Yunkurin adawa da wariyar launin fata

Anti-Apartheid Movement (AAM) kungiya ce ta Burtaniya wacce ke tsakiyar yunkurin kasa da kasa da ke adawa da Tsarin wariyar launin fata na Afirka ta Kudu da kuma tallafawa mutanen da ba fararen fata ba na Afirka ta kudu waɗanda manufofin wariyar launin fatara suka zalunta. AAM ta canza sunanta zuwa ACTSA: Aiki don Kudancin Afirka a cikin 1994, lokacin da Afirka ta Kudu ta sami rinjaye ta hanyar zaɓen kyauta da adalci, inda dukkan kabilu zasu iya jefa kuri'a.

Tarihi

Kungiyar kauracewa masu amfani

A mayar da martani ga roko da Albert Luthuli ya yi, an kafa Boycott Movement a Landan a ranar 26 ga Yuni 1959 a wani taron 'yan gudun hijirar Afirka ta Kudu da magoya bayansu. Nelson Mandela ya kasance muhimmin mutum daga cikin mutane da yawa da suka kasance masu gwagwarmayar adawa da wariyar launin fata. Membobin sun hada da Vella Pillay, Ros Ainslie, Abdul Minty da Nanda Naidoo . Julius Nyerere zai taƙaita manufarsa:

Ba mu roƙe ku, mutanen Burtaniya, don wani abu na musamman. Muna rokon ka kawai ka janye goyon bayan ka daga wariyar launin fata ta hanyar kada ka sayi kayayyakin Afirka ta Kudu.

Takunkumin ya jawo goyon baya daga dalibai, kungiyoyin kwadago da jam'iyyun Labour, Liberal da Kwaminisanci. A ranar 28 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta 1960, ƙungiyar ta kaddamar da watan Maris, Boycott Action a wani taro a Trafalgar Square. Masu magana a taron sun hada da Shugaban Jam'iyyar Labour Hugh Gaitskell, Liberal MP Jeremy Thorpe, Conservative peer John Grigg, 2nd Baron Altrincham, da Tennyson Makiwane na African National Congress . .

fadadawa da sake suna

Kisan kiyashi na Sharpeville ya faru ne a ranar 21 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 1960, lokacin da 'yan sanda na Afirka ta Kudu suka harbe masu zanga-zangar 69 da ba su da makamai. Wannan ya haifar da karuwar aiki. An sake sunan kungiyar a matsayin "Anti-Apartheid Movement" kuma maimakon kawai takunkumin mabukaci, kungiyar za ta "yi aiki da duk aikin adawa da wariyar launin fata kuma ta ci gaba da manufofin wariyar launinariya na Afirka ta Kudu a gaban siyasar Burtaniya". Har ila yau, ta yi kamfen don keɓewar wariyar launin fata ta Afirka ta Kudu, gami da takunkumin tattalin arziki.

A lokacin, Ƙasar Ingila ita ce babbar mai saka hannun jari a Afirka ta Kudu kuma Afirka ta Kudu ita ce kasuwar fitarwa ta uku a Burtaniya. Har yanzu ANC ta himmatu ga juriya ta zaman lafiya. Gwagwarmayar makamai ta hanyar Umkhonto mu Sizwe za ta fara ne kawai bayan shekara guda.

Nasarorin farko

Kasancewar membobin Commonwealth

AAM ta ci nasara ta farko lokacin da aka tilasta Afirka ta Kudu ta bar Commonwealth a 1961. Ya gudanar da tsaro na sa'o'i 72 a waje da wurin Commonwealth_Secretariat" id="mwTg" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Commonwealth Secretariat">Sakatariyar Commonwealth, Marlborough House, kuma ya sami magoya baya a Kanada, Indiya da sabbin kasashe mambobin Commonwealth masu zaman kansu. A shekara ta 1962, Babban Taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya zartar da ƙuduri da ke kira ga dukkan kasashe membobin da su tilasta kauracewa kasuwanci a kan Afirka ta Kudu. A cikin 1963, Majalisar Tsaro ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta yi kira ga haramtacciyar makamai a kan Afirka ta Kudu, amma wannan ba tilas ba ne a karkashin Babi na VII na Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkinobho.

Kasancewar gasar Olympics

Abdul Minty, wanda ya maye gurbin Rosalynde Ainslie a matsayin Sakataren girmamawa na AAM a shekarar 1962, ya kuma wakilci Kungiyar Wasanni ta Afirka ta Kudu, wata kungiya mai zaman kanta da Dennis Brutus ya kafa a Afirka ta Kudu. A cikin wannan shekarar, ya gabatar da wasika ga taron kwamitin wasannin Olympics na kasa da kasa a Baden-Baden, Jamus game da wariyar launin fata a wasanni na Afirka ta Kudu. Sakamakon ya kasance hukuncin da ya dakatar da Afirka ta Kudu daga Wasannin Olympics na Tokyo na 1964. An fitar da Afirka ta Kudu daga gasar Olympics a shekarar 1970.

Yakin takunkumin tattalin arziki

A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 1962, Babban Taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya zartar da Resolution 1761, wani kuduri mara ɗaurewa wanda ya kafa Kwamitin Musamman na Majalisar Dinkinobho game da wariyar launin fata kuma ya yi kira ga sanya takunkumi na tattalin arziki da sauran takunkumi a Afirka ta Kudu. Dukkanin kasashen Yammacin Turai sun ki shiga kwamitin a matsayin mambobi. Wannan kauracewa kwamitin, irin wannan kauracewa na farko, ya faru ne saboda an kirkireshi ne ta hanyar wannan ƙudurin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya wanda ya yi kira ga tattalin arziki da sauran takunkumi a Afirka ta Kudu, wanda a lokacin Yamma ta yi tsayayya da shi sosai.

Bayan wucewar wannan ƙuduri, Ƙungiyar Anti-Apartheid ta jagoranci shirye-shiryen taron kasa da kasa kan takunkumi da za a gudanar a London a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 1964. A cewar Lisson, "Manufar taron ita ce ta yi aiki game da yiwuwar takunkumin tattalin arziki da tasirin su a kan tattalin arzikin Afirka ta Kudu, Burtaniya, Amurka da Protectorates. Sanin cewa mafi karfi na adawa da aikace-aikacen takunkumin ya fito ne daga Yamma (kuma a cikin Yamma, Burtaniya), Kwamitin ya yi duk wani ƙoƙari don jawo hankalin masu magana da mahalarta da yawa yadda zai yiwu don a dauki binciken taron a matsayin manufa".

An kira taron taron taron taron kasa da kasa don takunkumin tattalin arziki a kan Afirka ta Kudu . Lisson ya rubuta cewa:

Taron ya kafa wajibi, doka da kuma yiwuwar takunkumin da aka shirya a duniya a kan Afirka ta Kudu, wanda aka ga manufofinsa sun zama barazana kai tsaye ga zaman lafiya da tsaro a Afirka da duniya. Binciken da ya yi ya kuma nuna cewa don ya zama mai tasiri, shirin takunkumi zai buƙaci shiga cikin Burtaniya da Amurka, waɗanda su ma sune babban cikas ga aiwatar da irin wannan manufofin.

AAM ta yi farin ciki da sakamakon taron saboda manyan dalilai guda biyu. Na farko, saboda "sabon tsananin da ake kallon amfani da takunkumin tattalin arziki". Na biyu, saboda AAM ta sami damar saduwa a karo na farko tare da Kwamitin Musamman na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan wariyar launin fata, taron da ya kafa dangantakar aiki ta dindindin tsakanin bangarorin biyu.

Koyaya, taron bai yi nasara ba wajen shawo kan Burtaniya ta ɗauki takunkumin tattalin arziki a kan Afirka ta Kudu. Maimakon haka, gwamnatin Burtaniya "ta kasance mai ƙarfi a ra'ayinta cewa sanya takunkumi ba zai zama daidai ba" saboda ba mu yarda cewa wannan halin da ake ciki a Afirka ta Kudu ya zama barazana ga zaman lafiya da tsaro na duniya kuma ba mu yi imani da cewa takunkumi zai sami tasirin shawo kan Gwamnatin Afirka ta Kudu don canza manufofinta ba.

Mayar da takunkumi batun zaɓe

Ƙungiyar Yaƙi da Bambancin Launin Fata ta ƙoƙarta ta mayar da batun takunkumi a matsayin muhimmin abu a zaɓen 1964 a Birtaniya. An tambayi 'yan takara su bayyana matsayinsu kan takunkumin tattalin arziki da sauran matakan horo da za a ɗauka kan gwamnati a Afirka ta Kudu. Yawancin 'yan takarar da suka amsa, sun goyi bayan ɗaukar matakan. Bayan nasarar jam’iyyar Labour a zaɓen shekarar 1964, bayan shekara 13 tana adawa, goyon baya ga yaƙi da wariyar launin fata ya ragu. Ba da jimawa ba, Firayim Ministan Birtaniya Harold Wilson ya shaidawa manema labarai cewa jam’iyyar Labour ba ta goyon bayan takunkumin kasuwanci, domin ko da kuwa sun yi tasiri ƙwarai, za su fi cutar da mutanen da muke damuwa da su: 'yan Afirka da fararen fata na Afirka ta Kudu da ke ƙoƙarin kiyaye wata ƙima ta ɗabi’a. Duk da haka, Lisson ya rubuta cewa "AAM har yanzu na fatan gwamnatin sabuwar jam’iyyar Labour za ta fi sauraron muradun ra’ayin jama’a fiye da gwamnatin da ta gabata." Amma daga ƙarshen shekara ta 1964, abin ya bayyana cewa nasarar jam’iyyar Labour ba ta kawo wani canji mai muhimmanci ba dangane da rashin ƙudurinta wajen sanya takunkumi.

Kin yarda daga Yammacin Duniya

Lisson ya taƙaita halin da Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya ke ciki a shekarar 1964:

A Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya, Biritaniya ta ci gaba da ƙin amincewa cewa halin da ake ciki a Afirka ta Kudu na ƙarƙashin Babi na VII na Dokar Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya. Madadin haka, tare da haɗin gwiwar Amurka, ta yi aiki don wata ƙorafi mai laushi game da Shari'ar Rivonia da sauran shari'o'in siyasa domin ta lallashe ƙasashen Afirka da Asiya da kuma ra'ayin jama'a a gida da waje; zuwa farkon shekarar 1965, batun sanya takunkumi ya fara raguwa.

Yaƙin Kiyaye Hulɗar Ilimi

Ƙungiyar Yaƙi da Tsarin wariyar launin fata ta taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen ƙaddamar da yaƙin kiyaye hulɗar ilimi da Afirka ta Kudu a shekarar 1965. Sanarwar ta samu sa hannun farfesoshi da malaman jami’a 496 daga jami’o’i 34 na Burtaniya don nuna ƙin amincewarsu da tsarin wariyar launin fata da kuma take hakkin 'yancin ilimi. Sun yi nuni na musamman ga dokokin haramta aiki da suka shafi wasu malaman Afirka ta Kudu guda biyu da aka fi sani da Jack Simons da Eddie Roux, waɗanda shahararrun malaman ra'ayin cigaba ne.

Wani ɓangare na sanarwar:

Yaƙin Kiyaye Hulɗar Ilimi da Afirka ta Kudu: Sanarwar Farfesoshi na Burtaniya, 1965

Mu, waɗanda muka sa hannu — farfesoshi da malaman jami’a a Burtaniya — a cikin shawarwari tare da Ƙungiyar Yaƙi da Tsarin Wariyar Launin Fata:

1. Muna nuna ƙiyayya kan dokokin haramta aiki da aka ɗora wa Farfesa Simons da Farfesa Roux;
2. Muna ƙin amincewa da tsarin wariyar launin fata da kuma yaɗuwarsa zuwa fannin ilimi na gaba da sakandare;
3. Muna ɗaukar alkawarin cewa ba za mu nemi ko karɓi mukaman koyarwa a jami’o’in Afirka ta Kudu waɗanda ke aiwatar da wariyar launin fata ba.

Haɗin gwiwa da Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya

Saboda gaza shawo kan kasashen Yamma su sanya takunkumin tattalin arziki, a shekara ta 1966, kungiyar AAM ta tsara wata sabuwar dabara inda za su mayar da hankali wajen jagorantar "yaƙin neman zaɓe na ƙasa da ƙasa kan wariyar launin fata ƙarƙashin kulawar Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya." Dabarar da AAM ta gabatar an amince da ita da farko daga Kwamitin Musamman na UN kan Wariyar Launin Fata sannan daga baya Majalisar Dinkin Duniya gaba ɗaya. Wannan sabon haɗin gwiwa ya zama tubalin duk wani mataki da za a ɗauka a gaba don kawo ƙarshen wariyar launin fata. Mutumin da ya fara tsara wannan dabarar ya bayyana ta kamar haka:

Manufar ita ce matsa lamba don ɗaukar matakai da dama don ware gwamnatin wariya, tallafa wa ƙungiyoyin ’yantar da jama’a da kuma sanar da ra’ayoyin jama’a na duniya; ci gaba da matsa lamba don sanya takunkumin aiki a matsayin hanya mafi dacewa don samun warwarewa cikin lumana, a lokaci guda kuma a nemi ɗaukar matakai da za a iya cimma su ta hanyar kuri'ar rinjaye a Majalisar Dinkin Duniya; ware manyan abokan cinikayya na Afirka ta Kudu ta hanyar lallaba sauran ƙasashen Yamma su shiga cikin matakai gwargwadon iko; da kuma gano hanyoyin faɗakar da jama’a da motsa su su ɗauki mataki kan wariyar launin fata, musamman a ƙasashen da suka fi haɗin gwiwa da gwamnatin Afirka ta Kudu. Wannan ya kuma nufin mun nemi tallafi mai faɗi ga kowanne mataki, ta haka muka karɓi haɗin kai maimakon ƙin yarda da gwamnatoci da ƙungiyoyin da ba su shirya tallafa wa takunkumi ko yaƙin fito-na-fito ba.

Yaƙin Neman ’Yantar da Nelson Mandela

A cikin shekarun 1980, yaƙin neman ƙasa da ƙasa don ’yantar da Nelson Mandela daga kurkuku ya zama al’amari na duniya. A cikin haɗin gwiwa da shugabannin ANC da ke gudun hijira, ƙungiyar Birtaniya mai adawa da wariyar launin fata ta ƙara mai da yaƙin neman ’yanci kamar wanda Mandela ke wakilta a matsayin abin koyi. Kungiyar ta yi aiki tare da ƙungiyoyi da dama a Birtaniya, irin su International Defence and Aid Fund, hukumomin ƙananan hukumomi, coci-coci, da ƙungiyoyin kwadago don neman a sake Mandela daga kurkuku da kuma kawo ƙarshen wariyar launin fata a Afirka ta Kudu. Abu mai jan hankali daga cikin wannan yaƙin a fadin Birtaniya shi ne yadda aka sake suna gine-gine da tituna da sunan Nelson Mandela, wanda hakan ya sa ƙasar ta Birtaniya ta fi kowace ƙasa ban da Afirka ta Kudu yawan titunan da ke ɗauke da sunansa. Wannan yaƙin neman ’yanci ya ƙara ɗaukar hankalin jama’a lokacin da gwamnatin Glasgow ta bai wa Mandela lambar girmamawa ta birni a shekarar 1981, sannan wasu birane da hukumomi guda takwas irin su Aberdeen, Dundee, da Sheffield sun bi sahu a cikin shekarun 1980.

Ƙaramin bangare mai muhimmanci na wannan yaƙin ya danganci kiɗa, wanda ya taimaka wajen tallata Mandela da yaƙin da ake yi da wariyar launin fata ga jama’ar Birtaniya. A shekarar 1984, The Special A.K.A ta fitar da wakar da ta shahara "Free Nelson Mandela" wacce ta kai matsayi na 9 a jadawalin wakoki na Birtaniya. A 1986, Artists Against Apartheid suka shirya bukin Freedom Festival a Clapham Common, London, inda mutane 250,000 suka halarta. Mafi shahara daga cikin abubuwan yaƙin shi ne Nelson Mandela 70th Birthday Tribute, wanda aka shirya da fata cewa za a sako Mandela kafin cikar shekarunsa 70 a watan Yuni 1988. Akwai abubuwa huɗu a cikin "Freedom at 70": kide-kide a filin wasa na Wembley ranar 11 Yuni; taron gangami a Glasgow don ƙaddamar da tafiyar neman ’yanci ranar 12 Yuni; tafiyar Freedom March daga Glasgow zuwa London da ta ɗauki makonni biyar, ta ƙare da wani babban gangami a Hyde Park ranar 17 Yuli 1988. Wadannan abubuwa sun jawo sha'awa mai yawa ga ƙungiyar adawa da wariyar launin fata da kuma gwagwarmaya da tsarin. Alal misali, kide-kiden na Wembley sun ja hankalin mutane kimanin 100,000, kuma an kiyasta cewa kimanin mutane miliyan 600 a ƙasashe fiye da 60 sun kalli taron.

Sakamakon kai tsaye na taron murnar zagayowar ranar haihuwar Mandela ta 70, yawan mambobin ƙungiyar adawa da wariyar launin fata ya ninka sau biyu zuwa kusan 18,000 a shekarar 1988.

Tsarin Kungiya

AAM ta kunshi ofishin kasa, kungiyoyin gida, da kwamitocin yankuna, tare da dimbin alaka da kungiyoyi daga fannoni daban-daban na al'umma. Hakanan akwai Kwamitin Rashin Rarrabewa na Scotland (SCAAM) da Gwagwarmayar Rashin Rarrabewa ta Wales (WAAM) wadanda ke daidaita ayyuka a wadannan kasashe.

Tsarin AAM ya ba da damar shiga tsakanin wakilan daban-daban a matakai daban-daban wajen kokarin killace Afirka ta Kudu. Ofishin kasa na AAM yana birnin London, wanda shi ne cibiyar yanke shawarar kungiyoyin, inda ake tsara manufofi, shirya yakin neman zabe (kamar Boycott Barclays ko Free Nelson Mandela), da kuma lobbyn manyan 'yan siyasa da shugabannin kasuwanci. Ofishin London ne ke tsara da kuma jagorantar yawancin yakin kawar da wariyar launin fata a fadin Birtaniya.

Karfin gwagwarmayar kawar da wariyar launin fata a Birtaniya ya samu taimako daga gagarumar hanyar sadarwa ta kungiyoyin gida da na yanki na AAM. Da farko wadannan tsarin sun kasance ne kawai a manyan birane, amma daga shekarun 1980, kusan kowane gari a Birtaniya yana da rukunin gida na AAM. AAM ta bayyana kungiyoyin gida a matsayin ‘ginshikin da zuciyar gwagwarmaya’. AAM na Birtaniya ta kirkiri manyan yakin neman zabe da manufofi don tabbatar da saƙon gama gari na rashin rarrabewa, amma ayyukan kungiyoyin gida ne suka tabbatar da yaduwar sa a kasa baki daya. Saboda haka, za a iya aiwatar da yakin kawar da wariyar launin fata a kusan kowane yanki, wanda ya kara fito da su fili kuma ya karfafa tasiri. Hakanan ya ba da damar jama'a su dauki mataki na kai-da-kai ta hanyar zanga-zangar shaguna da wuraren taro, da kuma kin amincewa da kayayyaki ko kungiyoyi.

Kungiyoyin gida suna da 'yanci sosai wajen daukar mataki kan duk wata dangantaka da tsarin wariyar launin fata a yankunansu. Akwai hanyoyi da dama da ke hade da Afirka ta Kudu, kuma muhimmin aikin kungiyoyin gida shi ne tantance su, sannan su mai da hankali kan yakin su a kansu. Akwai dimbin bambance-bambance da yawa a yakin kawar da wariyar launin fata a fadin Birtaniya, wanda ke nuna yanayin tattalin arziki, al'adu da zamantakewa na kowanne yanki.

Bayan wariyar launin fata

An saki Mandela a watan Fabrairu na shekara ta 1990, wanda hakan ya fara tattaunawar kawo karshen wariyar launin fata a Afirka ta Kudu. Ga Gwagwarmayar Adawa da Wariyar Launin Fata, sakin Nelson Mandela lokaci ne na murna, amma kuma ya fara wani lokaci mai matukar kalubale inda suka yi ta kokarin ci gaba da karfin da suka samu a shekarun 1980, da kuma tabbatar da mutane na ci gaba da nuna sha'awa ga abin da ke faruwa a Afirka ta Kudu. Masana tarihi Matt Graham da Christopher Fevre sun bayyana cewa sauyin da Afirka ta Kudu ta shiga shi ne mafi wuya a tarihin Gwagwarmayar Adawa da Wariyar Launin Fata saboda raguwar sha'awar jama'a, raguwa a yawan mambobi, tambayoyi kan makomar kungiyar a gaba, matsin tattalin arziki, da kuma wahalar bayyana yadda tattaunawar ke gudana da tashin hankalin siyasa ga jama'ar Birtaniya. Gwagwarmayar Adawa da Wariyar Launin Fata ta taimaka wajen yakin neman zaben ANC ta hanyar tara kudi, matsin lamba, da kuma tarukan jama'a. Wadannan ayyuka na daga cikin goyon bayan kasa da kasa da aka bayar don nasarar ANC a zabukan dimokuradiyya na farko na Afirka ta Kudu a watan Afrilu 1994.

Bayan zabukan dimokuradiyya na farko a Afirka ta Kudu, AAM ta sauya sunanta zuwa ACTSA: Aiki don Kudancin Afirka.

Ƙara karatu

• Roger Fieldhouse, Anti-Apartheid: A History of the Movement in Britain (London, 2005)
• Håkan Thörn, Anti-Apartheid and the Emergence of a Global Civil Society (Basingstoke, 2006)
• M. E. Keck and K. Sikkink, Activists beyond borders advocacy networks in international politics (Ithaca, 1998)
• Rob Skinner, The Foundations of Anti-Apartheid: Liberal Humanitarians and Transnational Activists in Britain and the United States, c. 1919-64 (Basingstoke, 2010)
• Elizabeth Williams, The Politics of Race in Britain and South Africa: Black British Solidarity with the Anti-Apartheid Struggle (London, 2015).
• "The Anti-Apartheid Movement: A 40-year Perspective"
• Gavin Brown and Helen Yaffe, Youth Activism and Solidarity: The Non-Stop Picket Against Apartheid (Oxford, 2018)
• Rob Skinner, ‘The Anti-Apartheid Movement: Pressure Group Politics, International Solidarity and Transnational Activism’ in N. Crowson, M. Hilton and J. McKay, NGOs in Contemporary Britain: Non-State Actors in Society and Politics since 1945 (Basingstoke, Palgrave Macmillan, 2009), pp.129-146.
• Matthew Graham & Christopher Fevre, ‘Mandela’s out so apartheid has finished’: the British Anti-Apartheid Movement and South Africa’s transition to majority rule, 1990-1994. Contemporary British History, 36(3), (2022) 323–354. https://doi.org/10.1080/13619462.2021.1976154

Mahaɗa

• Anti-Apartheid Movement Archive: Forward to Freedom
• Liliesleaf Trust UK & Anti-Apartheid Legacy
• Bodleian Library's Catalogue of the archive of the Anti-Apartheid Movement
• Anti-Apartheid Movement Scottish Committee records
• Wales Anti-Apartheid Movement Papers
• Struggles for Freedom in Southern Africa: The Anti-Apartheid Movement Collection
• Action for Southern Africa (ACTSA)
• African Activist Archive(africanactivist.msu.edu): An online archive of materials of the solidarity movement in the U.S. that supported the struggle against apartheid and for African freedom, including documents, posters, streamed interviews, T-shirts, photographs, campaign buttons, and remembrances.
• Community Video Education Trust: A digital archive of 90 hours of videos taken in South Africa in the late 1980s and early 1990s. This raw footage documents anti-apartheid demonstrations, speeches, mass funerals, celebrations, and interviews with activists that capture the activism of trade unions, students and political organisations, including the activities of the United Democratic Front.