Zaman lafiya na Aljeriya

Zaman lafiya na Aljeriya

Iri	pacification (en)
Kwanan watan	1835
Zangon lokaci	Cin nasarar Faransa a Aljeriya
Wuri	Aljeriya
Adadin waɗanda suka rasu	750,000

Amincewa da Aljeriya, wanda kuma aka fi sani da kisan kiyashi na Aljeriya, yana nufin hare-haren soji tsakanin 1830 da 1875 a lokacin da Faransa ta mamaye Aljeriya, wanda sau da yawa ya shafi tsarkake kabilanci, kisan kiyashi da gudun hijira, da nufin murkushe tawayen kabilu daban-daban daga al'ummar Aljeriya. An kashe 'yan Aljeriya tsakanin 500,000 zuwa miliyan 1, daga cikin adadin mutane miliyan 3. A cikin wannan lokacin, Faransa ta mamaye Aljeriya a hukumance a cikin 1834, kuma kusan turawa miliyan 1 sun ƙaura zuwa mulkin mallaka na Aljeriya . Malamai daban-daban suna kallon abin da Faransa ta yi a Aljeriya a matsayin kisan kiyashi ko kuma ya zama kisan kiyashi.

Fage

Bayan kame Algiers da Faransa ta yi tare da fatattakar sojojin Ottoman, Faransa ta mamaye sauran kasar . Ƙarshen tsayin daka na soja ga kasancewar Faransa ba yana nufin cewa an mamaye yankin gaba ɗaya ba. Faransa ta fuskanci tawaye na kabilanci da dama, kisan kiyashi na mazauna kasar da kuma al'ummar Aljeriya a Faransa . Don kawar da su, an gudanar da kamfen da yawa da ayyukan mulkin mallaka a kusan shekaru 70, daga 1835 zuwa 1903.

Yaƙin neman zaɓe

Yakin da ake yi wa Masarautar Mascara

Yaƙin farko da Abd al-Qadir (1835-1837)

Dattawan ƙabilanci a yankunan da ke kusa da Mascara sun zaɓi ' Abd al-Qādir (Abd-el-Kader), ɗan shekara 25, don ya jagoranci jihad da Faransawa. An san shi a matsayin Amirul Muminin (Kwamandan Muminai), cikin sauri ya sami goyon bayan kabilu a yankunan yamma. A 1834, ya kulla yarjejeniya da Janar Desmichels, wanda a lokacin shi ne kwamandan soja na Sashen Oran na Faransa . Yarjejeniyar dai ta samu karbuwa daga hannun gwamnatin Faransa cikin hayyacinta, kuma ta sanya Faransa ta amince da Abd al-Qādir a matsayin mai mulkin yankin lardin Oran da ba a karkashin ikon Faransa ba, kuma ta ba shi izinin tura jakadu zuwa garuruwan da Faransa ke rike da shi. Yarjejeniyar ba ta bukaci Abd al-Qādir ya amince da mulkin Faransa ba, wani abu da aka haskaka a cikin rubutun Faransanci. Ya yi amfani da zaman lafiyar da yarjejeniyar ta tanada wajen fadada tasirinsa da kabilu a yammacin da tsakiyar kasar Aljeriya.

Da alama D'Erlon bai san hatsarin da ayyukan Abd al-Qādir ke tattare da shi ba, amma Janar Camille Alphonse Trézel, a lokacin da yake shugabanta a Oran, ya gani kuma ya yi ƙoƙarin raba wasu ƙabilu daga Abd al-Qādir. Lokacin da ya yi nasarar shawo kan ƙabilun biyu da ke kusa da Oran don amincewa da mulkin Faransa, Abd al-Qādir ya aika da sojoji don su ƙaura da waɗannan ƙabilun zuwa cikin gida, ba tare da tasirin Faransa ba. Trézel ya ki amincewa ta hanyar tafiya wani rukunin sojoji daga Oran don kare yankin ƙabilun a ranar 16 ga Yuni 1835. Bayan musayar barazana, Abd al-Qādir ya janye jakadan nasa daga Oran, ya kuma kori karamin jakadan Faransa daga Mascara, a matsayin shelar yaki. Dakarun biyu sun yi arangama ne a wani artabu na zubar da jini amma ba a cimma ruwa ba a kusa da kogin Sig . Duk da haka, lokacin da Faransawa, waɗanda ba su da wadata, suka fara janyewa zuwa Arzew, Abd al-Qādir ya jagoranci mutane 20,000 a kan ginshiƙan da aka lalata kuma, a yakin Macta ya fatattaki sojojin, ya kashe mutane 500. Fadin ya kai ga kiran d'Erlon.

An nada Janar Clausel a karo na biyu don maye gurbin d'Erlon kuma ya jagoranci kai hari kan Mascara a watan Disamba na wannan shekarar, wanda Abd al-Qādir, tare da gargadin gaba, ya kwashe. A cikin Janairu 1836, ya mamaye Tlemcen kuma ya kafa sansanin soja a can kafin ya koma Algiers don shirin kai hari kan Constantine . Abd al-Qādir ya ci gaba da harry Faransa a Tlemcen don haka ƙarin dakaru, karkashin Thomas Robert Bugeaud, wani tsohon soja na Napoleon Wars gogaggen yakin basasa, an aika daga Oran don tabbatar da iko har zuwa Tafna River da kuma mayar da garrison. Abd al-Qādir ya ja da baya gaban Bugeaud amma ya yanke shawarar tsayawa a bakin kogin Sikkak . A ranar 6 ga Yuli, 1836, Bugeaud ya yi nasara a kan Abd al-Qādir a yakin Sikkak, ya yi asarar mutane kasa da 50 zuwa fiye da 1,000 da Abd al-Qādir ya ji rauni. Yakin yana daya daga cikin yakokin da Abd al-Qādir ya yi; bayan asararsa, ya takaita ayyukansa gwargwadon yadda zai yiwu don kai hare-hare irin na 'yan daba.

A cikin watan Mayun 1837, Janar Thomas Robert Bugeaud, wanda yake shugaban Oran a lokacin, ya sasanta yarjejeniyar Tafna da Abd al-Qādir wanda ya amince da ikon Abd al-Qādir a kan yawancin yankunan da ke a yanzu Aljeriya.

Yaƙin neman zaɓe na biyu akan Abd al-Qadir (1839-1847)

Abd al-Qādir ya yi amfani da yerjejeniyar Tafna wajen karfafa ikonsa kan kabilu a duk fadin cikin gida ta hanyar kafa sabbin garuruwa nesa da Faransa. Ya yi aiki don zaburar da al'ummar da ke ƙarƙashin ikon Faransa su bijirewa ta hanyar lumana da soja. Da yake neman sake fuskantar Faransawa, ya dage da'awar a karkashin yarjejeniyar zuwa yankin da ya hada da babbar hanya tsakanin Algiers da Constantine. Lokacin da sojojin Faransa suka fafata da waccan da'awar a ƙarshen 1839 ta hanyar tafiya ta ƙazantar tsaunuka da aka sani da Ƙofar ƙarfe, Abd al-Qādir ya yi iƙirarin warware yarjejeniyar tare da sabunta kiraye-kirayen jihadi. A cikin 1840, ya yi yaƙi da Faransanci a cikin lardunan Algiers da Oran, wanda gazawar Valée ta magance yadda ya kamata ya haifar da maye gurbinsa a cikin Disamba 1840 ta Janar Bugeaud.

Bugeaud ya kafa dabarar ƙasa mai ƙonewa, haɗe da ginshiƙan sojan doki masu sauri kamar waɗanda Abd al-Qādir ya yi amfani da su don karɓe ƙasa daga gare shi a hankali. Dabarun sojojin sun kasance masu nauyi, kuma jama'a sun sha wahala sosai. A ƙarshe an tilasta wa Abd al-Qādir ya kafa hedkwatar wayar hannu, wadda aka fi sani da smala ko zmelah . A shekara ta 1843, sojojin Faransa sun yi nasarar kai farmaki a sansanin nasa a lokacin da yake nesa da shi inda suka kame mayaka fiye da 5,000 da kuma na yakin Abd al-Qādir.

An tilastawa Abd al-Qādir komawa cikin Maroko inda yake samun wasu tallafi daga gare shi, musamman daga kabilun da ke kan iyaka. Lokacin da yunkurin diflomasiyyar Faransa na shawo kan Maroko kan korar Abd al-Qādir ya ci tura, Faransawa sun yi amfani da hanyoyin soji tare da yakin Franco-Morocca na farko a shekara ta 1844 don tilasta wa sarkin musulmi ya sauya manufofinsa.

Daga ƙarshe ya yi kaca-kaca tsakanin sojojin Faransa da na Morocco a kan iyaka a watan Disamba 1847, Abd al-Qādir ya zaɓi ya miƙa wuya ga Faransawa bisa sharuddan da za su ba shi damar yin hijira a Gabas ta Tsakiya . Faransawa sun keta sharuddan ta hanyar riƙe shi a Faransa har zuwa 1852, lokacin da aka ba shi izinin zuwa Damascus .

 

Kamfen a kudu

Yakin Kudancin-Oranese (1897-1903)

Maghreb a cikin rabin na biyu na karni na 19

A cikin 1890s, gwamnatin Faransa da sojoji sun yi kira da a haɗa Touat, Gourara da Tidikelt, wani hadadden da ya kasance wani ɓangare na Daular Moroccan shekaru da yawa kafin zuwan Faransanci a Aljeriya.

Rikici mai dauke da makamai ya yi hannun riga da Oran Corps na Faransa na 19 da na Algiers ga Aït Khabbash, wani yanki na Aït Ounbgui khams na kungiyar Aït Atta na Moroko. Rikicin ya ƙare tare da mamaye rukunin Touat-Gurara-Tidikelt da Faransa ta yi a 1901.

A farkon karni na 20, Faransa ta fuskanci al'amura da dama, hare-hare da sace-sace daga wasu kungiyoyi masu dauke da makamai a sabbin yankunan da aka mamaye a kudancin Oran . A karkashin jagorancin Janar Hubert Lyautey, aikin sojojin Faransa shi ne kare yankunan da aka yi iko da su a yammacin Aljeriya, kusa da iyakokin Moroccan da ba su da kyau.

Sake iyaka, tsakanin Faransa Aljeriya da Sarkin Maroko, ya inganta kutsawa da hare-haren da 'yan kabilar Moroko ke yi.

A ranar 17 ga Agusta 1903, yakin farko na yakin Kudancin-Oranese ya faru a Taghit, inda sojojin Faransa na waje suka kai hari ta hanyar tawagar Berbers sama da 1,000 masu kayan aiki. Tsawon kwanaki 3, sojojin sun dakile hare-haren makiya fiye da sau 10 a yawansu, tare da yi wa maharan asarar dimbin yawa, lamarin da ya tilasta musu komawa cikin gaggawa.

Bayan 'yan kwanaki bayan yakin Taghit, 148 legionnaires na 22nd hawa kamfanin, daga 2e REI, umarni da Captain Vauchez da Laftanar Selchauhansen, 20 Spahis da 2 Mokhaznis, forming wani ɓangare na rakiyar wani kaya convoy, aka yi kwanton bauna, da Morocmen 00 kabilar a watan Satumba. El-Moungar .

zalunci

A lokacin da suke sulhuntawa da Aljeriya, sojojin Faransa sun tsunduma cikin wata mummunar manufa kan al'ummar Aljeriya. Da yake dawowa daga tafiya bincike zuwa Aljeriya, Tocqueville ya rubuta cewa "muna yin yaki da yawa fiye da Larabawa da kansu [...] a nasu bangaren ne wayewar ta kasance." [1] Kanar Montagnac ya bayyana cewa manufar sulhun ita ce "lalata duk abin da ke rarrafe a ƙafafunmu kamar karnuka." [2] Manufar duniya mai zafi, wanda Gwamna Janar Bugeaud ya yanke shawara, yana da mummunar tasiri a kan zamantakewar tattalin arziki da zamantakewar abinci na kasar: "muna harba bindiga kadan, muna kona dukan douars, dukan ƙauyuka, dukan bukkoki; abokan gaba sun tsere ta hanyar kwashe garkensa." [2] A cewar Olivier Le Cour Grandmaison, mulkin mallaka na Aljeriya ya haifar da kawar da kashi ɗaya bisa uku na yawan jama'a daga dalilai masu yawa (kisan kai, kora, yunwa ko annoba) waɗanda duk suna da alaƙa

Sojojin Faransa sun kori tare da korar dukkanin kabilun Aljeriya. Manyan Iyalan Moorish (na asalin Mutanen Espanya) na Tlemcen an kai su gudun hijira zuwa Gabas (Levant), wasu kuma sun yi hijira zuwa wani wuri. An haramta wa kabilun da ake ganin sun fi tayar da hankali, kuma wasu sun fake a Tunisia, Morocco da ma Syria. An kai wasu kabilu zuwa New Caledonia ko Guyana. Sojojin Faransa sun kuma yi ta yin kisan kiyashi a kan dukkan kabilu. An kashe dukkanin maza da mata da yara 500 na kabilar El Oufia a dare daya. An kashe dukkan mutane 500 zuwa 700 na kabilar Ouled Rhia ta hanyar shakewa a cikin kogo. A lokacin Siege na Laghouat, sojojin Faransa sun tsunduma cikin wani yanayi na farko na yin amfani da makami mai guba kan fararen hula da sauran laifukan da suka sa al'ummar Aljeriya suna kiran wannan lokacin a matsayin shekarar "Khalya", Larabci don fanko, wanda mazauna Laghouat suka fi sani a matsayin shekarar da aka kwashe birnin daga yawan al'ummarsa. An kuma fi saninta da shekarar buhunan Hessian, wanda ke nuni da yadda aka sa maza da yara maza da suka tsira da ransu a cikin buhunan hessian aka jefa su cikin ramuka da aka tona.

Halaye kamar kisan kiyashi

Wasu gwamnatoci da masana sun kira nasarar da Faransa ta yi wa Aljeriya kisan kiyashi, irin su Raphael Lemkin, wanda ya kirkiro kalmar " kisan kare dangi " a karni da Ben Kiernan, kwararre a Ostiraliya kan kisan kare dangi na Cambodia, wanda ya rubuta a cikin Blood and Soil: A World History and the French Conquest of Darfur Aljeriya :  

Duba kuma

• Masarautar Abdelkader
• Faransa Aljeriya