Yva

Yva
Yva
Rayuwa
Cikakken suna	Else Ernestine Neuländer
Haihuwa	Berlin, 26 ga Janairu, 1900
ƙasa	Deutsches Reich (mul)
Mazauni	Charlottenburg (mul)
Mutuwa	Lublin-Majdanek concentration camp (en) , 31 Disamba 1944
Karatu
Harsuna	Jamusanci
Sana'a
Sana'a	mai daukar hoto, fashion photographer (en) da model (en)

Yva (26 ga Janairu 1900 – ta ɓace a watan Yuni 1942?; a hukumance an ayyana ta a matsayin mace a ranar 31 ga Disamba 1944) ita ce ƙwararriyar laƙabin Else Ernestine Neuländer-Simon, wacce ƙwararriyar mai ɗaukar hoto ce Bayahudiya 'yar Jamus wadda aka san ta da hotunanta masu kama da mafarki, waɗanda aka fallasa da yawa . Ta zama babbar mai ɗaukar hoto a Berlin a lokacin Jamhuriyar Weimar .

Lokacin da Jam'iyyar Nazi ta hau mulki, an tilasta mata yin aiki a matsayin mai daukar hoto a rediyo . Jami'an tsaro na Gestapo sun kore ta daga ƙasar a shekarar 1942 kuma aka kashe ta, wataƙila a sansanin tsare mutane na Majdanek a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu .

Rayuwar farko

An haifi Else Ernestine Neuländer a ranar 26 ga Janairun 1900 a Berlin a matsayin ƙaramar yarinya ga wani ɗan kasuwa kuma mai sayar da kayan lambu na Yahudawa. ^[1] Mahaifinta ya mutu lokacin da take 'yar shekara goma sha biyu kuma mahaifiyarta ta tallafa wa 'yan'uwanta tara da yin hularta. ^[2] Wataƙila Neuländer ɗaliba ce a Lettehaus na Berlin, kuma ta kammala karatunta da kuma horon aiki na watanni shida don koyon sana'arta. ^[2] ^[3]

Sana'a

A shekarar 1925, Neuländer ta kafa ɗakin ɗaukar hoto nata ta amfani da sunan ƙwararru mai suna Yva ^[4] a wani wuri mai kyau, kusa da titin Kurfürstendamm . ^[5] A shekarar 1926, ta yi ɗan gajeren haɗin gwiwa da mai zane da mai ɗaukar hoto Heinz Hajek-Halke, amma saboda takaddamar haƙƙin mallaka, sun yanke haɗin gwiwarsu. ^[4] Ɗan'uwanta, Ernst Neuländer, abokin haɗin gwiwa ne na kamfanin gyaran kayan kwalliya na Kuhnen kuma ya ɗauke ta aiki don ɗaukar hotunan samfuransa. Ta sami damar buga hotuna goma a cikin Die Dame a shekarar 1927, wanda ya zama babban ci gaba ga manyan mujallu na zamani. ^[6] Ta rungumi tsarin zamani ta amfani da tsarin fasaha da kuma hotunan avant-garde, inda ta ɗauki juyin juya halin jima'i na lokacin kuma ta jaddada siffar mace ta hanyoyi marasa kyau, wanda hakan ya ba ta damar sassauci a matsayinta na mai zane. ^[6] Shawarar da ta yanke na shiga fagen ya kasance ƙalubale ga al'adar da aka yarda da ita a yau, wadda ta ga maza a matsayin masu fasaha da kuma mata a matsayin samfuransu marasa amfani. ^[4]

Zuwa shekarar 1927, Yva ta shahara da ƙwarewa a fannin kwalliya, zane-zanen tsirara, da kuma zane-zane, amma ta ƙara fahimtar fannoni na kasuwanci ^[4] don ɗaukar hoto kuma ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin ƙwararru na farko da suka yi aiki a fannin talla. ^[4] Ɗaya daga cikin irin wannan tallan shine wani kamfen da aka yi wa "Amor Skin" wanda ya yi amfani da hotuna da yawa na fim ɗin, don ƙirƙirar hotuna masu kama da mafarki, masu ban mamaki . ^[7] Cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci, ta sami suna saboda sabbin hotunanta kuma ta zama mai ba da gudummawa ga mujallu, mujallun daukar hoto da mujallu ^[4] ciki har da Berliner Illustrirte Zeitung, Die Dame, mujallar salon zamani Elegant Welt, da Novum (magazine) [de] . Ta kuma halarci nune-nunen ƙasa da ƙasa, gami da nune-nunen "Fim und Foto" na 1929 a Stuttgart, ^[2] nune-nunen Das Lichtbild na 1930 da aka gudanar a Munich, ^[6] nune-nunen Fasahar Daukar Hoto ta Duniya ta Farko ta 1932 ( Italian ) da aka gudanar a Rome sannan a shekarar 1933, ta shiga cikin bikin baje kolin hotunan tsirara na Paris na shekara-shekara na La Beauté de la femme da kuma baje kolin "The Modern Spirit in Photography" na London Royal Photographic Society . ^[2]

Yva ta wakilci kamfanin daukar hoto na Shostal (Agentur Schostal) Daga 1929 "labaran" na Yva sun bayyana a cikin Ullstein Verlag's Uhu Magazine [de].^[6]An yi kwangila don samar da montages 27, amma 20 ne kawai suka bayyana kafin a tilasta mujallar ta rufe.^[2]^[4]Hotunan da aka fada a cikin jerin ayyukan labarin mata matasa da suka zo daga larduna zuwa babban birnin Berlin don neman wadatarsu kuma suna wakiltar mataki na fasaha tsakanin hotuna da fina-finai masu motsi. A cikin 1933, duk da cewa Jam'iyyar Nazi ta fara rufe kasuwancin mallakar Yahudawa kuma ta buga sunanta a cikin jerin abubuwan da ba a so, Yva ta yanke shawarar fadada kasuwancin ta. A wani bangare, rashin tabbas na manufofin Nazi, yadda ta shiga cikin al'ummar da ba Yahudawa ba, ^[2] da kuma aikinta na mataimakan goma [2] wadanda ba Yahudawa ba ne, ya jagoranci Yva zuwa tunanin ƙarya na aminci.^[4]^[6] Ba ta fuskanci adawa da Yahudawa daga tallace-tallace da abokan cinikinta ba, kuma ta fara komawa wani babban ɗakin karatu a Bleibtreustraße kafin ta sake komawa shekara mai zuwa zuwa zuwa Schlüterstraße, jim kadan bayan aurenta.^[4]^[2] A shekara ta 1934, ta auri Alfred Simon, ^[1] wanda ya bar aikinsa don gudanar da bangarorin kasuwanci na kamfanin Yva. ^[5]

Yva ta ɗauki hayar wani matashin mataimakiya, Helmut Neustädter a shekarar 1936, wanda daga baya ya zama sanannen mai ɗaukar hoto na salon zamani Helmut Newton . A wannan shekarar, ta mayar da kamfaninta ga ƙawarta, mai tarihin fasaha Charlotte Weidler, domin ta ba wa kasuwancin damar ci gaba da aiki. Yva ta yi shirin yin ƙaura, bayan ta sami tayin aiki daga Life don yin aiki a birnin New York. ^[2] Mijinta ya shawo kanta ta yi watsi da shirin ta ci gaba da zama a Jamus, yana fatan abubuwa za su inganta, ^[4] domin ba zai iya tunanin fara wani sabon wuri ba inda bai ma iya yaren ba. ^[2] Simon ta yi zato ba daidai ba, domin a shekarar 1938 an hana Yva yin aikin daukar hoto ta hanyar sabbin dokoki ^[4] kuma aka tilasta mata rufe ɗakin studio ɗinta. Ta yi aiki a matsayin mataimakiya a sashen daukar hoton rediyo na Asibitin Yahudawa na Berlin har zuwa 1942. ^[6] An yi wasu ƙoƙarin a shekarar 1942 don ma'auratan su bar Jamus, domin bayan kama su an gano akwatuna 34 na kayansu, waɗanda suka fi cike da kayan ɗakinta na daukar hoto, a tashar jiragen ruwa ta Hamburg . An lalata akwatunan guda ashirin da ɗaya a wani harin bam, sauran guda goma sha uku kuma an yi gwanjonsu don biyan kuɗin ajiyarsu. ^[8]

Jami'an tsaro na Gestapo sun kama Else da Alfred Simon a ranar 1 ga Yuni 1942, kuma a ranar 13 ga Yuni aka tura su ta hanyar "15 Osttransport" zuwa sansanonin kisan kare dangi. An yi tsammanin jigilarsu za ta kai sansanin kisan gillar Sobibór, amma a kan hanya aka mayar da jirgin zuwa wani layin gefe a Lublin, Poland kuma aka zaɓi fursunoni 1030 don su tafi Sobibór. An aika sauran fursunonin (har yanzu ba a san adadinsu ba) zuwa sansanin tsare fursunoni na Majdanek . Babu wani jerin sunayen motocin da za a kai wannan korar da ya fayyace inda ma'auratan suke, duk da cewa rajistar Yahudawa a Yad Vashem ta nuna cewa an kashe Alfred Simon a Majdanek. Babu wani bayani game da mutuwar Yva da ya bayyana. Wataƙila an kashe su duka biyun lokacin da suka isa sansani, wataƙila a shekarar 1942. An sanar da mutuwar Else Ernestine Neuländer a hukumance a ranar 31 ga Disamba 1944, kuma an ajiye Stolpersteine a wajen gidanta na ƙarshe da ke Schlüterstraße 45 a ranar 29 ga Nuwamba 2005. ^[8]

Gado

A shekara ta 2001, an nuna wani bincike na baya-bayan nan game da ayyukan Yva a Gidan Tarihi na Hidden ( German: ) a Charlottenburg . ^[9] A shekara mai zuwa, an nuna hotunanta a wani baje kolin kayan tarihi a Stadtmuseum Berlin . ^[5] A shekara ta 2002, Yva: Hotunan Hotuna 1925–1938, Marion Beckers da Elisabeth Moortgat ne suka rubuta tarihin rayuwarta da kuma kimanta ayyukanta da gudummawarta ga daukar hoto, kuma Wasmuth Publishing ta buga su da Jamusanci da Turanci. ^[4]