Zaman Lafiya na Ryswick
 | |
| Iri |
peace treaty (en)  |
|---|---|
| Kwanan watan | 30 Oktoba 1697 |
| Wuri |
Rijswijk (en) |
| Signatory (en) | |
| Has part(s) (en) | |
|
Q110381147 | |
Zaman Lafiya na Ryswick, ko Rijswijk, jerin yarjejeniyoyi ne da aka sanya hannu a birnin Dutch na Rijswijk tsakanin 20 ga Satumba da 30 ga Oktoba 1697. Sun ƙare Yaƙin Shekaru Tara tsakanin Faransa da Grand Alliance, wanda ya haɗa da Jamhuriyar Dutch da Daular Romawa Mai Tsarki.
Ɗaya daga cikin jerin yaƙe-yaƙe da Louis na 14 na Faransa ya yi tsakanin 1666 da 1714, babu wani bangare da ya iya samun gagarumin nasara a yankin. A shekara ta 1695, babbar kudin kudi, tare da yaduwar yunwa da rikice-rikicen tattalin arziki, ya nuna bangarorin biyu suna buƙatar zaman lafiya. Tattaunawar ta jinkirta saboda tambayar wanda zai gaji Daular Mutanen Espanya daga Charles II na Spain wanda ba shi da yara kuma yana fama da rashin lafiya, magada mafi kusa shine Louis da Sarkin sarakuna Leopold I.
Tun da Louis bai iya tilasta mafita da ya fi so ba, ya ki tattauna batun, yayin da Leopold ya ki sanya hannu ba tare da an haɗa shi ba. Daga karshe ya yi haka da babban jinkiri a ranar 30 ga Oktoba 1697, amma an kalli zaman lafiya gabaɗaya a matsayin tsagaita wuta; mutuwar Charles a cikin 1700 ta haifar da Yaƙin Succession na Mutanen Espanya.
Tarihi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Yaƙin Shekaru Tara ya kasance mai rauni ga mahalarta, wani bangare saboda sojoji sun karu da girma daga matsakaicin 25,000 a cikin 1648 zuwa sama da 100,000 a cikin 1697. Wannan ba zai iya jurewa ba ga tattalin arzikin da ya gabata; yakin ya sha kashi 80% na kudaden shiga na jihar Ingila a wannan lokacin, yayin da manyan alkawuran ma'aikata suka shafi tattalin arziki.[1]
Shekaru na 1690 sun kuma nuna yanayin sanyi na abin da ake kira Little Ice Age, lokacin sanyi da rigar da ya shafi Turai a rabi na biyu na karni na 17. Girbi ya gaza a duk faɗin Turai a cikin 1695, 1696, 1698 da 1699; a Scotland da sassan Arewacin Turai, kimanin kashi 5-15% na yawan jama'a sun mutu.[2]
Kodayake fada ya ƙare a Turai bayan 1695, rikice-rikicen da aka sani da King William's War ya ci gaba a Amurka. Jirgin ruwan Faransa ya isa Caribbean a farkon shekara ta 1697, yana barazanar Jirgin ruwa na Spain, da dukiyar Ingila a West Indies.[1] Ingila ta mamaye mulkin mallaka na Faransa na Akkadia, yayin da Faransanci suka kori hare-haren da aka kai wa Quebec, suka kama York Factory, kuma suka haifar da mummunar lalacewa ga tattalin arzikin New England.[3]
tattaunawa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Tattaunawar ta mamaye babban batun siyasar Turai na shekaru 30 da suka gabata: gadon Mutanen Espanya. A shekara ta 1696, a bayyane yake Charles na biyu na Spain zai mutu ba tare da haihuwa ba, kuma magadansa sun hada da Sarki Louis na 14 na Faransa da Sarkin sarakuna Leopold I. Daular Mutanen Espanya ta kasance babbar ƙungiya ta duniya; ban da Spain, yankunanta sun haɗa da manyan sassan Italiya, Mutanen Espanya Netherlands, Philippines, da yawancin Amurka. Samun waɗannan yankuna ta ko dai Faransa ko Austria zai canza ma'aunin iko na Turai.
Da yake fahimtar cewa bai isa ya tilasta mafita da ya fi so ga tambayar Mutanen Espanya ba, Louis ya so ya hana tattaunawarsa, ta hanyar raba Grand Alliance da ware Leopold. A cikin Yarjejeniyar Turin ta 1696 ya yi zaman lafiya daban tare da Duchy na Savoy . Sauran izini sune dawowar Duchy na Luxembourg zuwa Spain; ya fi girma fiye da jihar zamani, yana da mahimmanci ga tsaron Dutch. Louis ya kuma amince da amincewa da William III a matsayin masarautar Ingila da Scotland, maimakon James II da aka tura gudun hijira.