Zaha Hadid
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Dame Zaha Mohammad Hadid DBE RA (Larabci: زها حديد Zahā Hadīd; 31 Oktoba 1950 - 31 Maris 2016) ta kasance mai zane ƴar Iraki da Burtaniya, wadda aka san ta a matsayin babban jigo a zanen gine-gine a ƙarshen ƙarni na 20th da farkon-21st ƙarni. An haife ta a Baghdad, Iraq,[1] Hadid ta yi karatun lissafi a matsayin digiri na farko sannan ta yi rajista a Makarantar Kungiyar Zane ta Zanen Gidaje a 1972. A wajen binciken salon zanen gine-ginen da zai maye gurbin salon zamani da aka saba, da kuma tasirin salon Suprematism da avant-garde na Rasha, Hadid ta ɗauki zanen azaman kayan aikin da abstraction a matsayin ƙa'idar bincike don "sake binciko binciken da aka watsar da gwaje-gwajen da ba a gwada su ba na Zamani [...] don buɗe sabbin fagage na gine-gine”.[2]
Jaridar The Guardian ta bayyana ta a matsayin "Sarauniyar Kwane-kwane",[3] wanda "ya 'yantar da ilimin lissafi na gine-gine, wanda ya ba shi sabon salo na bayyanawa". Manyan ayyukanta sun haɗa da Cibiyar Nazarin Ruwa ta London don wasannin Olympics na 2012, Eli and Edythe Broad Art Museum, Gidan Tarihi na MAXXI na Rome, da Gidan Opera na Guangzhou. An ba da wasu daga cikin lambobin yabonta bayan mutuwan ta, da kuma gunkin lambar yabo ta 2017 Brit. Tare da lambobin yabo da yawa da karramawa ga sunanta, hakanan kuma Forbes na 2013 ya lissafo ta a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin "Mata masu Mafi Ƙarfin Iko a Duniya".[4][5][6] Da yawa daga cikin gine-ginenta ana kan gina su a lokacin mutuwarta, wanda ya hada da Filin jirgin saman Daxing na kasa da kasa a birnin Beijing, da filin wasa na Al Wakrah (yanzu Al Janoub) a Qatar, wurin gasar cin Kofin Duniya na FIFA 2022.[7]
Hadid ita ce mace ta farko da ta sami lambar yabo ta Pritzker Architecture Prize, a shekara ta 2004.[8] Ta sami lambar yabo ta gine-gine mafi ƙawa a Burtaniya, lambar yabo ta Stirling, a cikin 2010 da 2011. A cikin 2012, Elizabeth II ta yi mata matsayin Dame don ayyuka ga zanen gine-gine, kuma a cikin Fabrairu 2016, watan da ya gabace ta, ta zama mace ta farko da aka ba wa lambar yabo ta Kyautar Zinari ta Masarautar Ingila ita kadai, daga Cibiyar Nazarin Zanen Gine-GIne ta Masarauta (Royal Institute of British Architects) an taba bada kyautar ga Ray Eames da Sheila su biyu a hade da kuma O'Donnell tare da Charles Eames da John Tuomey a tare bi da bi).[9]
Kuruciya da Ahali
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]An haifi Zaha Hadid a ranar 31 ga Oktoban 1950 a Bagadaza na kasar Iraƙi, ga wani babban iyali na Iraki.[10] Mahaifinta, Muhammad al-Hajj Husayn Hadid, hamshakin attajiri ne daga Mosul. Ya kafa al-Ahali Group, kungiya mai ra'ayin gurguzu a shekarar 1932, wata muhimmiyar kungiyar siyasa a shekarun 1930 da 1940. Shi ne wanda ya kafa jam'iyyar Kungiyar Dimukradiyya ta Kasa a Iraki kuma ya kasance ministan kudi bayan hambarar da sarki bayan juyin mulkin Iraki a shekara ta 1958 ga gwamnatin Janar Abd al-Karim Qasim. Mahaifiyarta, Wajiha al-Sabunji, ƴar fasaha ce daga Mosul yayin da ɗan'uwanta Foulath Hadid marubuci ne, akanta kuma ƙwararre kan al'amuran Larabawa. Hadid ya taɓa ambata a cikin wata hira da yadda tafiye-tafiyen da ta yi a farkon ƙuruciyarta zuwa tsoffin garuruwan Sumeria a kudancin Iraki ya haifar da sha'awar gine-gine. A cikin 1960s, Hadid ya halarci makarantun allo a Ingila da Switzerland. Hadid bai yi aure ba ba shi da ‘ya’ya.[11]
Aiki
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Hadid ta yi karatun lissafi a Jami'ar Amurka ta Beirut kafin ta koma Landan a shekara ta 1972 don yin karatu a Makarantar Architectural Association School of Architecture[12]. A nan ta yi karatu da Rem Koolhaas, Elia Zenghelis da Bernard Tschumi. Tsohon farfesa, Koolhaas, ya kwatanta ta a lokacin kammala karatunta a matsayin "duniya a cikin sararin samaniyarta." Zenghelis ya kwatanta ta a matsayin daliba na musamman da ya taba koyarwa. 'Mun kira ta da wadda ta kirkiri digiri 89. Babu wani abu da ya taɓa kasancewa a digiri 90. Ta na da gani mai ban mamaki. Dukan gine-ginen sun fashe zuwa kanana.” Ya tuna cewa ba ta da sha’awar cikakken bayani, irin su matakalan bene. “Yadda take zana matakala za ka iya fasa kanka da saman silin, kuma sararin yana raguwa yana raguwa, kuma za ku ƙare a kusurwar sama na rufin. Ba ta damu da kula da kananun bayanai ba. Hankalinta yana kan manyan abubuwa—lokacin da aka zo batun aikin katako ta san za mu iya gyara hakan daga baya. Ta yi gaskiya.' Binciken Kammala Karatun ta na AA, Malevich's Tektonik, wani ra'ayi ne da ƙira don otal mai matakin 14 akan gadar Hungerford ta London wanda aka aiwatar da shi azaman zanen acrylic, wanda ayyukan ƙwararren ɗan ƙasar Ukrainian Kazimir Malevich ya janyo ra'ayin ta.[13]
Bayan kammala karatunta a 1977, ta yi aiki tare da tsoffin malamanta farfesoshi, Koolhaas da Zenghelis, a Ofishin Zanen Gine-ginen Birni, a Rotterdam, Netherlands.[14] Ta hanyar haɗin gwiwarta da Koolhaas, ta sadu da injiniyan gine-gine Peter Rice, wanda ya ba ta goyon baya da ƙarfafawa a lokacin farkon aikinta. Hadid ta zama 'yar asalin ƙasar Burtaniya. Ta bude kamfaninta na gine-gine, Zaha Hadid Architects, a Landan a cikin shekarar 1980. A farkon shekarun 1980, salon zanen Hadid ya gabatar ga masu sauraro da sabon salon zanen gini na zamani ta hanyar cikakkun bayanai da kwararrun zanuka. A lokacin mutane sun fi mayar da hankali kan zane-zanen zamani, don haka salonta na daban ne da ya bambanta ta da sauran masu zane.[15]
Gine-ginen farko-farko (1991–2005)
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]-
Vitra Fire Station in Weil am Rhein (1993). Hadid's first building complex. -
Bergisel Ski Jump in Innsbruck (2002) -
Contemporary Arts Center in Cincinnati, Ohio, US (2003) -
Spittelau Viaducts Housing Project in Vienna (2005) -
Phaeno Science Center in Wolfsburg (2005) -
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Extension of Ordrupgaard Museum in Copenhagen (2005)
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ "Zaha Hadid | Biography, Buildings, Architecture, Death, & Facts | Britannica". britannica.com (in Turanci). Retrieved 7 November 2022.
- ↑ Serrazanetti, Francesca; Schubert, Matteo, eds. (2011). Zaha Hadid: Inspiration and Process in Architecture. China: Moleskine. p. 56. ISBN 9788866130048. Technology's rapid development and our ever-changing lifestyles created a fundamentally new and exhilarating backdrop for building, and in this new world context I felt we must reinvestigate the aborted and untested experiments of Modernism – not to resurrect them, but to unveil new fields of building
- ↑ Queen of the curve' Zaha Hadid died at aged 65 from heart attack". The Guardian. 29 November 2016. Retrieved 22 December 2018.
- ↑ "Zaha Hadid, architect of MSU's Broad Art Museum, dies". 31 March 2016.
- ↑ https://www.zaha-hadid.com/awards/forbes-100-most-powerful-women/ [bare URL]
- ↑ "Zaha Hadid: A Woman's Perspective on Architecture". 15 June 2020.
- ↑ "Dame Zaha Hadid's Brit Awards statuette design unveiled". BBC News. 1 December 2016. Retrieved 22 December 2018.
- ↑ Nonie Niesewand (March 2015). "Through the Glass Ceiling". Architectural Digest. Retrieved 22 December 2018.
- ↑ "Zaha Hadid: The woman who reshaped modern architecture". Al Jazeera. 31 May 2017. Retrieved 22 December 2018.
- ↑ "A warped perspective". The Daily Telegraph. 16 August 2005. Archived from the original on 2 April 2016. Retrieved 22 December 2018
- ↑ Robert Booth (16 January 2017). "Zaha Hadid leaves £67m fortune, architect's will reveals". The Guardian. Retrieved 22 December 2018.
- ↑ Zaha Hadid Biography". notablebiographies.com. Retrieved 22 December 2018.
- ↑ Jodidio 2016, pp. 7–17
- ↑ Dama Zaha Hadid profile". Design Museum. 9 September 2014. Retrieved 22 December 2018.
- ↑ Fontana-Giusti, Gordana (June 2016). "Zaha Hadid: 1950–2016". Architectural Research Quarterly. 20 (2): 95–98. doi:10.1017/S1359135516000348. ISSN 1359-1355.