Yin farautar karkanda a Kudancin Afirka
Farautar karkanda a kudancin Afirka haramun ne na kai hari kan karkanda a kasashen Namibiya da Botswana da Zimbabwe da kuma Afirka ta Kudu, inda akasarin karkanda na Afirka ke zaune.[1] Babban dalilin da ya sa ake farautar karkanda shi ne don biyan bukatu mai yawa na kahon nasu a kasashen Asiya, inda aka fi amfani da kahon wajen maganin gargajiya na kasar Sin, amma ana kara yin amfani da shi a matsayin alamar arziki da wadata.[2] A cikin al'ummomin da suka gabata, aikin farautar karkanda da aka fi sani shine farauta don nishaɗi. Saboda yawan farauta, yawan karkanda ya ragu cikin sauri tun cikin shekarun 1970, wanda ya bar wasu nau'ikan cikin mawuyacin hali kuma suna fuskantar halaka.
Farautar karkanda ya sabawa doka kuma akwai kungiyoyi da dama da aka kafa domin ceto karkanda da hana masu farauta da fataucin mutane. Kasuwancin ƙahon karkanda na duniya haramun ne; duk da haka, kasuwar baƙar fata mai fa'ida ta wanzu sakamakon hauhawar buƙatun daga ƙasashen kudu maso gabashin Asiya, musamman Vietnam da China.[3][4] An kiyasta darajar ƙahon karkanda a $60,000 a kowace fam 1 (0.45 kg) a kasuwar baƙar fata, darajar kusan sau uku na zinari.[5]
Tarihi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Tarihin farautar karkanda a kudancin Afirka ya samo asali ne daga lokacin mulkin mallaka lokacin da turawan ingila suka tafi gabar tekun Cape Town na yanzu a shekara ta 1647. Tun daga wannan lokacin, yawan karkanda ya canza kuma an sami lokuta da yawa lokacin da nau'ikan karkanda daban-daban suka yi barazanar bacewa.
A lokacin mulkin mallaka a kudancin Afirka, ana farautar rhinos don nishaɗi a matsayin wasanni da kuma mallakar ƙahonin su, waɗanda aka yi amfani da su azaman alamar wadata da wadata.[2] Wannan ya haifar da raguwa a hankali amma a kai a kai a yawan rhino a kudancin Afirka a lokacin mulkin mallaka.
A farkon karni na 20, yawan farar karkanda a Afirka ta Kudu ya kai 10, kuma a shekara ta 1933 an rubuta adadin bakaken karkanda zuwa 110. Yawan karkandawan farar fata sun farfado saboda tsoma bakin da aka yi a Afirka ta Kudu; Hluhluwe-Mfolozi Park a KwaZulu-Natal. Wuri Mai Tsarki ya taimaka tare da kiwo da kiyaye yawan farar karkanda. Bakar karkanda kuma sun samu murmurewa.
A cikin shekarun 1950 zuwa 1960, Hluhluwe-iMfolozi Park da wanda ya kafa gidauniyar Wilderness Ian Player su ne suka fara kiyayewa da kiyaye karkanda a Afirka ta Kudu kuma sun sami damar haifar da farar karkanda tare da dawo da nau'in daga bacewa a wani shiri da aka sani da "Operation Rhino". Yawan karkanda bakar fata ya farfado zuwa 100,000 a shekarar 1960.
A cikin shekarun 1970 zuwa 1980, farautar baƙar fata ta karu sosai saboda karuwar bukatar ƙaho a ƙasashen Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya, inda ake ɗaukar ƙaho na rhino a matsayin muhimmin sinadarai a cikin maganin gargajiya na kasar Sin.[3][2] Tsakanin 1970 da 1992, an kawar da kashi 96% na yawan baƙar fata, tare da babban dalilin mutuwar baƙar fata saboda farauta.[6]
A shekara ta 2010, akwai fararen rhinos sama da 20,000 a Afirka ta Kudu, wanda ya kai kashi 90% na yawan rhino a Afirka.[7] Yawan rhino ya ci gaba da girma duk da kasancewar masu farauta, wanda aka kiyaye shi a matakin da ya dace a wannan lokacin.
Daga shekarar 2008 zuwa 2015, bukatuwar kahon karkanda daga kasashen kudu maso gabashin Asiya ya karu matuka, kuma shi ne sanadin karuwar farautar karkanda a kudancin Afirka har sau 90.[2] A cikin wannan lokaci, kididdigar mafarauta ta ci gaba da bunkasa kuma a shekarar 2014, farautar karkanda ta kai mafi girma, inda aka yi kiyasin farautar karkanda 1,215 a Afirka ta Kudu kadai.
Tsakanin 2015 zuwa 2019, alkaluman farautar farautar shekara-shekara a Afirka ta Kudu sun ragu. Adadin karkanda bakar fata da farar karkanda a yanzu an kiyasta ya kai kusan 5,000 da 18,000 bi da bi. Kashi 90% na ragowar karkanda bakar fata da fari suna cikin kasashen Namibiya da Botswana da kuma Afirka ta Kudu a kudancin Afirka.
Ministar Muhalli ta Afirka ta Kudu Barbara Creecy ta ba da rahoto a ranar 1 ga Fabrairu, 2021 cewa farautar karkanda a wannan ƙasa ta ragu a shekara ta shida a jere, zuwa dabbobi 394 da aka kashe a shekarar 2020 saboda ƙahoninsu. Ta danganta raguwar cutar ta COVID-19 da kuma yin aiki da ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya da jami'an tsaro kuma ta lura cewa har yanzu babbar matsala ce.
Dalilan farauta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Wasanni da nishaɗi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]A lokacin mulkin mallaka, ana danganta babban dalilin mutuwar karkanda da farauta da ba a kula da su ba. Ana ɗaukar farautar karkanda a matsayin abin nishaɗi kuma mafarauci ya ajiye ƙahon a matsayin ganima. A cikin 'yan kwanakin nan, ana ƙara yin amfani da ƙahon karkanda don yin ado da kuma alamar arziki.[2]
Magungunan gargajiya na kasar Sin
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Ana amfani da ƙaho na Rhino a matsayin sinadarin a wasu ayyukan maganin gargajiya na kasar Sin. Hawan farauta a cikin shekarun 1970s da 1980s ya haifar da karuwar buƙatun da ke fitowa daga ƙasashen Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya. An cire ƙaho na Rhino daga jerin sunayen gargajiya na kasar Sin a cikin Magungunan Farmace-farki na kasar Sin A cikin 1993, saboda babu fa'idodin kiwon lafiya da za a iya auna kuma babu shaidar kimiyya da ke tallafawa amfani da ita.[8] A cikin 2018, kasar Sin ta sauya haramcin cinikayya a kan ƙaho na rhino.[9] Duk da wannan rashin shaidar, yawancin masu amfani da maganin gargajiya na kasar Sin har yanzu sun yi imanin cewa ƙaho na rhino yana da fa'idodin magani kuma suna amfani da shi don magance cututtuka iri-iri kamar ciwon kai, zazzabi, convulsions kuma a wasu lokuta ciwon daji.[4] Ana murkushe ƙaho a cikin foda mai kyau kuma ana ƙera shi cikin allunan ko kuma a narke shi cikin ruwan tafasa kuma a cinye shi da baki.[3]
Tattara kayayyaki don dalilai na saka hannun jari
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Rhino horn wani abu ne mai daraja sau 3 na zinariya.[5] Kididdigar ta nuna cewa makomar yawan rhino ba ta da tabbas, saboda haka yana ƙara darajar ƙaho na rhino a matsayin kaya. A sakamakon haka, a cikin 'yan kwanakin nan ana adana ƙahonin rhino ta masu saka hannun jari waɗanda suka yi imanin cewa za su gamsu saboda ƙarancin su.[10]
Hanyoyin farauta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Masu sayar da kahon karkanda su kan yi hayar mafarauta. Hanyoyi iri-iri da mafarauta suka yi amfani da su wajen hana karkanda aiki tsawon shekaru. Da zarar karkanda ya gaza, mafarauta sukan yanke farantin gindin ƙahon karkanda da machete ko sarƙoƙi a wani tsari da ake kira “de-horning”. Mafi yawan hanyoyin farautar karkanda sune:
Yin harbi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Hanyar da aka fi amfani da ita don kashe rhinos ita ce harbe su da bindiga ko bindiga. Ana hayar masu horar da 'yan bindiga don aiwatar da ayyukan farauta ta amfani da fasahar yaki ta zamani kamar makamai masu shiru da hangen nesa na dare.[2] Yin harbi ita ce hanya mafi aminci ga mai farauta saboda suna iya kula da nesa mai aminci daga rhino.
Kasuwanci
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Wata hanyar da aka saba na hana karkanda ita ce kwantar da su. Darts na kwantar da hankali suna da fa'idar rashin hayaniya fiye da harsasai. Tunda darts na kwantar da hankali suna buƙatar horo na musamman, karkanda na iya mutuwa saboda yawan abin da aka yi amfani da su lokacin da mafarauta suka kwantar da su. Idan karkanda ta tsira, za ta zubar da jini har ya mutu bayan an cire kahon.
Kashewa a cikin rami
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Masu farauta suna jan hankalin rhino zuwa rami da suka gina don ƙoƙarin kamawa da kuma tabbatar da rhino. Ana amfani da kama rhinos a cikin rami tare da wasu dabarun farauta kamar harbi.
Rashin wutar lantarki
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]A wasu yankuna inda manyan layin wutar lantarki suke, masu farauta suna jan hankalin rhino zuwa layin wutar wutar lantarki, inda suke amfani da kayan aiki masu gyara don amfani da wutar lantarki mai ƙarfi don kashe rhino.[11]
Rashin guba
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Masu farauta suna shafa guba a kan gishiri da ma'adanai, wanda rhinos sau da yawa ke shafawa don sake farfado da wasu sassan tsarin narkewar su.[11] Guba tana da kisa da zarar rhino ya sha.
Kididdigar farauta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]A Afirka ta Kudu
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Ya zuwa shekarar 2020, kashi 80% na ragowar karkanda a duniya ana samun su ne a Afirka ta Kudu, wadda ta zama cibiyar farautar karkanda.[1] An sami karuwar farautar karkanda a shekarar 2008 da kuma a shekarar 2012. Adadin wadanda suka mutu sakamakon farautar karkanda ya karu sosai zuwa 1,215 a shekarar 2014. A wannan lokacin an yanke shawarar sauya fiye da ɗari (ainihin lambobin da ba a san su ba) da aka yi wa lakabi da ƙananan yankan karkanda zuwa ɓangarorin daji. inda a lokacin suka fi aminci. An mayar da wasu zuwa Sanctuary na Khama Rhino, wasu kuma zuwa Okavango bisa rangwame na sirri, inda suka sami kariya daga masu sa ido da BDF.[1]
Adadin mutuwar rhino ya ragu tun lokacin. A cikin 2018, an kama rhinos 769 a Afirka ta Kudu, kuma a cikin 2019, 594. An yanke hukuncin shekaru 24 zuwa 25 a kurkuku ga masu farauta da aka yanke musu hukunci a cikin 2019 da 2020.[12] Matakan ragewa da aka aiwatar ta 2020 sun haɗa da ingantaccen wayar da kan jama'a game da yanayi da lokutan amsawa, tura fasaha da ingantaccen tattara bayanai da raba tsakanin sassan tilasta bin doka. An inganta hadin gwiwar kasa a cikin yanki yayin da ake ƙarfafa shiga kamfanoni masu zaman kansu, kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu da masu ba da gudummawa. Teburin da ke ƙasa yana nuna yawan rhinos da aka kama a larduna daban-daban na Afirka ta Kudu da kuma mutuwar rhino saboda farauta a duk nahiyar Afirka daga 2007 zuwa 2018.
| Shekara | Yankin | |
|---|---|---|
| Afirka | Afirka ta Kudu | |
| 2007 | 62 | 13 |
| 2008 | 262 | 83 |
| 2009 | 201 | 122 |
| 2010 | 426 | 333 |
| 2011 | 532 | 448 |
| 2012 | 751 | 668 |
| 2013 | 1,123 | 1,004 |
| 2014 | 1,324 | 1,215 |
| 2015 | 1,349 | 1,175 |
| 2016 | 1,167 | 1,054 |
| 2017 | 1,124 | 1,028 |
| 2018 | 769 | |
| 2019 | 594[13] | |
| 2020 | 394[14] | |
| Gundumomin Afirka ta Kudu da wuraren shakatawa na kasa | Shekara | |
|---|---|---|
| 2017 | 2018 | |
| Gidan shakatawa na Kruger | 504 | 421 |
| Gidan shakatawa na Marakele | - | 1 |
| Gauteng | 4 | 2 |
| Limpopo | 79 | 40 |
| Mpumalanga | 49 | 51 |
| Lardin Arewa maso Yamma | 96 | 65 |
| Gabashin Cape | 12 | 19 |
| Ƙasar 'Yanci | 38 | 16 |
| Arewacin Cape | 24 | 12 |
| Kwa-Zulu Natal | 222 | 142 |
| Yammacin Cape | - | - |
| Jimillar | 1,028 | 769 |
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Somerville, Keith (3 March 2020). "Rhino poaching down in South Africa and Namibia but on the rise in Botswana". talkinghumanities.blogs.sas.ac.uk. talking humanities. Retrieved 6 March 2020.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 "African rhinos | WWF". wwf.panda.org. Retrieved 2019-05-14.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 "Despite Ban, Rhino Horn Flooding Black Markets Across China". National Geographic News. 2017-07-18. Archived from the original on July 19, 2017. Retrieved 2019-05-14.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 "More Than 1,000 Rhinos Poached in South Africa Last Year". National Geographic News. 2018-01-25. Archived from the original on February 3, 2018. Retrieved 2019-05-14.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Crosta, Andrea; Suterland, Kimberly; Talerico, Chiara (July 2017). "Grinding Rhino: Operation Red Cloud" (PDF). Elephant Action League. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-05-14. Retrieved 2019-05-14.
- ↑ "Rhino populations | Rhino Facts | Save the Rhino International". Save The Rhino (in Turanci). Retrieved 2019-05-14.
- ↑ Koopmans, Femke (June 2012). "Datasheet African Rhinos" (PDF). WWF.
- ↑ "Rhino horn: All myth, no medicine". National Geographic Society Newsroom (in Turanci). 2010-07-07. Archived from the original on May 15, 2019. Retrieved 2019-05-15.
- ↑ "China legalizes the use of tiger bone and rhino horn for traditional medicine". Mongabay Environmental News (in Turanci). 2018-10-30. Retrieved 2019-05-14.
- ↑ Emslie, Richard; Milledge, Simon; Brooks, Martin; van Strien, Nico; Dublin, Holly (January 2007). "African and Asian Rhinoceroses – Status, Conservation and Trade" (PDF). Rhino Resource Center. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-05-14. Retrieved 2019-05-14.
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 Menon, Vivek (1996). "Under Siege" (PDF). TRAFFIC.
- ↑ "25 years behind bars for rhino poaching". Facebook. Wild Heart Wildlife Foundation. 3 April 2019. Retrieved 27 February 2020.
- ↑ "Rhino poaching declined again in 2019, says environment minister".
- ↑ "394 Rhinos Poached in South Africa". Save The Rhino (in Turanci). 2021-02-01. Retrieved 2021-08-06.
- ↑ "Minister of Environmental Affairs Highlights Progress on the Implementation of the Integrated Strategic Management of Rhinoceros". Department of Environmental Affairs of Republic of South Africa. 13 February 2019. Retrieved 2019-05-14.[permanent dead link]