matar Shugaba Jomo Kenyatta na lokacin, da sauran manyan jami'an gwamnati an yi zargin cewa suna da hannu a cikin zoben smuggling na hauren giwa wanda ke jigilar ƙuƙwalwa daga kasar a cikin jirgin sama mai zaman kansa na jihar. Sabon Masanin Kimiyya ya yi iƙirarin cewa yanzu akwai tabbacin rubuce-rubuce cewa aƙalla ɗaya daga cikin "gidan sarauta na Kenya" (Kenyatta) ya aika da fiye da tan shida na hauren giwa zuwa China. A cikin shekarun 1970s, an kashe giwaye 1900 a Kenya saboda ƙashin hauren hauren giwa, ya karu zuwa giwaye 8300 a cikin shekarun 1980.[4]
Hana cinikin hauren giwa a duniya
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]A shekara ta 1989, a matsayin alama mai ban mamaki don shawo kan duniya ta dakatar da cinikin hauren giwa, Shugaba Daniel arap Moi ya kunna tan goma sha biyu na ƙashin giwa. A cikin shekarun 1990s haramtacciyar cinikin hauren giwa ta kasuwanci ta rage masana'antar zuwa wani ɓangare na abin da ta kasance kuma yawan giwaye sun daidaita. Amma farauta da sayar da ba bisa ka'ida ba a kasuwar baƙar fata har yanzu yana haifar da babbar barazana, kamar yadda cin hanci da rashawa na gwamnati ke yi. Mafi girman abin da ya faru a Kenya tun lokacin da aka haramta cinikin hauren giwa ya faru ne a watan Maris na shekara ta 2002, lokacin da aka kashe dangin giwaye goma.[2]
Mutuwar giwa ba bisa ka'ida ba ta ragu tsakanin 1990, lokacin da aka ba da haramcin CITES, da 1997, lokacin da aka kashe 34 kawai ba bisa ka-ida ba.[4] Kwalejin hauren giwa ya karu sosai tun daga shekara ta 2006 tare da fitarwa da yawa ba bisa ka'ida ba zuwa Asiya. Yin farauta sau bakwai tsakanin 2007 da 2010.
An samu babban ci gaba a fannin yawon bude ido a Kenya biyo bayan sanya dokar hana farauta a Kenya tun daga shekarar 1977. An lura cewa " yawon shakatawa na hotuna ", ko kuma amfani da namun daji mara amfani, yana ba da gudummawar kashi 12% na GDP na Kenya. Don haka, wasu kungiyoyi sun ba da shawarar a inganta harkokin yawon bude ido maimakon kowace irin farauta ko amfani da namun daji, domin hakan na iya kawar da hankalin gwamnatin Kenya daga manufar kiyaye namun daji.
Yanayin yanzu, gami da yawon shakatawa na safari
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Ko da yake an shafe fiye da shekaru 40 ana hana farautar giwaye a Kenya, amma har yanzu ba a kawar da farautar giwaye kwata-kwata ba, duba da irin talaucin da 'yan Kenya da dama ke fama da shi, da kuma darajar giwaye. A bisa ga al'ada ana jigilar hasumiya zuwa ketare ana sayar da su a kasuwar baƙar fata.
An ci gaba da kama mutane a filin jirgin sama na kasa da kasa na Nairobi, inda aka kama kilo 92 na hauren giwa a cikin 2010, da kuma kilo 96 [yana buƙata] a cikin 2011.
Halin farauta a nan gaba
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Farautar kofuna, kawai a matsayin wasanni kuma a matsayin aikin kiyayewa, yanzu ana la'akari da karbuwa a Kenya, saboda irin wannan shirin ya haifar da sakamako mai kyau a Namibiya da Afirka ta Kudu a karkashin wani shiri mai suna "Community-Based Natural Resource Management" (CBNRM). A karkashin wannan shirin, yayin da aka bayar da tsabar kudi a matsayin abin ƙarfafawa ga farautar wasanni, babban burin shi ne kula da namun daji a cikin ƙasa na gama gari, yana samar da fa'ida ga al'umma gaba ɗaya.[5] An yi imanin cewa farautar ganima na iya jawo hankalin masu farautar giwaye su shiga farautar doka da barin cinikin giwaye.
Rahoton Hukumar Abinci da Aikin Noma (FAO) ya bayyana cewa: "Farutan kofuna gabaɗaya yana sarrafa kansa saboda ana buƙatar ƙarancin ɗaukar kaya don tabbatar da ingancin ganima da kasuwa a yanayi mai zuwa. Farautar ganima yana haifar da ƙwaƙƙwaran kuɗi masu mahimmanci don haɓakawa da / ko riƙe namun daji a matsayin amfani da ƙasa a kan manyan yankuna a Afirka, gami da wuraren da ba za a iya inganta yanayin yanayin rayuwa ba. ƙasƙantar da namun daji ta hanyar ba da damar samar da kuɗin shiga daga namun daji ba tare da yin tasiri ga karuwar yawan nau'in ganima ba.[6]
An karɓi manufofin farautar ganima a ƙasashe 23 na Afirka da ke kudu da Sahara. Kudin shiga da aka samu a Afirka an nakalto shi ne USD miliyan 201 / shekara, wanda aka samo daga kimanin abokan cinikin farauta na kasa da kasa 18,500 da ke rufe yanki na kilomita miliyan 1.4. [6] Tun da yake akwai rashin yarjejeniya tsakanin abokan ciniki game da ingancin wannan hanyar kiyaye halittu a Afirka, binciken da Asusun Kula da namun daji na Afirka ya gudanar ya nuna cewa idan Kenya ta sake yin farautar ganima, kusan kashi 90% na abokan ciniki za su kasance masu sha'awar bin wannan aikin a wannan ƙasar. A cikin wannan mahallin, an kuma haskaka muhimmancin ingantaccen tsari na masu farauta da abokan ciniki.[7]
Dubi kuma
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- Yin farautar giwa a Chadi
- Batutuwan muhalli a Kenya
Bayanan da aka ambata
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ Douglas-Hamilton, p. 77
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 "Elephants on the High Street" (PDF). International Fund for Animal Welfare. March 2004. p. 18. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 September 2011. Retrieved 9 May 2011. Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; name "ifaw.org2004" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ Douglas-Hamilton, I. (August 1979). "AFRICAN ELEPHANT IVORY TRADE STUDY FINAL REPORT". savetheelephants.org. p. 19. Retrieved 9 May 2011.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Lowery, N. (December 1997). "ICE Case Studies - CASE NUMBER: 33 - CASE MNEMONIC: POACH - CASE NAME: Ivory Poaching". American University. Archived from the original on 5 May 2016. Retrieved 9 May 2011. Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; name "Lowery1997" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ "Elephant Hunting". Conservation Finance. Archived from the original on 13 August 2011. Retrieved 7 May 2011.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 [fttp://ftp.fao.org/docrep/fao/010/aj114e/aj114e09.pdf "Trophy Hunting In Sub Saharan Africa: Economic Scale and Conservation Significance"] (PDF). fao.org. Retrieved 7 May 2011. Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; name "hunting" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ "Potential of trophy hunting to create incentives for wildlife conservation in Africa where alternative wildlife-based land uses may not be viable" (PDF). Africa Wildlife Conservation Fund. pp. 283, 286–287, 289. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 May 2011. Retrieved 8 May 2011.