Zagi na yau da kullun

A cikin dokar aikata laifuka ta yau da kullun a Ingila da Wales, tsawata ta yau da kullum wani nau'i ne na damuwa ga jama'a - mutum mai wahala da fushi wanda ya karya zaman lafiya na jama'a ta hanyar azabtarwa, jayayya, da jayayya da maƙwabtansu. Yawancin da aka hukunta don tsawatawa mata ne, kodayake ana iya samun maza da tsawata.

Laifin, wanda ya faru a cikin Mulkin mallaka na Ingila na Amurka, an hukunta shi da tarar da wulakanci na jama'a: dunking (suna hannun hannu a cikin kujera kuma a tsoma shi cikin kogi ko tafki); yawo ta titin; ana sanya shi a cikin bridle (rassan) ko hannun jari. Ana kuma hukunta sayar da gurasa mara kyau ko mala giya ta waɗannan hanyoyi a wasu sassan Ingila a cikin ƙarni na zamani.

Babu wani hukunci na jiki da aka sani da aka gudanar (kamar ta mahukunta) tun lokacin da aka yi amfani da shi a cikin 1817 wanda ya shafi motar ta tituna. Hukumomin Washington DC sun sanya tarar a kan marubuci a kan malamai, sun ayyana tsawatawa ta kowa, a cikin 1829. An soke laifin da hukunci a Ingila da Wales a 1967, kuma a hukumance a New Jersey a 1972.

Laifin da hukuncinsa

Ingila ta Tsakiya

Laifin tsawata ya samo asali ne daga ƙarshen Zamanin Tsakiya a Ingila. Wani masanin tarihin Burtaniya ya ba da shawarar yunkurin sarrafawa da azabtar da 'mummunan magana' ya karu bayan Black Death, lokacin da canjin yawan jama'a ya haifar da juriya da barazanar halin da ake ciki.^[1] Wannan ya haɗa da gurfanar da shi don tsawatawa. An bayyana zagi ta amfani da kalmomin Latin, gami da objurgator, garulator, rixator da litigator, waɗanda aka samo a cikin nau'ikan namiji da mata (objurgatrix, da dai sauransu) a cikin bayanan shari'a na zamani kuma duk suna nufin nau'ikan maganganu marasa kyau, chatter, jayayya ko zargi. Wadannan laifuka galibi ana gabatar da su kuma ana hukunta su a kotunan Manorial ko na gari waɗanda ke kula da halayyar manoma da mutanen gari a duk faɗin Ingila; tare da ƙarancin kaɗan ga majami'ar Ikklisiya. Hukuncin da aka fi sani da shi shine tarar.

Wasu masana tarihi sun rubuta game da tsawatawa da mummunar magana da aka tsara a matsayin laifuffukan mata a ƙarshen zamanin da. An gurfanar da mata na dukkan matsayi na aure saboda tsawatawa. An nuna ma'aurata sau da yawa, yayin da gwauraye ba a lakafta su da yawa. A wurare kamar Exeter scolds yawanci mata ne mafi talauci - a wasu wurare scolds na iya haɗawa da membobin ƙwararrun yankin. Mata da aka kuma tuhume su da batutuwa kamar tashin hankali, yawo da dare, sauraro, kwarkwasa ko zina suna iya zama masu tsauta. Mutane a wasu sassan ana kiransu 'tsananin zagi na yau da kullun', yana nuna tasirin halayensu da magana a kan al'umma. Karen Jones ta gano maza 13 da aka gurfanar da su saboda tsawata a kotunan Kent, idan aka kwatanta da mata 94 da ma'aurata 2.

Yawancin 'yan tsirarun maza da aka yanke musu hukunci an tuhume su da matansu. A cikin 1434, Helen Bradwall (matar Peter Bradwall), ta tsawata wa Hugh Welesson da matarsa Isabel a Middlewich, tana kiran Isabel "mai kisan yara" kuma Hugh "mai kashin hankali". Isabel da Hugh sun kuma tsawata wa Helen, suna kiranta "lesyng blebberer" (ƙaryaci blatherer). An ci dukkan bangarorin tarar laifuffukan - Hugh da Isabel: tare. Kamar mata, ana yawan zargi maza da wasu laifuka da yawa, kamar fasikanci, sata, cinikayya ba bisa ka'ida ba, da kuma kai hari.

Hukunce-hukunce na baya na tsawatawa

Wani reshe a cikin mulkin mallaka na New England, daga lithograph a cikin A Brief History of the United States by Joel Dorman Steele da Esther Baker Steele daga 1885

Wannan ya danganta canjin zuwa kujerar ducking ga asalin gargajiya. Sauran marubutan ba su yarda da wannan ba: Littafin Domesday ya lura da amfani da wani nau'i na kujerar kujerar a Chester a matsayin cathedra stercoris, "kujerar datti", wanda hukuncinsa a bayyane ya haɗa da fallasa buttocks na mai zama ga masu kallo. Wannan wurin zama ya yi aiki don azabtar da ba kawai masu tsawatawa ba, har ma da masu shayarwa da masu yin burodi waɗanda ke sayar da miyagun giya ko burodi, yayin da kujerar ducking ta jefa wanda aka azabtar cikin ruwa.

Shari'a

Wannan katako yana nuna ƙafafun a kan dutsen dutse wanda ya ba da damar a kori mai zama a kan tituna kafin a cire shi.

Wani tambari a kan Fye Bridge a Norwich, Ingila, ya yi iƙirarin cewa yana nuna alamar shafin "ƙuƙwalwa", kuma daga 1562 zuwa 1597 strumpets (matasa mata masu lalata ko lalata) da kuma wulakanci na yau da kullun sun sha wahala a can. A cikin Percy Anecdotes, wanda Thomas Byerley da Joseph Clinton Robertson suka buga a cikin 1821-1823, marubutan sun bayyana cewa "Yaya tsawon lokacin da aka daina amfani da ducking-stool a Ingila ba ya bayyana. " Anecdots kuma sun ba da shawarar rashin tasiri a matsayin dalilin rashin amfani da toal; rubutun ya danganta shari'ar 1681 na Mrs. Finch, wanda ya sami hukunci uku da duckings a matsayin abin zargi na kowa. A hukuncin da aka yanke mata na huɗu, Bench na Sarki ya ki sake jefa ta, ya ba da umarnin tarar maki uku da kurkuku har sai an biya ta.

Matsayin dokar na yanzu

Lauyan a cikin Sykes v. Darakta na Masu gabatar da kara na Jama'a [1962] AC 528 ya ce ba zai iya samun shari'a ba fiye da ƙarni guda kuma ya bayyana laifin a matsayin "tsofaffi". Sashe na 13 (1) (a) na Dokar Laifuka ta 1967 ya soke shi.

Laifin doka na yau da kullun ya jimre a New Jersey har sai an kaddamar da shi a cikin 1972 a cikin State v. Palendrano ta Alkalin da'a McGann, wanda ya gano cewa an haɗa shi cikin tanadin Dokar Halin Rashin Halin na 1898, ba shi da kyau kuma ya yi laifi ga Kwaskwarimar 14 ga Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Amurka don nuna bambancin jima'i. An kuma yi imanin cewa hukuncin ducking na iya zama a corpor (e) al castigo, a wannan yanayin wannan hukunci ba bisa ka'ida ba ne a karkashin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na New Jersey na 1844 ko tun 1776^[2]

A Amurka, jihohi da yawa suna da dokoki da ke hana lalata jama'a, hayaniya mai yawa, da kuma halin rikici. Babu ɗayan waɗannan dokoki da ke ɗauke da hukunci na musamman da aka tanada don tsawatawa ta yau da kullun, kuma ba su da jinsi kamar yadda laifin ya kasance.

Dubi kuma

Rashin zaman lafiya
Halin da ba daidai ba
Daidaitawar maza da mata
Hukuncin jiki
Karen (slang)

Manazarta

↑ Bardsley, Sandy (2006). "Sin, Speech and Scolding in Late Medieval England". Fama: The Politics of Talk and Reputation in Medieval Europe, ed. Thelma Fenster and Daniel Lord Smail: 146–48.
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[1] Bardsley, Sandy (2006). "Sin, Speech and Scolding in Late Medieval England". Fama: The Politics of Talk and Reputation in Medieval Europe, ed. Thelma Fenster and Daniel Lord Smail: 146–48.

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