Zaib-un-Nissa Hamidullah

Zaib-un-Nissa Hamidullah
Rayuwa
Haihuwa	Kolkata, 25 Disamba 1921
ƙasa	British Raj (en) ; Pakistan
Mutuwa	Karachi, 10 Satumba 2000
Ƴan uwa
Mahaifi	Sheikh Wajid Ali
Karatu
Makaranta	University of Calcutta (en) ; Loreto College (en)
Harsuna	Turanci; Urdu
Sana'a
Sana'a	ɗan jarida, maiwaƙe, marubuci da mai wallafawa
Muhimman ayyuka	Mirror (en)
Imani
Addini	Musulunci

Zaib-un-Nissa Hamidullah (Bengali, Urdu; 25 Disamba 1918 - 10 Satumba 2000) marubuciya ce kuma yan jarida yan Pakistan.[bayanin kula 1] Begum Hamidullah ta kasance majagaba a cikin wallafe-wallafen Pakistan da aikin jarida a Turanci, da kuma mata a Pakistan. Ita ce edita mace ta farko da kuma mai bugawa a Pakistan, kuma mace ta farko a kasar da ke rubutawa a Turanci. Zaibunnisa Street a Karachi an sanya masa suna ne bayan ta.

Kafin samun 'yancin kai a shekara ta 1947, ta rubuta wa jaridu da yawa na Indiya, kuma ita ce mace musulma ta farko da ta rubuta wani shafi a cikin jaridar Indiya. Bayan samun 'yancin kai, shafi na ta a cikin jaridar Dawn ya sanya ta mace ta farko da ta yi sharhi game da siyasa a Pakistan. Bayan ta bar Dawn, ta zama mai kafawa da kuma edita-mai bugawa na Mirror, mujallar zamantakewa ta farko a Pakistan. Saboda matsayinta na edita mace ta farko a Pakistan, ta zama mace ta farko da aka haɗa ta cikin wakilan manema labarai da aka aika zuwa wasu ƙasashe. A daya daga cikin wadannan wakilan, a shekarar 1955, ta zama mace ta farko da ta yi magana a tsohuwar Jami'ar al-Azhar da ke Alkahira, Misira. Ta kuma wakilci Pakistan a Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, ciki har da zama mataimakiyar shugaban tawagar Pakistan a zaman na musamman na 1970.

Rayuwa ta farko

An haifi Zaib-un-Nissa a shekara ta alif dari tara da goma sha takwas 1918 a cikin iyalin marubuta a Calcutta . Mahaifinta, S. Wajid Ali, shine mutum na farko da ya fassara rubuce-rubucen sanannen mawaki na Urdu Muhammad Iqbal zuwa Bengali, kuma ya kasance mai kishin Bengali da Indiya da kuma marubuci. Tana da 'yan'uwa maza biyu, da kuma ɗan'uwa ɗaya daga auren mahaifiyarta na biyu. Ta girma a cikin gidan Anglo-Indian da ke cike da masu tunani da falsafa na zamani, kamar yadda gidan mahaifinta a 48, Jhowtalla Road, wani abu ne na wurin taro ga ƙungiyar adabi ta Calcutta. Ta fara rubutu tun tana ƙarama, kuma ta sami goyon baya mai yawa daga mahaifiyarta ta Ingila da mahaifinta na Bengali. Yaro mai kaɗaici, Zeb-un-Nissa ta fara rubuta waka a matsayin hanyar bayyana tunaninta da motsin zuciyarta. Rubuce-rubucen da ta yi daga baya sun shafi tafiye-tafiyen da ta yi zuwa yankunan karkara na Bengal da Punjab, gami da wurin haihuwar mahaifinta, ƙauyen Bengal na Borotajpur (ƙauyen da ke kusa da Janai, Hooghly). Ta yi karatu a Loreto House Convent, inda ta kammala karatun ta na Cambridge. Ta wallafa waka ta farko a cikin The Illustrated Weekly of India a 1933, tana da shekaru 15. A shekara ta 18, ta lashe gasar waka da Daily Mirror ta Ingila ta tallafawa don waka da ta buga a cikin The Star of India - wani littafi wanda daga baya ya zama wani ɓangare na ƙungiyar takardu ta Dawn, wanda daga ƙarshe ta rubuta.

Aure

A shekara ta 1940, Zaib-un-Nissa ta auri Khalifa Muhammad Hamidullah . Ba kamar yawancin auren lokacin ba, ta ba auren da aka shirya ba ne. Ta koma tare da shi zuwa Lardin Punjab bayan aurensu. Ya yi aiki a can a matsayin mai zartarwa ga kamfanin takalma na Bata. A lokacin samun 'yancin kai a 1947, ita da mijinta sun taimaka wa' yan gudun hijira da ke zuwa kan iyaka daga Indiya.

Mijinta, ya fito ne daga sanannen dangin Punjabi. Mahaifinsa, Khalifa Mohammad Asadullah, shi ne mai kula da ɗakin karatu na Imperial Library a Calcutta (yanzu Kolkata). Hamidullah shi ne shugaban ayyukan Bata a Pakistan, kuma an tura shi zuwa shugaban Bata a Ireland a shekarar 1972.

Dukkanin littattafanta an sadaukar da su ne a gare shi, tabbacin sadaukarwarsu ga juna. Suna da 'ya'ya biyu: Nilofar (an haife shi a shekara ta 1943) da Yasmine (an haifi shi a shekara de 1949).

Bayan ya koma Punjab a 1942, Zaib-un-Nissa ya firgita. An haife ta a cikin gidan Anglo-Indian, ta sami wahalar daidaitawa da salon rayuwa daban-daban na babban dangin Punjabi na mijinta. Ya ɗauki lokaci don ta daidaita, kamar yadda ta yarda a cikin gabatarwar The Young Wife .

Ayyuka

1936–1943

Zaib-un-Nissa ta fara zama sananne a 1936, lokacin da aka karɓi waka ta Bombay's Illustrated Weekly of India don bugawa. Tun daga wannan lokacin, ta kasance mai ba da gudummawa na yau da kullun ga wannan jarida, har zuwa samun 'yancin kai a 1947. A shekara ta 1943, littafin waka na farko, Indian Bouquet, gidan wallafe-wallafen mahaifinta ne ya buga shi kuma ya zama sananne sosai. Dukkanin kwafin fitowar farko an sayar da su cikin watanni uku. Ta biyo bayan nasarar da ta samu a farkon tare da Lotus Leaves, wani littafi na waka.

1944–1946

A shekara ta 1945, Zaib-un-Nissa da mijinta suna cikin Simla a lokacin Taron Simla . A nan ne ta sadu da Fatima Jinnah . Sun zama abokai, kuma Jinnah nan da nan ta sami damar yin hira ta musamman da ɗan'uwanta, Muhammad Ali Jinnah . Wannan alama ce a cikin aikin matashi Zaib-un-Nissa, kuma ya kawo mata suna a duk Indiya. Labarun ta, waƙoƙi da labaran sun fara kawo mata karin shahara a wannan lokacin.

1947–1951

Bayan samun 'yancin kai a 1947, Zaib-un-Nissa ta yanke shawarar yin aiki a fagen aikin jarida, kuma nan da nan ta kafa kanta a matsayin marubuciya mai gaskiya a cikin sashin ta "Thru a Woman's Eyes", a cikin jaridar yau da kullun ta Karachi Dawn . Wannan shafi ya fara ne a watan Disamba na shekara ta 1947. Bayan wani lokaci, ta yi tawaye da iyakantaccen fasalin, ta bayyana cewa ya kamata mata su sami damar yin sharhi a kan kowane batu, gami da siyasa. Altaf Husain, a lokacin editan Dawn, daga ƙarshe ya amince ya ba ta fa'ida mai zurfi. Ya fahimci cancantar aikinta ta hanyar ba ta sabon aiki - na marubucin da ke bayyana a shafin edita. Zaib-un-Nissa ta zama mace ta farko da ta yi sharhi game da siyasa a Pakistan. Labarin ta ya kafa sunanta a matsayin mai rubutun gaskiya wanda ba ya jin tsoron bayyana ra'ayinta. Har ila yau, babban mataki ne ga ƙungiyar kare hakkin mata a Pakistan.

1951–1956

A shekara ta 1951, ta bar Dawn, bayan editan Altaf Husain ya bukaci ta mayar da hankali ga rubuce-rubucenta kan "batutuwan Da asuba shafi mata," wata alama ce ta wata saƙo da ta gabata inda ya ba da shawarar ta rubuta game da "girke, renon yara, da sauran batutuwan damuwa da mata. " Hamidullah ta kafa mujallar kowane wata da ake kira Mirror, kuma ta zama edita da mai bugawa a shekara ta 1952. Ta zama 'yar kasuwa da kuma mata ta farko da kuma mai bugawa a kasar. Hoton zamantakewar ta, tare da jaruntaka da gaskiya, ya kasance nasara nan take.

Mirror ya zama sananne sosai, kuma Zaib-un-Nissa nan da nan ya zama sanannen ɗan jarida da edita. Gwamnatin Pakistan ta haɗa ta a cikin wakilan manema labarai da yawa a wannan lokacin.

Ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka kafa Kungiyar Mata Masu Aiki ta Pakistan, da kuma abokiyar Fatima Jinnah, 'yar'uwar Mohammed Ali Jinnah, da Liaquat Ali Khan">Begum Ra'ana Liaquat Ali Khan, matar Firayim Minista na farko na Pakistan, LiaquatAli Khan . Wasu daga cikin sauran abokanta sune: Hakim Said, Salima Ahmed, Ardeshir Cowasjee, Syed Hashim Raza da Jahanara Habibullah, mahaifiyar Muneeza Shamsie .

Ta kasance memba mai kafa reshen Karachi na Gidauniyar Kasuwanci da Mata masu sana'a, kuma ta yi aiki a matsayin shugaban babi na farko. Ta rike wannan mukamin na tsawon lokaci biyu a jere. Ta kuma kasance shugabar farko ta Kungiyar Mata ta Kasa da Kasa ta Karachi, memba na Kungiyar Horticultural, kuma mace ta farko-shugaban Kwamitin Fure Show. Wata kungiya Hamidullah ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin ita ce All Pakistan Women's Association, wanda abokinta Begum Raana Liaquat Ali Khan ya kafa.

A shekara ta 1955, a matsayin wani ɓangare na tawagar manema labarai zuwa Alkahira, ta zama mace ta farko da ta yi magana a tsohuwar Jami'ar Al-Azhar . Jawabin ta ya kasance mai kawo rigima, yayin da ta tattauna batun Kashmir na Pakistan. Koyaya, babban bambanci ne a gare ta.

A shekara ta 1956, Zaib-un-Nissa ta rubuta wani labari mai suna Sixty Days in America, game da tafiyarta zuwa Amurka a matsayin wani ɓangare na Shirin Shugabannin Duniya, a lokacin da ta yi abota da mutane kamar Marilyn Monroe da Jean Negulesco, kuma ta bayyana a The Ed Sullivan Show . Wannan labarin tafiye-tafiye ya kunshi ginshiƙan da ta rubuta don jarida, The Times of Karachi, yayin tafiyarta. Editan, ZA Suleri, ya ba ta izinin sake buga ginshiƙan a cikin littafi a matsayin labarin tafiya wanda ta yi.

A shekara mai zuwa, ta wakilci Pakistan a taron karawa juna sani na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Ayyukan Jama'a da Ƙara Kasancewar Mata na Asiya a Rayuwar Jama'a.

Hana madubin Mirror

A shekara ta 1957, zarginta da mulkin Manjo-Janar Iskander Mirza, da kuma tilasta murabus na Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy, ya ƙare a cikin haramtacciyar gwamnati ta watanni shida a kan Mirror, wanda aka bayar a ranar 9 ga Nuwamba. Wannan haramcin, an sanar da ita a asirce, za a janye shi idan ta nemi gafara a bainar jama'a. Ta ki yin hakan kuma, bisa ga shawarar sanannen lauya A.K. Brohi, ta yi kira ga Kotun Koli ta Pakistan.

Bayan shigar Brohi a madadin ta, Kotun Koli ta yanke hukunci a madadinta (wanda aka ambata a matsayin PLD 1958 SC 35), takarda ce a karkashin Mataki na 22 na Kundin Tsarin Mulki na 1956 kuma Kotun Kolai ta yi masa nishaɗi kai tsaye. Ta hanyar wannan hukunci Sashe na 8 na Tsaro na Pakistan 1952 an ayyana shi da keta haƙƙoƙin asali saboda ba ya ƙuntata ƙuntatawa amma ya bar shi ga fahimtar gwamnati. Da yake riƙe da umarnin Gwamnatin Tsakiya ba bisa ka'ida ba kuma ba bisa ka-idaita ba, gwamnati ta ba ta kuɗin shigar da kara ga Zaib-un-Nissa. Wannan lamarin ya sanya tarihin jarida, kuma ya ba ta bambancin kasancewa mace ta farko da ta lashe shari'a a Kotun Koli.

1958–1961

A shekara ta 1958, ta wallafa wani tarihin gajerun labaranta, The Young Wife and Other Stories, wanda ya shahara sosai har aka buga bugu na biyu da na uku a 1971 da 1987 bi da bi. Shahararrun masu sukar, daga jaridu da jaridu na lokaci-lokaci na Pakistan da na kasashen waje, sun kira wasu daga cikin labarun da ke ciki "...mafi mahimmancin wallafe-wallafen Pakistan". A wannan lokacin ne edita ta fara zama babban fasalin Mirror, kuma wannan ya kara shahararren ita da mujallarta.

A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 1961, Zaib-un-Nissa ta bude gidan wallafe-wallafen nata: Mirror Press . Mirror Press, da mataimakinsa, Mirror Publications, an caje su da buga Mirror daga 1961 zuwa gaba. Sun kuma yi wasu ayyuka, amma gidan wallafe-wallafen ya kasance karami.

Shekaru na 1960

Mirror ya zama mujallar da ake jayayya sosai a cikin '60s, galibi saboda editocin Zaib-un-Nissa, waɗanda suka soki tsarin mulkin mallaka na gwamnati. Yayin da mujallarta ta zama mai haɗari, Zaib-un-Nissa ta fara jin cewa ita da iyalinta na iya kasancewa cikin haɗari nan da nan. Da yake sukar Ayub Khan da gwamnatinsa, Zaib-un-Nissa ya fice daga goyon bayan gwamnati. Saboda haka, Mirror ya rasa tallace-tallace na gwamnati da tallafawa.

A wannan lokacin, ta rubuta jerin editoci masu mahimmanci game da salon gwamnati na Ayub Khan, farawa da "Don Allah, Mista Shugaban kasa!", wata wasika mai cike da tausayi inda ta roƙe shi ya daina umarni 'yan sanda su cutar da daliban da ke shiga cikin zanga-zangar. Bayan da Khan ya amsa ga edita na farko tare da wasika inda ya kori Zaib-un-Nissa a matsayin "mai cike da motsin rai", tashin hankali ya karu a hankali. Mirror ya kusa da haramta shi sau da yawa, kuma an dakatar da shi sau biyu. Koyaya, wannan lokacin aikinta ya zo ga ƙarshe a cikin Fabrairu 1969 na Mirror, inda ta buga duka "Don Allah Mr. President!" da kuma sabon edita, "A'a, godiya, Sir!". Ta yi iƙirarin cewa halin da ake ciki bai inganta ba kuma "Pakistanwa daga Peshawar zuwa Chittagong suna kuka 'tare da Ayub!'".

Ayub Khan nan da nan ya yi murabus, da ba'a ta yi daidai da abin da ta shawarce shi ya yi. Koyaya, ta ci gaba da rubuta editoci masu mahimmanci a duk lokacin da ta ji cewa gwamnati tana buƙatar tsawatawa.

1969–1971

Zaib-un-Nissa ya kasance Mataimakin Shugaban tawagar Pakistan a Babban Taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya daga 1970 zuwa 1971. A shekara ta 1971, bayan tashin hankali na farar hula da kuma samun 'yancin kai na Bangladesh, Zaib-un-Nissa ya aika da sakon waya yana taya sabuwar gwamnati murna amma ya zaɓi ya kasance a Pakistan.

A shekara ta 1971, an tura mijin Zaib-un-Nissa zuwa Ireland, don jagorantar ayyukan Bata a can. Kamar yadda babu ɗayan 'ya'yanta mata biyu da ke son karɓar mujallar, sai ta rufe shi, kuma ta sayar da gidan wallafe-wallafen ta, Mirror Press .

1971–1979

A mafi yawan shekarun 1970s, ita da mijinta sun zauna a Dublin, Ireland, inda aka tura shi. Zaib-un-Nissa ta dakatar da aikinta don kasancewa tare da mijinta, kuma ta ziyarci Pakistan a kai a kai. Ta dawo kusa da ƙarshen shekaru goma kuma ta fara rubuta wani shafi mai taken "Thinking Aloud" don mujallar Pakistan MAG, wani ɓangare na babban Jang Group.

1980–1983

A farkon shekarun 1980, ta yi aiki a matsayin shugabar All Pakistan Women's Association (APWA), kungiyar da ta taka muhimmiyar rawa tun lokacin da aka kafa ta. Har yanzu tana rubuta ginshiƙai ga Morning News na Karachi, ta ci gaba da yin sharhi game da al'amuran zamantakewa da siyasa na al'ummar Pakistan. Koyaya, tana ƙara zama mai zaman kanta.

Yin ritaya

A shekara ta 1983, mijin Zaib-un-Nissa ya kamu da ciwon zuciya, kuma ya mutu a shekara mai zuwa. A ranar jana'izarsa, ta rubuta abin da zai zama sanannen labarin aikinta na baya. An buga wannan ɓangaren introspective a cikin Morning News washegari bayan mutuwar mijinta.

Ta shiga cikin bakin ciki bayan mutuwar mijinta, kuma nan da nan ta yi ritaya daga rayuwar rubutu. Da yake ba ta jin daɗin sabuwar tsara ta Pakistanis ba, Zaib-un-Nissa ta fada cikin ɓoyewa kuma nan da nan ta koma tare da 'yarta, ta zaɓi ta ciyar da sauran shekarunta tare da iyalinta. Ta yi ritaya daga aiki mai aiki, kuma kawai ta rubuta labarai na lokaci-lokaci a cikin shekarun 1980.

A shekara ta 1987, duk da haka, an sake jefa ta cikin idon jama'a, lokacin da aka sake buga littafinta na gajerun labaru, The Young Wife and Other Stories, saboda bukatar da aka fi sani. Duk da haka wannan shahararren marigayi bai daɗe ba, kuma nan da nan ta koma cikin ɓoye.

Mutuwa

Zaib-un-Nissa ya mutu a ranar 10 ga Satumba 2000, yana da shekaru 81. An kai ta asibiti a ranar 9, amma ta mutu da sassafe na ranar 10, saboda ruwa a cikin huhu.

Wani labari a cikin jaridar 'Dawn' ya ce, "ko da masu adawa da ita sun yi sha'awar ta saboda ƙarfin hali na tabbaci da ƙarfin hali da ta nuna a duk rayuwarta. " Wani labari na jarida ya ce, ""Za a tuna da ita na dogon lokaci saboda rawar da ta taka a cikin wani nau'in aikin jarida a Pakistan, kuma a matsayin marubuci mai iko da ƙarfin zuciya"

A cikin shekarun 1960, gwamnati ta ba da sunan babbar titi a tsakiyar birnin Karachi bayan ta: Zaibunnisa Street .

Kyauta

Bayan mutuwar Zaib-un-Nissa, haƙƙin mallaka ya wuce ga ƙaramar 'yarta, Yasmine S. Ahmed . Wannan ya haɗa da haƙƙin duk hotunan ta, ayyukanta, da dai sauransu. Saboda buƙatun da aka fi sani, Oxford University Press, Pakistan ta buga bugu na huɗu na The Young Wife and Other Stories a watan Agusta 2008.

Bayanan littattafai

Indian Bouquet, 1941 - Gulistan Publishing House, Calcutta.
Lotus Leaves, 1946 - The Lion Press, Lahore.
Kwanaki sittin a Amurka, 1956 (2nd edition: 1957) - Mirror Publications, Karachi.
The Young Wife, 1958 (2nd edition: 1971; 3rd edition: 1987; 4th edition: 2008, by Oxford University Press) - Mirror Publications, Karachi.
The Flute of Memory, 1964 - Mirror Publications, Karachi .
Waƙoƙi, 1972 - Mirror Publications, Karachi.

Dubi kuma

Jerin 'yan jaridar Pakistan

Bayani

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Manazarta

Haɗin waje

Matar Matar da Sauran Labarai, Oxford University Press Archived 2011-10-05 at the Wayback Machine