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Yin fyade

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Yin fyade
Bayanai
Ƙaramin ɓangare na Fyade

Cin zarafin kisan gilla, wani nau'i ne na tashin hankali na jima'i a lokacin yaƙi, aikin wata kungiya ce wacce ta aiwatar da ayyukan fyade da kuma fyade na rukuni, a kan magabcin ta a lokacin yaƙin a matsayin wani ɓangare na kamfen ɗin kisan gildi.[1] A lokacin Kisan kare dangi na Armeniya, [2] Kisan kare dangi na Girka, [3] [3] kisan kare hakkin dan asalin Assuriya, [4] [5] [6] Yaƙin Sin da Japan na biyu, Holocaust, kisan kare kare dangi ya Bangladesh, Kisan kare d ̄ a na Rwanda, kiran kare dangi nke Tamil, rikice-Rikicin Kongo, Yakin basasar Sudan ta Kudu, kisan kare kisan kare gwani na Yazidi, da kisan kare rayuka na Rohingya, wadanda suka kasance wani bangare na waɗannan rikice-rikice-rikhi sun kawo manufarorin kisan kare bambancin kisan kare-rikhi na duniya.[7] Kodayake fyade na yaki ya kasance fasalin maimaitawa a cikin rikice-rikice a duk Tarihin ɗan adam, yawanci ana kallon shi azaman samfur na rikice-rikicen kuma ba wani ɓangare na manufofin soja ba.[8]

Tattaunawar kisan kare dangi

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Wasu malamai suna jayayya cewa Yarjejeniyar kan Rigakafi da Hukunce-hukunce na Laifin Kisan kare dangi ya kamata ta bayyana cewa fyade da yawa laifi ne na kisan kare d ̄ a.[9] Sauran malamai suna jayayya cewa an riga an haɗa fyade a cikin ma'anar a ƙarƙashin labarin biyu na taron.[10][1] Catharine MacKinnon ta yi jayayya cewa ana amfani da wadanda aka yi wa fyade a matsayin maye gurbin dukan kabilanci, ana amfani da fyade a azaman kayan aiki, tare da manufar hallaka dukan kabilun.[11]

Siobhan Fisher ya yi jayayya cewa tilasta yin ciki ba fyade da kansa ba kisan kare dangi ba ne. Ta ce, "Kamar da fyade kawai har yanzu 'kawai' fyade ne, amma fyade tare da niyyar yin ciki wani abu ne da ya fi haka". Lisa Sharlach ta yi jayayya cewa wannan ma'anar ta yi ƙunci sosai saboda bai kamata a bayyana waɗannan fyade a matsayin kisan kare dangi ba bisa ga waɗanda aka yi musu fyade da aka tilasta musu. [9][12][9]

Rashin fyade a matsayin kisan kare dangi

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Bisa ga Resolution na Majalisar Tsaro ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya 1820 (wanda aka ayyana a shekara ta 2008) fyade da sauran nau'ikan tashin hankali na jima'i na iya zama laifukan yaki, laifukan da aka yi wa bil'adama ko kuma aikin tsarin mulki game da kisan kare dangi.[13]

A cewar Amnesty International, yin amfani da fyade a lokacin yaƙi ba samfur ne na rikice-rikice ba amma a maimakon haka dabarun soja ne da aka riga aka tsara da gangan.[14] A cikin kwata na karshe na karni, yawancin rikice-rikice sun sauya daga yaƙe-yaƙe tsakanin jihohin ƙasa zuwa yaƙe-yan ƙasa na al'umma da na cikin gida. A lokacin wadannan rikice-rikice amfani da fyade a matsayin makami a kan fararen hula ta hanyar jihohi da wadanda ba na jihohi ba sun zama mafi yawa. 'Yan jarida da Kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam sun rubuta kamfen din fyade a lokacin rikice-rikice a tsohuwar Yugoslavia, Saliyo, Rwanda, Liberia, Sudan, Uganda, da kuma lokacin yakin basasa a Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo.[15]

Manufofin dabarun wadannan fyade masu yawa sun ninki biyu. Na farko shi ne ya haifar da tsoro a cikin fararen hula, tare da niyyar tilasta su daga ƙasarsu. [Lura 1][16] Na biyu shine rage damar dawowa da sake ginawa ta hanyar haifar da wulakanci da kunya ga yawan mutanen da aka yi niyya da kuma rage haɗin zamantakewar ƙungiyar da aka yi amfani da ita.[15] An kuma yi amfani da fyade don tilasta wa waɗanda zasu iya tsayayya da kisan kare dangi su miƙa wuya.[16] Wadannan tasirin suna da mahimmanci ga wadanda ba na jihar ba, saboda ya zama dole a gare su cire yawan mutanen da aka yi niyya daga ƙasar. Ana amfani da fyade a matsayin kisan kare dangi sau da yawa don kamfen ɗin da ya haɗa da Tsabtace kabilanci da kisan kare kare dangi, kamar yadda manufar ita ce hallaka, ko cire yawan mutanen da aka yi niyya, da kuma tabbatar da cewa ba su dawo ba.[15]

Ɗaya daga cikin manufofin fyade na kisan kare dangi shine tilasta daukar ciki, don haka mai wasan kwaikwayo ba kawai ya mamaye ƙasar mutanen da aka yi niyya ba, har ma da danginsu da iyalansu. Koyaya, waɗanda ba su iya haihuwa ba suma suna fuskantar cin zarafin jima'i. Shekaru na wadanda abin ya shafa na iya kasancewa daga yara zuwa mata masu shekaru tamanin.[17][18]

Bayanan da aka rubuta

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

 

Black and white photo of young Armenian woman
Bayanan Armin Wegner: "Mata da 'yan mata na Armeniya gabaɗaya suna da kyau sosai. Dubi ku shine duhu kyakkyawan fuskar Babesheea wanda Kurdawa suka sace, suka yi wa fyade, kuma suka sake shi bayan kwana goma; kamar dabba ta daji sojojin Turkiyya, jami'ai, sojoji, da 'yan sanda sun mamaye wannan ganima. Duk laifukan da aka taɓa aikata a nan, sun yanke ƙirjinsu, sun lalace su, kuma gawawwakinsu sun kwanta tsirara, ƙazara, ko kuma sun yi duhu.[and]

An yi fyade a ko'ina a lokacin Kisan kiyashi na Armeniya, wanda Turks na Ottoman suka aikata. A lokacin tafiyar mutuwar fararen hula na Armeniya ta hanyar Anatolia a cikin 1915, sojojin Turkiyya sun yi wa mata da yara na Armeniya fyade akai-akai kuma sun kashe su. A lokuta da yawa, fararen hula na Turkiyya da Kurdawa suma sun shiga cikin waɗannan laifuka.[19] Turks sun dauki matan Armeniya da 'yan mata zuwa bautar jima'i ko kuma sun tilasta musu yin aure. Wadannan matan da aka tilasta yin aure dole ne su tuba zuwa addinin Musulunci.[16] Wasu masu aikata laifin sun yi imanin cewa mata da 'yan mata za a iya samun nasarar shiga cikin al'adun Musulmi na Turkiyya, ba kamar maza da maza ba.[16] Bayan kisan kare dangi ya ƙare, mata da 'yan mata da aka tilasta musu yin aure sau da yawa ba za su iya komawa rayuwarsu ta baya ba. Ba su da dangi da ya rage, babu hanyar samun kudin shiga, ko kuma suna tsoron zargi da auren Turk.[16] Bugu da ƙari, Turks sun yi wa mata, 'ya'ya mata, da sauran dangin mata na manyan mazajen Armeniya fyade. Baya ga lalata wadanda abin ya shafa, wadannan fyade da aka yi niyya sun tsoratar da jagorancin Armeniya zuwa miƙa wuya kuma sun hana su yin tsayayya.[16] An sayar da wasu mata da 'yan mata na Armenia a matsayin bayi na jima'i. Sojojin Turkiyya sun cire su tsirara kuma sun nuna su a gwanjo. Tsirrai a cikin al'umma mai ra'ayin mazan jiya ya ci gaba da lalata su da kuma cire su daga hukuma. An tilasta wa mutane da yawa yin aure ko karuwanci.[16]

  1. 1.0 1.1 Totten & Bartrop 2007.
  2. "Sexual Violence in the Holocaust: Perspectives from Ghettos and Camps in Ukraine | Heinrich Böll Stiftung | Kyiv - Ukraine". Heinrich-Böll-Stiftung.
  3. 3.0 3.1 Morris & Ze'evi 2019.
  4. Hayden, Robert M. (2000). "Rape and Rape Avoidance in Ethno-National Conflicts: Sexual Violence in Liminalized States". American Anthropologist. 102 (1): 27–41. doi:10.1525/aa.2000.102.1.27. JSTOR 683536.
  5. "Sri Lanka: Rape of Tamil Detainees | Human Rights Watch" (in Turanci). 2013-02-26. Retrieved 2024-08-10.
  6. Gaunt, Atto & Barthoma 2017.
  7. Yacoub 2016.
  8. Fisher 1996.
  9. 9.0 9.1 9.2 Sharlach 2000.
  10. Miller 2009.
  11. MacKinnon 2006.
  12. Bisaz 2012.
  13. "Resolution 1820 (2008) Adopted by the Security Council at its 5916th meeting, on 19 June 2008" (PDF). United Nations. 19 June 2008. Retrieved 17 October 2022.
  14. Smith-Spark 2012.
  15. 15.0 15.1 15.2 Leaning, Bartels & Mowafi 2009.
  16. 16.0 16.1 16.2 16.3 16.4 16.5 16.6 Derderian 2005.
  17. "Genocide Watch- Ten Stages of Genocide". Archived from the original on 1 August 2019. Retrieved 1 August 2019.
  18. Smith 2013.
  19. Barsoumian, Nanore (2011-12-07). "'Devilish Marks' and Rape in the Time of Genocide". The Armenian Weekly (in Turanci). Retrieved 2022-10-13.