Yunkurin Jama'a na Juyin Juya Halin
 Yunkurin Jama'a na Juyin Juya Halin | |
|---|---|
.svg) | |
| Bayanai | |
| Gajeren suna | MPR |
| Iri | jam'iyyar siyasa |
| Ƙasa |
Zaire (en)  da Jamhuriyar dimokuradiyya Kwango |
| Ideology (en) |
Mobutism, Kishin ƙasa, cultural conservatism (en) , Authenticité (en) , anti-communism (en) da authoritarianism (en) |
| Political alignment (en) |
syncretic politics (en) |
| Mulki | |
| Shugaba | Mobutu Sese Seko |
| Hedkwata | Kinshasa |
| Tarihi | |
| Ƙirƙira | 20 Mayu 1967 |
| Wanda ya samar | |
| Dissolved | 16 Mayu 1997 |
The Popular Movement of the Revolution (Faransa: Mouvement Populaire de la Révolution, Abra.. MPR) ita ce Jam'iyyar siyasa mai mulki a Zaire (wanda aka sani da wani ɓangare na wanzuwarta a matsayin Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo). Ga mafi yawan wanzuwarta, ita ce kawai jam'iyyar da aka ba da izini a cikin ƙasar. Joseph-Désiré Mobutu (daga baya Mobutu Sese Seko) ne ya kafa shi a ranar 20 ga Mayu 1967.
Ra'ayi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Ka'idar hukuma ta MPR, kamar yadda aka tsara a cikin Manifesto na N'sele a watan Mayu 1967, ta haɗa da "ƙasa", "juyin juya hali", da "Gaskiya". An bayyana juyin juya halin a matsayin "juyin juya halin kasa na gaske, ainihin pragmatic," wanda ya yi kira ga "rashin amincewa da jari-hujja da Kwaminisanci". Ɗaya daga cikin taken MPR shine "Ba hagu ko dama ba, " wanda za a kara "ko ma Cibiyar" a cikin shekaru masu zuwa. Duk da haka, masana tarihi sun yi la'akari da mulkin Mobutu na dama kuma akwai shaidar sassaucin tattalin arziki a lokacin mulkin Mobutu yayin da ya nada Léon Kengo wa Dondo, fitaccen mai ba da shawara game da sake fasalin kasuwa kyauta, a matsayin Firayim Minista.[1] Wasu masana tarihi, irin su Michel Ugarte da Max Liniger-Goumaz, suna jayayya cewa Zaire na Mobutu ya kasance wani ɓangare na wani abu da ake kira "fascism na wurare masu zafi" saboda mulkin mallaka, adawa da kwaminisanci, da kuma Magana ta Uku.
Lokaci na jam'iyya ɗaya
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
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Tun daga kafa ta a shekarar 1967 zuwa 1990, MPR ita ce kawai jam'iyya ta doka a kasar. Tsarin mulki na 1967 ya ba da izinin wanzuwar jam'iyyun biyu.[2] Koyaya, MPR ita ce kawai jam'iyyar da aka ba da izinin zabar 'yan takara a zaben shugaban kasa da na majalisa da aka gudanar a watan Nuwamba 1970. Wata daya bayan haka, a ranar 23 ga watan Disamba, an yi wa kundin tsarin mulki gyare-gyare don bayyana MPR a hukumance a matsayin jam'iyyar da aka ba da izini.
Tsarin mulki na 1974 ya tsarkake matsayin MPR a matsayin jagora na al'umma. Ya bayyana cewa "akwai wata hukuma guda, MPR, wanda Shugabanta ya kafa," cewa "Shugaban MPR shine shugaban Jamhuriyar, kuma yana da cikakken iko," kuma "Mobutism" shine koyarwar tsarin mulki. Dukkanin 'yan ƙasar Zaire sun zama membobin MPR a lokacin haihuwa. A sakamakon haka, gwamnati ta kasance belin watsawa ga MPR, kuma MPR a hankali ta shiga ma'aikatu, jami'o'i, da kungiyoyin kwadago.[3]
MPR ta zabi shugabanta kowane shekaru bakwai a taron kasa (shekaru biyar kafin 1978). A wannan lokacin, an zabi shugaban MPR ta atomatik a matsayin dan takara na shekaru bakwai a matsayin shugaban jamhuriya; an tabbatar da shi a ofis ta hanyar raba gardama ta kasa. An zabi Mobutu ba tare da hamayya ba a matsayin shugaban kasa sau uku a karkashin wannan tsarin, tare da adadi na hukuma da ke nuna kashi 98 cikin 100 ko fiye na masu jefa kuri'a da suka amince da takararsa a kan kashi 1.8 cikin 100 ko dai jefa kuri'u "a'a," jefa kuri'un da ba su da komai ko lalata takardun zabe. Kowace shekaru biyar, ana mayar da jerin sunayen 'yan takarar MPR zuwa majalisa, tare da goyon baya ɗaya ko kusan ɗaya. Dukkanin wadannan 'yan takara Mobutu ne ya zaba su yadda ya kamata.
A shekara ta 1975, an dakatar da zabubbuka gaba ɗaya. Maimakon haka, an amince da jerin MPR ta hanyar yabo; an fitar da 'yan takara a filayen wasa da sauran wuraren jama'a kuma masu sauraro sun yi farin ciki.
Ga dukkan manufofi da manufofi, MPR da gwamnati sun kasance daya. Wannan ya ba Mobutu cikakken iko na siyasa a kan kasar.
Lokacin jam'iyyun da yawa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Tsarin jam'iyya daya ya kasance har zuwa 24 ga Afrilu 1990, ranar da aka ayyana Jamhuriyar ta Uku. A wannan ranar, Mobutu ya ce za a ba da izinin jam'iyyun siyasa uku. Kungiyoyin "mai matsakaici" da "mai tsauri" na MPR za su kafa jam'iyyun daban-daban, yayin da jam'iyya ta uku za ta zama Union for Democracy and Social Progress (UDPS). A karkashin sabon tsarin jam'iyyun siyasa, Mobutu ya ce zai kasance sama da jam'iyyu na siyasa, kuma saboda haka ya yi murabus a matsayin shugaban MPR a wannan ranar, kodayake ya sake karɓar mukamin shugaban jam'iyya shekara guda bayan haka, a ranar 21 ga Afrilu 1991.
Jam'iyyar ba ta da ainihin akidar sai dai goyon baya ga Mobutu. Saboda haka, ya ragu da sauri lokacin da Laurent-Désiré Kabila ya hambarar da Mobutu a shekarar 1997, a lokacin Yaƙin Kongo na farko . Koyaya, ƙananan jam'iyyun a cikin DR Congo na zamani sun ci gaba da gadonsa da alamomin sa. Wadannan sun hada da Union of Mobutist Democrats (UDEMO), jam'iyyar siyasa ta Mobutist a majalisa karkashin jagorancin Nzanga Mobutu, ɗan Mobutu Sese Seko; da kuma MPR-Fait mai zaman kansa a karkashin Cathérine Marthe Nzuzi wa Mbombo . [3]
Tarihin zabe
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Zaben shugaban kasa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]| Zaɓuɓɓuka | Dan takarar jam'iyya | Zaɓuɓɓuka | % | Sakamakon |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1970 | Mobutu Sese Seko | 10,131,669 | 100% | Zaɓaɓɓu  |
| 1977 | 10,693,804 | 98.2% | Zaɓaɓɓu | |
| 1984 | 14,885,997 | 99.1% | Zaɓaɓɓu |
Zaben majalisar dokoki
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]| Zaɓuɓɓuka | Shugaban jam'iyyar | Zaɓuɓɓuka | % | Kujerun zama | +/- | Matsayi | Sakamakon |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1970 | Mobutu Sese Seko | 9,691,132 | 99% | 420 / 420 |
420 |
Na farko| style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center; " class="table-yes2" |Sole legal party | |
| 1975 | An amince da shi ta hanyar yabo | 244 / 244 |
176 |
Na farko | style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center; " class="table-yes2" |Sole legal party | |||
| 1977 | 10,180,685 | 100% | 289 / 289 |
45 |
Na farko| style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center; " class="table-yes2" |Sole legal party | ||
| 1982 | 310 / 310 |
21 |
Na farko| style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center; " class="table-yes2" |Sole legal party | ||||
| 1987 | 210 / 210 |
100 |
Na farko| style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center; " class="table-yes2" |Sole legal party | ||||
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ Afoaku, Osita G. (1997). "The U.S. And Mobutu Sese Seko: Waiting on Disaster". Journal of Third World Studies. 14 (1): 65–90. JSTOR 45193674.
- ↑ "Congo ex-belge, Constitution de 1967, Digithèque MJP".
- 1 2 Turner 2007.