Yukar

Yukar
literary genre (en) da Nau'in kiɗa
Bayanai
Ƙaramin ɓangare na	Waƙar almara, vocal music (en) , Ainu folk music (en) da oral literature of Ainu (en)
Suna a harshen gida	ユカㇻ
Indigenous to (en)	Ainu people (en)
Harshen aiki ko suna	Ainu (en)
Intangible cultural heritage status (en)	Intangible Folk Cultural Property that need measures such as documentation of Japan (mul)

Yukar ( Ainu ) su ne Ainu sagas waɗanda suka samar da dogon al'adar adabin baka . A cikin tsofaffin lokuta, maza da mata sun yi almara; a cikin ƙarni na sha Tara 19 da farkon 20, lokacin da al'adun Ainu ke raguwa, galibi mata sun fi ƙware. Tatsuniyoyi na al'ada sun kwatanta duniya masu iyo tare da Ainu mosir, ko ƙasar mutane (kamar yadda aka saba da kamuy mosir, ƙasar alloli), suna hutawa a bayan kifi wanda motsinsa ya haifar da girgizar kasa.

Tarihin fassarar

Farfesa Kyōsuke Kindaichi ya tattara yukar ya fassara su zuwa Jafananci.

A cikin watan Agusta 2006, Asahi Shimbun ya ruwaito a cikin labarinsa cewa Hukumar Kula da Al'adu ta Japan ( Bunkacho ) za ta dakatar da bayar da kudade a shekara ta 2007 na aikin don fassara rubuta Kannari Matsu Notebooks yukar na Imekanu . Hikayoyin yukar guda 92 da aka rubuta cikin romaji tare da bata kashi na goma, ba a fayyace su ba. An ce an dakatar da shi ne saboda mutuwar Shigeru Kayano a watan Mayu 2006.

A cikin 1999, ƙungiyar malamai da masu fassara na ƙasa da ƙasa sun kafa "Project Ue-peker" da niyyar samar da ƙarin tatsuniyoyi na Ainu cikin Turanci. Sun samar da nau'ikan littattafan Ingilishi guda biyu na kayano a ƙarƙashin taken The Ainu: A Story of Japan's Original People (Tuttle Publishing 2004) da The Ainu and the Fox (RIC Publications 2006). Ayyukan da za a yi a nan gaba sun haɗa da fassarar Turanci na yukar da aka rubuta a cikin Ainu Shin'yōshū , ƙayyadaddun labarun labarai daga al'adar baka ta Ainu waɗanda Chiri Yukie (1903-1922) ya fara rubutawa kuma ya fassara zuwa harshen Jafananci, 'yar' yar'uwar Kannarichiable, ta mutu a cikin shekarun Kannarichiable. 19.

Littattafan da ke da alaƙa da waƙoƙin almara na Ainu a cikin Turanci sun haɗa da Ainu Shin'yōshū na Chiri Yukie, wanda Sarah M. Strong ta fassara a 2011 da Benjamin Peterson na Project Okikirmui a 2013, da Waƙoƙin Allah, Waƙoƙin Dan Adam: Al'adar Al'adar Ainu ta Donald L. Philippi. Tarin Okikirmui na Project ya ƙunshi yukar 13, yayin da Filibi ya fassara almara 35, dukansu mata ne suka rubuta su, yawancin su Imekanu ne. Rubutun mai ƙarfi ya ƙunshi yukar goma sha uku na Ainu Shin'yōshū, da kuma ainihin gabatarwar Chiri da tarihinta kan dangantakarta da Kindaichi. Ainu epic Kutune Shirka babban misali ne na salon yukar .

Jigogi gama gari a cikin labaran yukar

Ciniki da mutuwar iyaye jigogi biyu ne gama gari a yukar .

Ciniki

Kasuwancin yana faruwa ne tsakanin Ainu da Wajin, wanda ke nufin kabilanci Jafananci. Kasuwancin da ke tsakanin bangarorin biyu ya ci gaba tun daga karni na 14 zuwa tsakiyar karni na 19. Wannan ciniki na dogon lokaci tare da Wajin ya zama jigo na gama gari a cikin labarin yukar . Akwai hatsarori iri-iri da ke da alaƙa da harkokin kasuwanci, ciki har da rigingimu da baƙi, hare-hare daga maƙiyan cikin ƙasa, da matsaloli a garin Wajin. A cikin yaren Ainu, ciniki da Wajin ana kiransa uymam . Kasuwancin Ainu-Wajin ya fara ne a matsayin cinikin abokantaka. Duk da haka, wannan dangantakar ta canza yayin da Wajin ke da nufin sarrafawa da mulkin Ainu ta hanyar kasuwanci.

Akwai tsarin labari guda biyu game da ciniki:

1. Tsarin ciniki-wahala. Ana maganar jarumai sun yi tuntuɓe a cikin wata matsala a garin Wajin. Koyaya, masu fafutuka sun sami nasarar shawo kan waɗannan matsalolin kuma sun zama masu arziki a ƙarshe.
2. Tsarin ciniki-kisan kai. Ana maganar kashe jarumai ne a garin Wajin.

Dukansu alamu na labarun suna game da haɗari da haɗari da ke tattare da ciniki. Bambancin shine ko manyan jaruman zasu iya magance waɗannan matsalolin ko a'a. A tsarin labari na farko, karshen labarin ya nuna cewa an warware dukkan matsalolin, kuma jaruman sun rayu tsawon rai. Sun zama masu arziki da nasara. A tsari na biyu, an kashe wasu daga cikin manyan jigogin labari. Jarumi ɗaya ya tsira kuma yana da alhakin ɗaukar layin danginsu.

Mutuwar iyaye

Wani jigo a yukar shine mutuwar iyaye. A cikin labarin almara, jaruman sun rasa iyayen biyu tun suna ƙanana. Waɗannan jarumai a yukar suna tsira da kansu ko kuma ta hanyar taimakon alloli a cikin al'adun Ainu. Lokacin da maraya ya girma, aikinsu na fara kasuwanci da na waje ana daukarsu a matsayin jarumtaka a yukar . Hatsarin ciniki yana da alaƙa da alaƙa da mutuwar iyaye a yukar .

"Labarin Wani Bawan Allah Da Ya Ceci Pon Otasutunkur Da Dansa"

yukar “Labarin Wani Wolfe Allah Ya Ceci Pon Otasutunkur da Ɗansa” ya bayyana duka jigogin ciniki da mutuwar iyaye. Ya kwatanta alaƙar da ke tsakanin jigogi biyu haɗarin ciniki da mutuwar iyaye.

Jarumi Pon Otastunkur maraya ne. Iyayensa duka sun rasu. Wani dattijo ne ya rene shi a ƙauyen wanda ainihin ainihin allahn kerkeci. Lokacin da Pon Otastunkur ya isa, allahn kerkeci ya kawo shi garin Wajin don gudanar da kasuwanci. Diyar sarkin garin Wajin ta yi soyayya da Pon Otastunkur har ta aure shi. Suka bar garin Wajin suka koma kauye tare. Wata rana mutanen wani kauye suka fara fafatawa da Pon Otastunkur domin su sace masa kudin da ya samu a cinikin Wajin. Abin takaici, Pon Otastunkur da matarsa duka sun mutu a wannan yakin. Dan nasu ya rasa mahaifansa biyu ya maimaita kaddara daya da mahaifinsa. Shi dai wannan bawan Allah ya rene dan Pon Otastunku ya kawo shi garin Wajin domin yin ciniki. A karshen labarin, sun yi nasarar ceto kauyen tare da warkar da barnar da aka yi musu.

Bayyana dabbobi da yanayi

Yukar are all narrated in the first person. Some stories describe the world through animal perspectives, such as owls, wolves and foxes. Besides animals, all things in the natural world can deliver their voice in the story, including the rivers, valleys and seas. The first-person narrative of animals and nature shows the Ainu people's powerful imagination.

Kulawa da ƙirƙirar yanayi a cikin adabi suna fitowa ne daga al'ummominsu na farauta, tarawa da abubuwan kamun kifi a yanayi. Ya sha bamban sosai da mahangar kimiyyar yammacin duniya game da duniyar halitta, wacce ke nesa da manufa. Mutanen Ainu sun fara shiga cikin yanayi sannan suna kwatanta halittun da suke gani da kuma yanayin rayuwarsu. A cikin labarin yukar, jimla mai maimaitawa tana kwaikwayi kuka, kururuwa, ciko, ko slithering na ruhohin dabba. Hakanan yana kwaikwayi ɗabi'a kamar maciji yana tafiya cikin ciyawa. Karatun Hirame Karepia na chironnupu kamui (ruhun fox) yukar yana da kamewa wanda ya fara da sautin pau. Shi ne al'adar onomatopoeic gabatar da kukan fox a cikin al'adun Ainu.

Duba kuma

• Aynu music
• Joik - Sami jama'a songs
• Rekilaulu - "waƙar sleigh" ta Finnish
• Kamuy

Littafi Mai Tsarki

1. Philippi Donald L. Waƙoƙin Allah, Waƙoƙin 'Yan Adam: Al'adar Al'adar Ainu . Jami'ar Tokyo Press, 1979; North Point, 1982. .
2. Mai ƙarfi, Sarah M. Ainu Ruhohin Waƙa: Rayuwar Duniya ta Ainu Shinyōshū na Chiri Yukie . Jami'ar Hawaii Press, 2011. ISBN 978-0-8248-3512-5 .
3. Sakata, Minako. "Yiwuwar Haqiqa, Daban-daban iri: Sanin Tarihi na Tatsuniyoyi na Ainu." Al'adar Baka, vol. 26 ba. 1 ga Nuwamba, 2011. MUSE Project,doi:10.1353/ort.2011.0003 .
4. Yuko, Tsushima, et al. " Yiwuwar Tunatarwa a cikin waɗannan tsibiran." Iyaka 2, juzu'i. 21, ba. 1, 1994, shafi na 191–97. JSTOR,doi:10.2307/303411 .
5. Strong, Sarah M. "Mafi Girman Girman Foxes: Ilimin Dabbobi da Ƙarfin Dabbobi a cikin Ainu Kamui Yukar." Ethnology na Asiya, vol. 68, ba. 1, 2009, shafi na 27–54. JSTOR, JSTOR 25614520 .