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Zaɓin da aka tsara shi ne duk wani tsarin jefa kuri'a wanda ke amfani da matsayi na masu jefa kuri'u na 'yan takara don zaɓar mai nasara ɗaya ko masu nasara da yawa. Fiye da haka, tsarin jefa kuri'a ya dogara ne kawai da tsarin masu jefa kuri'u na 'yan takara. 123451234Bincike da yawa sun jaddada cewa hadin kai na iya rinjayar jefa kuri'a, musamman lokacin da mutane suka ga kansu a matsayin na cikin rukunin zamantakewa (misali, "Turai", "ƙananan mutane", "ƙungiyoyi"). A cikin binciken da aka yi game da Zaben Majalisar Tarayyar Turai na 2019, masu amsawa waɗanda suka fi son raba haɗarin tattalin arziki da zamantakewa sun fi yin zabe ga GUE / NGL, Greens / EFA, da S & D.[1] A cikin kasashe 9 daga cikin 10, hadin kai yana da alaƙa da ƙarancin jefa kuri'a ga jam'iyyun dama da masu matsakaici. A cikin zaben Amurka na 2024, 'yan tsirarun kabilanci da ke nunawa tare da babban rukunin zamantakewa na "Mutanen Launi" (PoC) sun fi yiwuwa su jefa kuri'a ga dan takarar da suka ga ya kasance a wannan rukunin kuma daga baya sun fi dacewa su jefa kuriʼa ga Harris a kan Trump.[2] A ƙarshe, ma'aikata a Amurka waɗanda suka ji daɗi game da ƙungiyoyi sun fi yin zabe don wakilin ƙungiyar.[3] A takaice dai, su kasance tasirin halayensu, abin da abokan aikinsu suka ji yana da mahimmanci. A cikin mahalli akwai al'ada na hadin kan ƙungiyar ma'aikata, ma'aikata masu zaman kansu, sun nuna yiwuwar jefa kuri'a don wakilcin ƙungiyar.Christadelphians, Jehovah's Witnesses, Old Order Amish, Rastafarians da wasu addinai, suna da manufofin kada su shiga siyasa kuma wannan ya kai ga jefa kuri'a.[1][2] Wasu kungiyoyin addinai, gami da Majalisar Yahweh, suna hana ko hana jefa kuri'a a zaben farar hula a kan dalilan tauhidi. A cikin Mai watsa shirye-shiryen Sunan Mai Tsarki, Elder Jacob O. Meyer ya yi jayayya cewa Mai mulki Yahshua bai shiga cikin siyasa ba kuma ya koyar da cewa mulkinsa "ba na wannan duniya ba" (Yahaya 18:36).[3] Labarin ya tsara masu bi a matsayin "ambassadors" na Mulkin Yahweh mai zuwa (2 Korantiyawa 5:20; duba Afisawa 6:20) wanda "yan ƙasa na farko yana sama" (Filiyawa 3:20), sabili da haka yana kira ga biyayya ga gwamnatin Yahweh maimakon daidaitawa da jam'iyyun siyasa masu fafatawa. Har ila yau, ya bambanta wannan matsayi daga ƙin tsarin farar hula gaba ɗaya, yana mai cewa masu bi ya kamata su yi biyayya da dokokin farar hula kuma su biya haraji muddin irin waɗannan dokoki ba su saba wa umarnin Yahweh ba (cf. Romawa 13:1-7), yayin jiran kafa Mulkin Yahweh a ƙarƙashin Almasihu. Rabbai daga dukkan addinan Yahudawa suna ƙarfafa jefa kuri'a kuma wasu ma suna la'akari da shi wajibi ne na addini.[4] Cocin Katolika yana koyar da cewa wajibi ne a jefa kuri'a. Tsarin jefa kuri'a da aka tsara ya bambanta sosai a yadda aka tsara abubuwan da aka fi so kuma aka ƙidaya su. Wannan yana ba su kaddarorin daban-daban dangane da gamsar da kungiyoyin jefa kuri'a daban-daban da bin ka'idojin lissafi.

A cikin jefa kuri'a na nan take (IRV) da tsarin jefa kuri'u guda ɗaya (STV), ana amfani da ƙananan abubuwan da aka fi so a matsayin abubuwan da ba su dace ba kuma ana amfani da su ne kawai lokacin da aka kawar da dukkan 'yan takarar da aka yi alama a matsayin abubuwan fifiko mafi girma a kan kuri'a ko kuma lokacin da aka jefa kuri'ar ga dan takarar da za a zaba kuma ana buƙatar canja wurin kuri'un da suka wuce. Zaɓuɓɓukan da aka tsara na wannan nau'in ba sa fama da matsalar cewa za'a iya amfani da ƙarancin fifiko da aka yi amfani da shi a kan fifiko mafi girma na mai jefa kuri'a.

Wasu tsarin jefa kuri'a ba sa amfani da matsayi don canja wurin kuri'u amma a maimakon haka suna amfani da matsayi a matsayin nauyi. Wadannan tsarin ana kiransu jefa kuri'a na matsayi. A cikin Hanyar Borda, 'yan takarar da ba a fi so a kowane kuri'a suna samun maki kaɗan; wadanda aka fi so suna samun maki da yawa. Ana ƙara maki a kowane kuri'a ga kowane dan takara tare, kuma ana zabar dan takarar da ke da mafi yawan maki.

A cikin Amurka da Ostiraliya, sharuɗɗan zaɓin zaɓin da zaɓin Zaɓin da aka fi so, bi da bi, kusan koyaushe [bisa ga wanene?] suna nufin jefa kuri'a nan take; duk da haka, saboda an yi amfani da waɗannan sharuɗano don nufin tsarin da aka tsara gabaɗaya, yawancin Masu ra'ayin zaɓin zamantakewa suna ba da shawarar amfani da kalmar jefa kuri'ar nan take a cikin mahallin inda rikice-rikice zai iya tasowa.  

Zaɓuɓɓukan da aka tsara ba su haɗa da wani bayani game da tsananin abubuwan da aka fi so ba. Bugu da ƙari, aiwatarwa na yau da kullun ba su lissafa daidaito na fifiko tsakanin 'yan takara biyu ko fiye ba.

Tsarin jefa kuri'a da ke amfani da lambobi na yau da kullun (1, 2, 3, da dai sauransu) kamar IRV, STV da hanyar Borda sun bambanta da hanyoyin jefa kuri'u, wanda ke bawa masu jefa kuri'ar damar nuna yadda suke goyon bayan 'yan takara (misali a kan sikelin daga 0 zuwa 10). Tsarin jefa kuri'a mai daraja ta amfani da lambobi na yau da kullun suna samar da ƙarin bayani fiye da tsarin jefa kuri'u na X kamar jefa kuri'ar farko da ta wuce. Tsarin jefa kuri'a mai ƙididdiga yana samar da ƙarin bayani fiye da tsarin da ke amfani da kuri'un ƙididdiga; a sakamakon haka, wasu sakamakon gama gari, Ka'idar Arrow's theorem, ba sa amfani da su kai tsaye.[1]

Wasu tsarin jefa kuri'a masu daraja suna buƙatar mai jefa kuri'ar ya zama adadin 'yan takara. Wadanda ke amfani da zaɓin zaɓin zaɓen suna ba da cikakken 'yanci ga mai jefa kuri'a game da yawan' yan takarar da suka zaba. A karkashin STV ko IRV, ba duk matsayi ne ake amfani da su a kowane hali ba.

Tarihin ka'idar jefa kuri'a da karbar ta

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Plurality voting is the most common voting system and has been in widespread use since the earliest democracies. As plurality voting has exhibited weaknesses from its start, especially as soon as a third party joins the race, some social scientists began to recommend transferable votes (facilitated by contingent ranked ballots) to reduce the incidence of wasted votes and unrepresentative election results.[ana buƙatar hujja]

A form of the single transferable vote (STV) system was invented by Carl Andræ in Denmark, where it was used briefly before being abandoned in favour of open list proportional representation (open list PR). STV still carried on in Denmark until 1953 for indirect election of the upper house.[ana buƙatar hujja]

A kusan lokaci guda, tsarin STV ya samo asali ne daga lauyan Burtaniya Thomas Hare, wanda rubuce-rubucensa ba da daɗewa ba suka yada hanyar a duk faɗin Daular Burtaniya. Tasmania ta yi amfani da STV (wanda ake kira tsarin Hare) a zaben gwamnati a cikin shekarun 1890. STV ta fara karɓar karɓa na dindindin da kuma karuwa a duk faɗin Ostiraliya tun daga 1907 da kuma cikin shekarun 1910. An karɓi tsarin STV, ta amfani da ƙididdigar ƙididdiga, a Ireland, Afirka ta Kudu, Malta, da kuma kusan birane 40 a Amurka da Kanada. An kuma yi amfani da tsarin jefa kuri'a guda ɗaya don zabar 'yan majalisa a Kanada, Afirka ta Kudu, Indiya da Nepal.

Za'a iya gano shawarwari na farko da aka sani don tsarin jefa kuri'a zuwa ayyukan Ramon Llull a ƙarshen karni na 13, wanda ya haɓaka abin da daga baya za a san shi da Hanyar Copeland. Llull ya gabatar da ra'ayin a cikin littafinsa na 1299 Ars Electionis, wanda Nicholas na Cusa ya tattauna a karni na goma sha biyar.[2]

Wani bincike na biyu ya fara ne lokacin da Jean-Charles de Borda ya buga takarda a shekara ta 1781, yana ba da shawarar Ƙididdigar Borda, wanda ya kira "tsarin cancanta". Wannan hanyar ta jawo zargi daga Marquis de Condorcet, wanda ya nuna cewa hanyar Borda ba koyaushe tana nuna fifiko na rukuni ba saboda yana da rauni ga tasirin spoiler kuma ba koyaushe yana zaɓar Dan takarar da aka fi so ba. Condorcet ya kirkiro Hanyar zabensa, wanda yayi kama da hanyar Copeland ta baya.

A cikin 1700s, Condorcet ya nuna raunin tsarin da ke kawar da dan takara daga hannu bayan zagaye na farko, kamar tsarin zagaye biyu ko jefa kuri'a nan take (IRV). Ya ƙi su kamar yadda suke da rauni cewa zasu iya kawar da dan takarar da ya fi so ga yawancin masu jefa kuri'a. A cikin 1864, Edward J. Nanson, yayin da yake lura da damuwar Condorcet, ya ce hanyar IRV "cikakken yiwu ne kuma mai yiwuwa ga zaɓe a kowane sikelin". [3]

Sha'awar jefa kuri'a ta ci gaba a cikin karni na 19. Ma'anar jefa kuri'a a matsayin jerin abubuwan da aka fi so, sabanin matsayi mai nauyi, Carl Andræ ne ya tsara shi a cikin sigar tsarin zabe guda ɗaya. An karɓi wannan tsarin kuma an yi amfani da shi a ƙasarsa, Denmark, a cikin 1855. Wannan ya yi amfani da kuri'un da aka zaba don canja wurin kuri'un zaɓaɓɓun 'yan takara, amma bai haɗa da canja wurin kuriʼun daga' yan takarar da aka kawar ba.

Kimanin lokaci guda a cikin bincike mara alaƙa, mai gyarawa na Burtaniya Thomas Hare ya tsara wani nau'i na farko na jefa kuri'a guda ɗaya, kuma, kamar Andræ, ta amfani da matsayi a matsayin abubuwan da za a fi so kawai idan an buƙata.

Farfesa na Cibiyar Fasaha ta Massachusetts (MIT) W. R. Ware ya gudanar da zanga-zangar zabe guda daya a cikin 1871 ta hanyar samun dalibai 150 na MIT da suka zabi marubutan Ingilishi hudu a matsayin wadanda suka fi so. Yankin 'yan takara sun riƙe sunayen marubuta 35 a ƙididdigar farko kuma a ƙarshe sun mai da hankali ga yawancin kuri'un da ke bayan hudu kawai. Ware ya ci gaba da yin la'akari da yadda za a iya magance gurbi na yau da kullun kuma ya gano cewa ƙididdigar za ta samar da mai nasara. Wannan ya tabbatar da cewa za'a iya amfani da kuri'un da za a iya canja su (zaɓe na nan take) don samar da mai nasara guda ɗaya, duk da rashin amincewar Condorcet da sauransu.

A farkon rabin karni na 20, jefa kuri'a guda ɗaya (ƙaddamar da kujeru da yawa ta amfani da kuri'un da za a iya canzawa) sun sami amfani na yau da kullun a birane kuma an yi amfani da su don zabar 'yan majalisa a Arewacin Amurka, Ireland da sauran sassan duniya masu magana da Ingilishi, tare da nau'ikan mai nasara guda ɗaya, zabin jefa kuri'u (yanzu an san shi da tsarin jefa kuri'un nan take) da kuma tsarin jefa kuriʼa (ko bambancin da aka sani da ƙarin kuri'a) kasancewarsa ga masu nasara guda ɗaya na magajin gari da sauransu.

Binciken ka'idoji na hanyoyin zabe ya farfado da takarda ta 1948 daga Duncan Black da binciken Kenneth Arrow a cikin Ka'idar zaɓin zamantakewa, reshe na tattalin arzikin jin dadin da ke fadada Zaɓin da ya dace don haɗawa da hanyoyin yanke shawara na al'umma.

Maido da jefa kuri'a a cikin 2020s

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A farkon shekarun 2020, amfani da kuri'un da aka zaba sun dawo a Amurka. STV, na wani lokaci da aka yi amfani da shi kawai a Cambridge, Massachusetts, Portland, da sauran biranen Amurka da yawa sun karbe shi tun daga shekarar 2022.[4]

Ana amfani da kuri'un da aka yi nasara guda ɗaya (musamman kuri'un nan take) don zabar 'yan siyasa a jihohin Maine [5] da Alaska. [6] A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2016, masu jefa kuri'a na Maine sun wuce Tambaya ta 5, suna amincewa da jefa kuri'u nan take ga dukkan zabuka. An fara amfani da wannan a cikin 2018, yana nuna amfani da kuri'un da aka zaba a cikin zaben jihar a Amurka. (An yi amfani da ƙididdigar kuri'un Maine a duk fadin jihar don tantance kujerun kwalejin zabe guda biyu a duk fadin kasar.)

In November 2020, Alaska voters passed Measure 2, bringing instant-runoff voting into use from 2022.[7][8] After a series of electoral pathologies in Alaska's 2022 congressional special election,[ana buƙatar hujja] a poll found 54% of Alaskans supported a repeal of the system. This included a third of the voters who had supported Mary Peltola, the ultimate winner in the election. However, a referendum on the issue in 2024 saw a narrow majority in favour of retention of IRV.[9][10]

Wasu zaɓuɓɓukan gida a New Zealand suna amfani da tsarin zaɓen mai sauyawa guda ɗaya.[11] Ana amfani da STV don zabar hukumomin gida a Scotland da Ireland. [12][13]

Zaɓuɓɓuka masu daidaito

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A cikin jefa kuri'a tare da kuri'a mai matsayi, kuri'a da aka ɗaure ko daidai shine inda 'yan takara biyu ko fiye suka sami matsayi ɗaya ko ƙima. A cikin runoff nan take da kuma na farko-da-post, irin waɗannan kuri'un an ƙi su gabaɗaya saboda manufar mai jefa kuri'a ba ta da tabbas. Koyaya, a cikin ka'idar zaɓin zamantakewa, wasu tsarin zaɓe suna ɗaukar kuri'un da aka daidaita sun "raba" daidai tsakanin 'yan takarar da aka daidaita (misali a cikin layi biyu, kowane dan takara yana karɓar rabin kuri'a). Ƙididdigar Borda da hanyar Condorcet na iya ɗaukar kuri'un daidaito daban-daban fiye da kawai raba kuri'a. Dokoki daban-daban suna samar da halaye da halaye daban-daban na lissafi, musamman a ƙarƙashin jefa kuri'a ta dabarun.

Zaɓuɓɓukan da aka yanke

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Lokacin da mai jefa kuri'a bai sanya dukkan 'yan takara ba, ana kiran kuri'ar da aka yankewa ko kuma ta bangare.[14][15] A cikin IRV da STV, kuri'ar da aka yanke na iya zama ta ƙare da zarar an kawar da dukkan 'yan takarar da yake da su.[15] Ana iya tilasta masu jefa kuri'a su yanke a cikin ikon da ke iyakance yawan matsayi da aka ba da izini ko kuma su yanke da son rai saboda ba su da bayani game da 'yan takarar da ba a san su sosai ko kuma ba su damu da su ba.[15] Hakanan ana iya amfani da raguwa da gangan a matsayin dabarun, tare da mafi tsananin yanayin shine jefa kuri'a.[16] Wannan na iya haifar da matsala ta Burr inda mai jefa kuri'a ke taimaka wa dan takarar da ba a fi so ta hanyar hana abubuwan da aka fi so daga baya.[17]

Tushen ka'idoji na jefa kuri'a

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Ka'idodin da Marquis de Condorcet ya tsara a karni na 18 sun ci gaba da kasancewa da mahimmanci a cikin nazarin zaɓe. Ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan ra'ayoyin shine Wanda ya lashe Condorcet, dan takarar da zai ci nasara a kan kowane dan takara a cikin tseren hanyoyi biyu. Tsarin jefa kuri'a wanda koyaushe ke zabar wannan dan takarar ana kiransa hanyar Condorcet; duk da haka, yana yiwuwa a gudanar da zabe ba tare da mai cin nasara na Condorcet ba, halin da ake kira Condorcet sake zagayowar. KA yi la'akari da zaB tare da 'yan takara 3 A, B, da C suna da masu jefa kuri'a 3. ƊA yA">C">A jefa kuri'a 'B'="#mwt109" 'C'="nowrap" data-mw="{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"nowrap","href":"./Template:Nowrap"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"''A'' > ''C'' > ''B''"}},"i":0}}]}" data-ve-no-generated-contents="true" id="mwARI" typeof="mw:Transclusion">A > C > B, ɗaya ya jefa kuriʼa B > A, kuma ɗaya ya jefa ƙuri'a C > B > A. A wannan yanayin, babu wanda ya lashe Condorcet: A ba zai iya zama mai cin nasara na Condorcet ba kamar yadda kashi biyu bisa uku na masu jefa kuri'ar suka fi son B. Hakanan, B ba zai iya kasancewa mai nasara kamar yadda kashi uku na biyu bisa uku suka fi son A a kan C. Wannan ya samar da tsarin dutse-takarda-scors ba tare da Condorcet mai cin nasara ba.

Halin jama'a

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Hakanan ana iya yin hukunci da tsarin jefa kuri'a akan ikon su na isar da sakamakon da ke kara yawan lafiyar al'umma, watau zabar dan takara mafi kyau ga al'umma gaba ɗaya.[18]

Tsarin jefa kuri'a na sararin samaniya

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Tsarin jefa kuri'a na sararin samaniya, wanda Duncan Black ya gabatar da farko kuma Anthony Downs ya ci gaba da bunkasa, yana samar da tsarin ka'idoji don fahimtar halayyar zabe. A cikin waɗannan samfuran, kowane mai jefa kuri'a da ɗan takara suna cikin sararin akida wanda zai iya ɗaukar nau'o'i da yawa. An ɗauka cewa masu jefa kuri'a suna son 'yan takarar da suka dace da matsayinsu na akidarsu a kan wadanda suka fi nesa. Tsarin siyasa misali ne na tsarin sararin samaniya guda ɗaya.

Misali na sararin samaniya na jefa kuri'a

Hoton da ke biyowa yana gabatar da samfurin sararin samaniya mai sauƙi, wanda ke kwatanta hanyoyin jefa kuri'a da aka tattauna a sassan da suka biyo baya na wannan labarin. A ɗA 'C' magoya B dan takarar A sun jefa kuri'unsu a cikin tsari na A > B > C, yayin da magoya bayan 'yan takarar C suka jefa kuri'a a cikin jerin C > B > A. Magoya bayan dan wasan B sun raba daidai tsakanin lissafin A ko C a matsayin fifiko na biyu. Daga bayanan da ke cikin teburin da ke biyowa, idan akwai masu jefa kuri'a 100, rarraba kuri'un zai nuna matsayin masu jefa kuriʼa da 'yan takara tare da bakan akidar.

Misalai na sararin samaniya suna ba da mahimman fahimta saboda suna ba da hangen nesa game da abubuwan da masu jefa kuri'a suka fi so. Wadannan samfurori suna haifar da ka'idar da ke da tasiri - ka'idar mai jefa kuri'a ta tsakiya - wanda aka danganta ga Duncan Black. Wannan ka'idar ta nuna cewa a cikin samfuran sararin samaniya masu yawa, gami da duk samfuran guda ɗaya da duk samfuri masu ma'ana a fadin nau'o'i masu yawa, an tabbatar da cewa mai cin nasara na Condorcet ya wanzu. Bugu da ƙari, wannan mai nasara shine dan takarar da ya fi kusa da matsakaicin rarraba masu jefa kuri'a. Binciken kwarewar ya gano cewa samfuran jefa kuri'a na sararin samaniya suna ba da cikakken bayani game da yawancin halayyar jefa kuri'u.

Sauran ra'ayoyi

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Arrow's impossibility theorem ne generalization na Condorcet ta sakamakon a kan impossibility na mafi rinjaye mulki. Ya nuna cewa kowane algorithm na jefa kuri'a yana da saukin kamuwa da tasirin spoiler. [dubious - tattauna] Gibbard's theorem yana ba da alaƙa da juna, cewa babu wata doka ta jefa kuri'a da za ta iya samun dabarun da ta fi dacewa da ba ta dogara da kuri'un wasu masu jefa kuri'u ba. 

Misalan

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Ƙididdigar Borda

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Ƙididdigar Borda tsarin matsayi ne wanda ke ba da maki ga kowane dan takara bisa ga matsayinsu a kowane kuri'a. Idan m shine jimlar adadin 'yan takara, dan takarar da ya fara a kan kuri'a yana karɓar maki m − 1, na biyu yana karɓar m − 2, da sauransu, har sai dan takarar karshe wanda ya sami sifili. A cikin misalin da aka B shi, dan takarar B ya fito a matsayin mai nasara tare da 130 daga cikin maki 300. Duk da yake ƙididdigar Borda tana da sauƙi don gudanarwa, ba ta cika ma'aunin Condorcet ba. Har ila yau, shigar da 'yan takara waɗanda ba su da damar cin nasara.

Sauran tsarin matsayi

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Tsarin da ke ba da maki a cikin irin wannan hanyar amma mai yiwuwa tare da tsari daban ana kiransa tsarin matsayi. Sakamakon ci (m − 1, m − 2, ..., 0) yana da alaƙa da ƙididdigar Borda, (1, 1/2, 1/3, ..., 1/m) yana bayyana Tsarin Dowdall kuma (1, 0, ..., 0) daidai yake da na farko da ya wuce.

Zabe na nan take

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Zabe na nan take, sau da yawa ana haɗa shi da zaɓe na zabi gabaɗaya, hanya ce ta jefa kuri'a da ke tattare da ita wacce ke kawar da wanda ya ci nasara a lokacin zagaye na ƙidaya kuma ya canja wurin kuri'un su, idan ya yiwu, har sai wani dan takara ya sami mafi yawan kuri'un. A cikin misalin da aka B, an ayyana dan takarar A a zagaye na uku, bayan ya sami mafi yawan kuri'u ta hanyar tara kuri'un da aka zaɓa na farko da kuma sake rarraba kuri'un daga dan takarar B. Wannan tsarin yana nuna abubuwan da masu jefa kuri'a suka fi so tsakanin 'yan takara na ƙarshe, yana tsayawa lokacin da dan takarar ya sami fifiko na mafi yawan masu jefa kuriʼa. Zabe na nan take bai cika ka'idar mai nasara ta Condorcet ba.

Zaɓin da za a iya canja shi

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Zaɓin za a iya canja shi guda ɗaya shine hanyar zaɓen ƙididdigar ƙididdiga wanda ke zaɓar mambobi da yawa. yawa zabar duk wani dan takara da ya kai ga adadin, kuma idan ya cancanta yana kawar da wanda ya rasa a matakai daban-daban na ƙididdigar kuri'u. Yana canja wurin kuri'un 'yan takarar da aka kawar da su da kuri'un da suka rage na masu nasara har sai an zabe su ta hanyar quota ko kuma ta hanyar kasancewa a cikin gudu lokacin da filin' yan takara ya ragu zuwa yawan sauran kujerun da aka bude. Saboda zaɓaɓɓun membobin ana zabar su tare da iri ɗaya ko kusan adadin kuri'u, kowace jam'iyya da ta shahara sosai don wakilci tana karɓar kujerun da suka dace da ƙididdigar kuri'un 'yan takarar ta. Canjin ya rage sharar gida zuwa kusan kashi ɗaya - wanda a cikin gundumar kujeru biyar yana da kusan kashi 17 cikin ɗari na kuri'un da suka dace; a cikin gundumomi da ke da mambobi fiye da biyar, sharar gida ta fi karami. Dukkanin sai dai kuri'u guda daya ana amfani da su don zabar wani a cikin gundumar don haka kashi na kuri'un da suka dace ya dogara da kusan kashi 80 zuwa 90 cikin dari na kuri'u masu inganci a cikin gunduma.[19][20]

Condorcet mai faɗuwa

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Hanyoyin Condorcet da ke saukewa duk suna neman mai cin nasara na Condorcet; watau dan takarar da ba a ci nasara da wani dan takara ba a cikin kuri'un da suka fi yawa. Idan babu mai cin nasara na Condorcet, suna sau da yawa (sanya gefen zuwa sifili) don wasannin daya-da-daya da suka fi kusa da a ɗaure su, har sai akwai mai cin nasara ya Condorcet. Yadda aka bayyana "kusa da ɗaurewa" ya dogara da takamaiman doka. Ga Hanyar minimx Condorcet, ana sauke zaɓen da ke da mafi ƙanƙantaccen nasara, yayin da a cikin nau'i-nau'i, zaɓen da suka haifar da sake zagayowar ne kawai suka cancanci a sauke su (tare da cin nasara da aka sauke bisa ga gefen nasara).

A cikin zaɓen Commonwealth na Australiya da na jihohi, ana ba masu jefa kuri'a katunan How-To-Vote (HTVC) wanda ke ba da shawarar yadda za a tallafa wa dan takarar da aka zaba. A Kudancin Australia, Hukumar Zabe ta buga HTVC ga dukkan 'yan takara wanda ke adana lokaci da kuɗi. Wannan kuma yana amfana da ƙananan jam'iyyun da masu zaman kansu waɗanda ba su iya yin aiki da dukkan rumfunan zabe ba.

Dubi kuma

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  • Approval voting - Tsarin zabe mai nasara guda ɗaya
  • Kwatanta ka'idojin jefa kuri'a
  • Duverger's law - Mai nasara-ya ɗauki-duk tsarin jefa kuri'a yana haifar da jam'iyyun biyu kawai
  • Group voting ticket - Jerin abubuwan da jam'iyyun siyasa suka gabatar
  • Tarihi da amfani da jefa kuri'a nan take
  • Tarihi da amfani da kuri'un da za a iya canja wuri
  • Jerin tsarin zaɓe ta ƙasa
  • Matrix vote - Hanyar jefa kuri'a
  • Preferential block voting
  • Ƙididdigar matsayi - shigarwa jerin matsayi ne (kamar yadda yake a cikin jefa kuri'a), amma fitowar da ake so cikakkiyar matsayi ne na madadin, maimakon mai nasara ɗaya.
  • Hanyoyin jefa kuri'a a cikin tarurruka

Manazarta

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  1. ↑ Hamlin, Aaron (October 6, 2012). "Podcast 2012-10-06: Interview with Nobel Laureate Dr. Kenneth Arrow". The Center for Election Science. Archived from the original on June 5, 2023.
  2. ↑ Colomer, Josep M. (February 1, 2013). "Ramon Llull: from 'Ars electionis' to social choice theory". Social Choice and Welfare (in Turanci). 40 (2): 317–328. doi:10.1007/s00355-011-0598-2. ISSN 1432-217X.
  3. ↑ Nanson, E. J. (1882). "Methods of election: Ware's Method". Transactions and Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria. 19 (1864): 206. The method was, however, mentioned by Condorcet, but only to be condemned.
  4. ↑ Smart, Peter (November 11, 2022). "A wave of cities across the United States switch to fair voting systems". Electoral Reform Society. Retrieved January 22, 2025.
  5. ↑ "Ranked Choice Voting in Maine". Maine State Legislature. Retrieved October 21, 2021.
  6. ↑ "Alaska Better Elections Implementation". Alaska Division of Elections. Retrieved October 21, 2021.
  7. ↑ "Ranked Choice Voting in Maine". legislature.maine.gov. State of Maine. August 23, 2022. Retrieved November 20, 2022.
  8. ↑ Piper, Kelsey (November 19, 2020). "Alaska voters adopt ranked-choice voting in ballot initiative". vox.com. Vox Media. Retrieved November 20, 2022.
  9. ↑ Jett, Jennifer (November 5, 2024). "Alaska Ballot Measures: Election 2024 Live Results". NBC News. Retrieved January 22, 2025.
  10. ↑ "North to the Future: Alaska's Ranked Choice Voting System is Praised and Criticized Nationally". Alaska Public Media. September 19, 2023.
  11. ↑ "New Zealand Cities Voting to Implement Ranked Choice Voting". September 19, 2017.
  12. ↑ "The Local STV Voting System Explained".
  13. ↑ "How Ireland's local elections work". May 23, 2024.
  14. ↑ Emerson, Peter (2013-02-01). "The original Borda count and partial voting". Social Choice and Welfare (in Turanci). 40 (2): 353–358. doi:10.1007/s00355-011-0603-9. ISSN 0176-1714. In a ballot on n options/candidates, a partial vote is one in which the voter ranks only m options/candidates, where 1 ≤ m < n.
  15. 1 2 3 Kilgour, D. Marc; Grégoire, Jean-Charles; Foley, Angèle M. (2020-07-01). "The prevalence and consequences of ballot truncation in ranked-choice elections". Public Choice (in Turanci). 184 (1–2): 197–218. doi:10.1007/s11127-019-00723-2. ISSN 0048-5829. A ballot is truncated when the ordering is incomplete (called partial voting). Sometimes truncation is forced—voters are allowed to rank only a limited number of candidates—but sometimes it is voluntary. During the vote tabulating process, a truncated ballot is exhausted when all of the candidates it ranks have been eliminated.
  16. ↑ Fishburn, Peter C.; Brams, Steven J. (1984). "Manipulability of Voting by Sincere Truncation of Preferences". Public Choice. 44 (3): 397–410. ISSN 0048-5829. A weak form of strategic voting, called 'sincere truncation,' occurs when a voter with a strict preference ranking does not rank all his or her choices on the ballot.
  17. ↑ Nagel, Jack H. (2007-02-01). "The Burr Dilemma in Approval Voting". The Journal of Politics (in Turanci). 69 (1): 43–58. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2508.2007.00493.x. ISSN 0022-3816. a strategic tension built into approval voting, which forces two leaders appealing to the same voters to play a game of Chicken.
  18. ↑ Weber, Robert J. (September 1978). "Comparison of Public Choice Systems". Cowles Foundation Discussion Papers. Cowles Foundation for Research in Economics: 16, 38, 62. No. 498.
  19. ↑ Gallagher, Michael. "Comparing P.R. Electoral Systems. Quotas, Thresholds, Paradoxes, Majorities" (PDF).
  20. ↑ "How Ireland's local elections work". May 23, 2024.
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