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Yumbu

Daga Wikipedia, Insakulofidiya ta kyauta.

Yumbu wani nau'i ne na kayan ƙasa mai kyau wanda ke dauke da ma'adanai na yumbu [1] (hydrous aluminium phyllosilicates, misali kaolinite, Al2Si2O5 (OH) 4). Yawancin ma'adanai masu tsabta na yumɓu fari ne ko launin haske, amma yumɓu na halitta suna nuna launuka iri-iri daga ƙazanta, kamar ja ko launin ruwan kasa daga ƙananan ƙarfe.[2][3] 


Yumbu abu ne na yau da kullun. Shale, wanda aka kafa mafi yawa daga yumɓu, shine dutse mafi yawanci.[1] Kodayake yawancin ajiya na halitta sun haɗa da Silts da yumɓu, ana rarrabe yumɓu daga wasu ƙasa masu kyau ta hanyar bambance-bambance a girman da ma'adanai. Silts, wanda shine ƙasa mai kyau wanda ba ya haɗa da ma'adanai na yumɓu, yana da girman ƙwayoyin da ya fi ƙwayoyin. Haɗin yashi, yashi da ƙasa da kashi 40% na yumɓu ana kiransu loam. Ƙasa mai girma a cikin yashi mai kumbura (layya mai faɗaɗa), wanda shine ma'adanai na yumɓu waɗanda ke faɗaɗa cikin girma lokacin da suke shan ruwa, babban ƙalubale ne a cikin aikin injiniya.[1]

Abubuwan da ke ciki

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Micrograph na lantarki mai girma sau 23,500 na yumbu na smectite

Ma'anar kayan aikin inji na yumɓu shine filastik dinsa lokacin da yake da rigar da kuma ikon sa na karfafawa lokacin da ya bushe ko ya kone. Gilashin suna nuna nau'ikan ruwa masu yawa waɗanda ke cikin su filastik ne sosai, daga mafi ƙarancin ruwa (wanda ake kira iyakar filastik) inda yumɓu yake da danshi sosai don yin gyare-gyare, zuwa matsakaicin ruwa (wanda aka kira iyakar ruwa) inda yumƙu da aka ƙera ya bushe sosai don riƙe siffarsa.[4] Ƙayyadadden filastik na yumɓu na kaolinite ya kasance daga kusan 36% zuwa 40% kuma iyakar ruwa ta kasance daga kusan 58% zuwa 72%.[5] Yumbu mai inganci ma yana da wuyar gaske, kamar yadda aka auna ta yawan aikin inji da ake buƙata don mirgine samfurin yumbu. Ƙarfinsa yana nuna babban matsayi na haɗin kai na ciki.[4]

Yumbu yana da babban abun ciki na ma'adanai na yumɓu wanda ke ba shi filastik. Ma'adanai na yumɓu ma'adanai ne na Aluminium phyllosilicate, wanda ya ƙunshi ions na aluminum da silicon da aka haɗa cikin ƙananan faranti masu laushi ta hanyar haɗa iskar oxygen da ions na hydroxide. Wadannan faranti suna da ƙarfi amma suna da sassauci, kuma a cikin yumɓu mai laushi, suna manne wa juna. Sakamakon tarin yana ba da yumɓu haɗin kai wanda ke sa shi filastik.[6] A cikin yumɓu na kaolinite, haɗin tsakanin faranti ana ba da shi ta hanyar fim na kwayoyin ruwa waɗanda ke haɗa hydrogen da faranti tare. Ƙaddamarwa ba ta da ƙarfi don ba da damar faranti su wuce juna lokacin da ake yin yumɓu, amma suna da ƙarfi don riƙe faranti a wurin kuma su ba da damar yumbu da aka ƙera ya riƙe siffarsa bayan an ƙera shi. Lokacin da yumɓu ya bushe, ana cire mafi yawan kwayoyin ruwa, kuma faranti suna samar da Haɗin hydrogen kai tsaye tare da juna, suna sa yumɓu mai bushewa amma har yanzu yana da rauni. Idan aka sake tsoma yumɓu, zai sake zama filastik. Lokacin da aka kunna yumɓu zuwa matakin tukwane, wani yunkuri na Rashin ruwa yana cire ƙarin ruwa daga yumɓu, yana haifar da faranti na yumɓu don manne wa juna ta hanyar haɗin haɗin kai mai ƙarfi, wanda ke ƙarfafa kayan. Ma'adinin kaolinite na yumɓu ya canza zuwa kayan ado ba na yumɓun ba, metakaolin, wanda ya kasance mai tsayi kuma mai wuya idan aka sake tsoma shi. Ci gaba da yin wuta ta hanyar kayan dutse da matakan porcelain ya kara sake sake fasalin metakaolin zuwa ma'adanai masu karfi kamar Mullite.[7]

Ƙananan girman da nau'in farantin ƙwayoyin yumɓu suna ba da ma'adanai na yumɓu babban yanki. A wasu ma'adanai na yumɓu, faranti suna ɗauke da cajin lantarki mara kyau wanda aka daidaita shi da kewaye da shi na ions masu kyau (cations), kamar sodium, potassium, ko calcium. Idan an gauraya yumɓu tare da mafita da ke dauke da wasu cations, waɗannan na iya musayar wurare tare da cations a cikin Layer a kusa da barbashi na yumɓu, wanda ke ba da yumɓu babban damar musayar ion.[6] Sashin sunadarai na ma'adanai na yumɓu, gami da ikon su na riƙe abubuwan gina jiki kamar potassium da ammonium, yana da mahimmanci ga amfanin ƙasa.[8]

Yumbu wani bangare ne na yau da kullun na dutse mai laushi. Shale an kafa shi ne da yawa daga yumɓu kuma shine mafi yawan duwatsu masu laushi.[9] Koyaya, yawancin ajiyar yumɓu ba su da tsabta. Yawancin ajiya na halitta sun haɗa da silts da yumɓu. Ana rarrabe yumbu daga sauran ƙasa mai kyau ta hanyar bambance-bambance a girman da ma'adanai. Silts, wanda shine ƙasa mai kyau wanda ba ya haɗa da ma'adanai na yumɓu, yana da girman ƙwayoyin da ya fi ƙwayoyin. Akwai, duk da haka, wasu haɗuwa a cikin girman ƙwayoyin da sauran kaddarorin jiki. Bambanci tsakanin silt da yumɓu ya bambanta da horo. Masana ilimin ƙasa da Masana kimiyya na ƙasa yawanci suna la'akari da rabuwa don faruwa a girman ƙwayoyin 2 μm (ƙasa ta fi kyau fiye da silts), masu ilimin ƙasa galibi suna amfani da 4-5 μm, kuma masu ilimin sunadarai suna amfani da 1 μm.[10] Girman yumɓu da ma'adanai na yumɓu ba iri ɗaya ba ne, duk da matakin haɗuwa a cikin ma'anar su. Injiniyoyin geotechnical sun bambanta tsakanin silts da yumɓu bisa ga kaddarorin filastik na ƙasa, kamar yadda aka auna ta iyakokin Atterberg na ƙasa. ISO 14688 ya ba da darajar barbashi na yumɓu kamar yadda suke karami fiye da 2 μm da barbashi na yashi kamar yadda suke girma. Haɗin yashi, yashi da ƙasa da kashi 40% na yumɓu ana kiransu loam.

Wasu ma'adanai na yumɓu (kamar smectite) an bayyana su a matsayin ma'adinai na yumɓun da ke kumburi, saboda suna da babban damar ɗaukar ruwa, kuma suna ƙaruwa sosai lokacin da suke yin hakan. Lokacin da suka bushe, sai su koma ga ainihin sautin su. Wannan yana samar da nau'o'i na musamman, kamar laka ko "popcorn", a cikin ajiyar yumɓu. Ƙasa da ke dauke da ma'adanai na yumɓu (kamar bentonite) suna haifar da babban ƙalubale ga aikin injiniya, saboda kumburi na yumɓun na iya karya tushe na gine-gine da lalata gadajen hanya.[1]

Aikin noma

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Yumbu galibi ana ɗaukarsa ba a so don aikin gona, kodayake wasu adadin yumbu wani bangare ne mai mahimmanci na ƙasa mai kyau. Idan aka kwatanta da sauran ƙasa, ƙasa ta yumɓu ba ta dace da amfanin gona ba saboda halin da suke da shi na riƙe ruwa, kuma suna buƙatar magudanar ruwa da noma don yin amfani da shuka. Koyaya, ƙasa ta yumɓu sau da yawa tana da amfani kuma tana iya riƙewa akan abubuwan gina jiki mafi kyau saboda ƙarfin musayar cation, yana ba da damar ƙarin ƙasa ta kasance a cikin samarwa maimakon a bar su ba tare da aiki ba. Kamar yadda yumɓu ke riƙe da abubuwan gina jiki na dogon lokaci kafin ya ɓace su, wannan kuma yana nufin tsire-tsire na iya buƙatar ƙarin taki a cikin ƙasa mai yumɓu.[11]

Kafawa

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Masu hakar yumɓu na Italiya da na Afirka a cikin rami na hakar ma'adinai, 1910

Ma'adanai na yumɓu galibi suna samuwa ne ta hanyar tsawo na sinadarai na duwatsu masu ɗauke da silicate. Hakanan suna iya samuwa a cikin gida daga aikin hydrothermal.[12] Yanayin sinadarai yana faruwa ne ta hanyar acid hydrolysis saboda ƙananan carbonic acid, wanda aka narke a cikin ruwan sama ko kuma tushen shuke-shuke ya saki. Acid din ya karya alaƙa tsakanin aluminum da iskar oxygen, yana sakin wasu ions na ƙarfe da silica (a matsayin gel na orthosilicic acid). )[13]

Ma'adanai na yumɓu da aka kafa sun dogara da abun da ke cikin dutsen da kuma yanayi. Yanayin zafi na dutse mai wadata da feldspar, kamar dutse, a cikin yanayi mai dumi yana samar da kaolin. Yanayin irin wannan dutse a ƙarƙashin yanayin alkaline yana samar da illite. Siffofin Smectite ta hanyar yanayin dutse mai laushi a ƙarƙashin yanayin alkaline, yayin da siffofin Ghibsite ta hanyar yanayin wasu ma'adanai na yumɓu.[13]

Akwai nau'ikan ajiyar yumɓu guda biyu: na farko da na biyu. Yumbu na farko ya samo asali ne a matsayin raguwa a cikin ƙasa kuma ya kasance a wurin da aka kafa. Yumbu na biyu shine yumɓu da aka ɗauka daga ainihin wurin su ta hanyar rushewar ruwa kuma an ajiye su a cikin sabon ajiyar sedimentary.[14] Abubuwan ajiyar yumɓu na biyu galibi suna da alaƙa da yanayin ajiyar makamashi mai ƙarancin ƙarfi kamar manyan tabkuna da wuraren ruwa.[12]

Iri-iri

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Manyan rukuni na yumɓu sun haɗa da kaolinite, Montmorillonite-smectite, da illite. Chlorite, vermiculite, talc, da pyrophyllite wani lokacin ana rarraba su azaman ma'adanai na yumɓu.[3][2] Akwai kusan nau'ikan yumɓu daban-daban 30 a cikin waɗannan rukunoni, amma mafi yawan ajiyar yumɓu "na halitta" sune cakuda waɗannan nau'ikan daban-daban, tare da sauran ma'adanai masu iska.[2] Ana iya gano ma'adanai na yumɓu ta hanyar amfani da difraction na X-ray maimakon gwaje-gwaje na sunadarai ko na jiki.[3]

Varve (ko Yumbu mai laushi) yumbu ne tare da ganuwar ganuwar shekara-shekara waɗanda aka kafa ta hanyar sauka na waɗannan yadudduka kuma ana nuna su da bambance-bambance a cikin rushewa da abun ciki na kwayoyin. Irin wannan ajiya ya zama ruwan dare a cikin tsoffin tabkuna masu dusar ƙanƙara. Lokacin da aka kawo tsaunuka masu kyau a cikin ruwan da ke cikin waɗannan tafkin tafkin da ke nesa da bakin teku, sai su zauna a cikin tafkin. Sakamakon yanayi na yanayi ana kiyaye shi a cikin rarrabawar yumbu.[12]

Yumbu mai sauri wani nau'i ne na musamman na Yumbu na ruwa wanda ya samo asali ne daga wuraren da aka yi da dusar ƙanƙara na Norway, Arewacin Amurka, Arewacin Ireland, da Sweden.[15] Yumbu ne mai matukar damuwa, mai saurin zama ruwan sama, kuma ya shiga cikin rushewar ƙasa da yawa.[16]

Amfani da shi

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Yankin yumɓu a cikin wani wurin gini a Auckland, New Zealand. Yumbu mai bushewa yawanci ya fi kwanciyar hankali fiye da yashi a cikin tonowa.

Ana amfani da Yumbu na samfurin a cikin fasaha da sana'o'i don zane-zane. Ana amfani da yumɓu don yin tukwane, masu amfani da kayan ado, da kayan gini, kamar tubali, ganuwa, da teburin bene. Ana amfani da nau'ikan yumɓu daban-daban, idan aka yi amfani da su tare da ma'adanai daban-daban da yanayin wuta, don samar da kayan yumɓu, kayan dutse, da porcelain. Mutanen da suka gabata sun gano abubuwan da ke da amfani da yumɓu. Wasu daga cikin yumbu na farko da aka gano sun fito ne daga tsakiyar Honshu, Japan. Suna da alaƙa da al'adun Jōmon, kuma an dawo da ajiyar zuwa kusan 14,000 KZ.[17] Ana iya yin tukwane, kayan fasaha, kayan aiki, bututu, har ma da Kayan kiɗa irin su ocarina daga yumɓu kafin a kashe su.  

Manazarta

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  1. 1 2 Olive et al. 1989.
  2. 1 2 3 Klein & Hurlbut 1993.
  3. 1 2 3 Nesse 2000.
  4. 1 2 Moreno-Maroto & Alonso-Azcárate 2018.
  5. ↑ White 1949.
  6. 1 2 Bergaya, Theng & Lagaly 2006.
  7. ↑ Breuer 2012.
  8. ↑ Hodges 2010.
  9. ↑ Boggs 2006.
  10. ↑ Guggenheim & Martin 1995.
  11. ↑ "Cation Exchange Capacity and Base Saturation". UGA Cooperative Extension. 2014-02-26. Retrieved 2025-01-08.
  12. 1 2 3 Foley 1999.
  13. 1 2 Leeder 2011.
  14. ↑ Murray 2002.
  15. ↑ Rankka et al. 2004.
  16. ↑ Natural Resources Canada 2005.
  17. ↑ Scarre 2005.
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