Zanen Rubutu na Larabci
 Zanen Rubutu na Larabci | |
|---|---|
know-how (en)  da tradition (en) | |
 | |
| Bayanai | |
| Ƙaramin ɓangare na |
calligraphy (en) |
| Ƙasa |
Arab world (en) |
| Ƙasa da aka fara |
Arab world (en) |
| Intangible cultural heritage status (en) |
Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity (en) da National List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of the Republic of Iraq (en) |
| Described at URL (mul) | ich.unesco.org…, ich.unesco.org… da ich.unesco.org… |
Rubutun Larabci aikin fasaha ne na rubutun hannu da rubutun hannu bisa ga haruffan Larabci . Ana kiransa da khatt a Larabci ( Arabic ), an samo shi ne daga kalmomin 'layi', 'zane', ko 'gina'. [1] Kufic shine mafi tsufan nau'in rubutun Larabci .
Daga mahangar fasaha, an san rubutun Larabci kuma an yaba shi saboda bambancinsa da kuma babban damarsa ta ci gaba. A gaskiya ma, an haɗa shi a cikin al'adun Larabci da fannoni daban-daban kamar addini, fasaha, gine-gine, ilimi da sana'a, waɗanda suka taka muhimmiyar rawa a ci gabansa.
Duk da cewa yawancin rubutun Musulunci yana cikin Larabci kuma yawancin rubutun Larabci Musulunci ne, su biyun ba iri ɗaya ba ne. Misali, rubutun Coptic ko wasu rubuce-rubucen Kirista a Larabci sun yi amfani da rubutun kira. Haka nan, akwai rubutun Musulunci a cikin harshen Farisa da Turkanci na Ottoman . [2]
Haruffan Larabci
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Haruffan Larabci yana ɗaya daga cikin rubutun da aka fi amfani da su a duniya. Masana da yawa sun yi imanin cewa an ƙirƙiri haruffan ne a kusa da ƙarni na 4 AD. [3] Haruffan sun ƙunshi haruffa 28 da aka rubuta daga dama zuwa hagu. Kowace harafi ana iya rubuta ta hanyoyi huɗu, ya danganta da inda aka sanya harafin a cikin kalma. Waɗannan wurare huɗu kuma ana kiransu da farko, tsakiya, ƙarshe da kuma keɓewa. Duk haruffa na iya haɗawa daga gefen dama (watau zuwa harafin da ya gabata), amma wasu ba sa haɗuwa daga gefen hagu (watau zuwa harafin da ke gaba).
Haruffa uku kuma na iya wakiltar wasulan dogaye a wasu yanayi, wato ālif (ا), wāw (و), da yā (ي).
Aiwatarwa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Alƙalaman da ake amfani da su wajen rubuta rubutun Larabci sun bambanta da na Latin. Kayan aikin da ake amfani da su wajen rubuta rubutun kalmomi sun haɗa da nau'ikan alkalami da tawada. Alƙalamin rubutun kalmomi da aka fi amfani da su shine Qalam . [4] [ tabbacin da ya gaza ]
Alkalami na Khamish
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Masu rubuta rubutun hannu na Larabawa, Turkiyya, da Iran suna amfani da alkalami na Khamish wanda aka fi sani da alkalami mai kauri. Ana noma sandar alkalami a gefen koguna. Duk da cewa an yi amfani da wannan alkalami sama da shekaru 500, shirya alkalami tsari ne mai tsawo.
Alkalami na Java
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Alkalami na Java an san shi da taurin kayan aikin da kuma ikon ƙirƙirar gefuna masu kaifi. Alkalami yana da kyau a yi amfani da shi ga ƙananan rubuce-rubuce.
Handam alkalami
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Alƙalami na Handam yana da ƙarfi iri ɗaya da alƙalami na Java. Alƙalami yana da kyau a yi amfani da shi ga kowane irin rubutun rubutu. [5]
Alkalami na Celi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Ana amfani da alkalami na Celi don manyan rubuce-rubuce a cikin rubutun Larabci. Waɗannan alkalami an yi su ne da katako kuma an yanke su kuma an haƙa su. [6]
Juyin Halitta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Rubutun Larabci ya samo asali ne daga kayan aiki na sadarwa da takardu zuwa siffar fasaha a cikin ƙarni 13, an kuma aiwatar da shi a wasu fannoni daban-daban kamar lissafi da ilmin taurari . Tsarin ado ne na tsakiya a cikin fasahar Musulunci, kamar ƙirar ado da gine-gine. Masana tarihi suna ɗaukar Qutba al-Muharrir a matsayin ƙwararren rubutun Larabci na farko. [7] Juyin halittar rubutun Larabci ya haifar da bayyanar rubuce-rubuce daban-daban, gami da salon rubutun lanƙwasa kamar Nastaliq da Ruq'ah, da ƙarin salon kusurwa mai kusurwa kamar Kufic . Siffofin harshe na rubutun Larabci suna raba tsakanin dukkan rubutun duk da bambance-bambancen salo. [8] [ mafi kyau tushe ana buƙata ]
Rubuce-rubuce
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Kufic
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Da farko ana amfani da salon rubutun Larabci na Kufic don rubutu a kan dutse da ƙarfe, an sami sunansa saboda haihuwarsa a birnin Kufa, Iraki. Wannan rubutun yana ɗaya daga cikin tsoffin rubutun da ake amfani da su a rubutun Larabci da na Musulunci ; saboda haka, salon ya fuskanci ci gaba da sauye-sauye da yawa a rayuwarsa, yayin da aka yi ƙoƙari da yawa don kammala shi. Duk da haka, wannan kuma ya haifar da ci gaban bambance-bambance daban-daban na wannan rubutun, kamar Kufic mai fure, Kufic mai siffar murabba'i, Kufic mai ƙulli, da sauransu da yawa. Wannan kuma yana nufin akwai wasu siffofi daban-daban na rubutun Kufic.
An yi amfani da salon Kufic kusan kawai ga Larabci, sabanin sauran harsuna, kamar Farisanci da Urdu, waɗanda aka rubuta a cikin tsarin da aka samo daga Larabci; banda wannan akwai jerin waƙoƙin Farisa da aka samu a kan wani gini a Ghazni daga ƙarni na 11. [9]
Nask
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
An ce wannan rubutun ya samo asali ne daga Makka da Madina, wanda aka fi sani da rubutun Naskh ko Naskhī. [ <span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2024)">ana buƙatar ambato</span> ] Ana amfani da rubutun a matsayin rubutun lanƙwasa, misali a kan papyrus da takarda. Masana suna muhawara kan asalin salon, amma wasu suna ganin ya samo asali ne daga rubutun Thuluth. Amma binciken da aka yi kwanan nan a Jabal Sala a Madina ya tabbatar da cewa rubutun Naskh ya riga rubutun Thuluth kuma ya wanzu kafin Ibn Muqla al-Shirazi. [10] Ɗaya daga cikin manyan abubuwan da aka yi amfani da su don wannan rubutun shine don rubuta Alƙur'ani amma kuma an yi amfani da shi don rubutu akan kayan tarihi na ƙarfe, katako da sauran abubuwan da ake amfani da su don ado. Babban lokutan juyin halitta na wannan rubutun sune ƙarni na 3 da 4 na Hijira, wanda ya yi daidai da juyin halittar wasu salon da suka shahara kamar Rayhani, Thulth, da Muhaqqaq . [11]
Sauran rubuce-rubuce
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Rubuce-rubucen Thuluth, Nasta'liq da Diwani wasu rubuce-rubuce ne da ake amfani da su wajen rubuta Larabci.
Rubutun Thuluth, wanda aka yi amfani da shi a zamanin da, an san shi a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin tsoffin rubutun da suka wanzu. An yi amfani da rubutun a masallatai da kuma rubutun Alqur'ani saboda bayyanar rubutun.
Ana amfani da rubutun Nasta'liq fiye da rubutun Farisanci. Saboda karkacewar da ke ƙasa zuwa hagu, ana ganin rubutun ya bambanta da sauran rubutun. [12]
An ƙirƙiri rubutun Diwani a zamanin Daular Usmaniyya. Layin da haruffan wannan rubutun suna haifar da kusanci yayin rubutu. Saboda wannan dalili, yana da wuya a karanta tunda haruffan suna haɗuwa. [12]
Wasu misalai kaɗan: [11]
- Rubutu na Rayhani
- Rubutu na Muhaqqaq
- Rubutu na Ruq'ah
Jerin masu rubuta rubutu
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Tsakiyar Zamani
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
- Qutba Al-Muharrir . [13] (Zamanin Umayyawa na 8)
- Ibrahim Al-Shajri . [14] (8)
- Al-Kindi (801-873 AD)
- Ibn Muqla (wanda ya rasu a shekara ta 939/940)
- Ibn al-Bawwab (ya rasu a shekara ta 1022)
- Fakhr-un-Nisa (ƙarni na 12)
Zamanin Ottoman
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- Shaikh Hamdullah (1436-1520)
- Hamid Aytaç (1891-1982)
- Seyyid Kasim Gubari (wanda ya rasu a shekara ta 1624)
- Hafiz Osman (1642–1698)
- Mustafa Râkim (1757–1826)
- Mehmed Shevki Efendi (1829-1887)
Zamani
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- Hasan Çelebi (b. 1937), Turkiyya
- Ali Adjalli (an haife shi a 1939), Iran
- Wijdan Ali (an haife shi a 1939), Jordan
- Hashem Muhammad al-Baghdadi, Iraq
- Everitte Barbee (an haife shi a 1988), Amurka
- Mohammad Hosni na Siriya
- Shakkir Hassan Al Sa'id (1925-2004) a Iraki
- Madiha Omar 'yar asalin ƙasar Iraqi-Amurka
- Hassan Massoudy ɗan ƙasar Iraqi-Faransa (an haife shi a shekara ta 1944)
- Sadequain Naqqash (1930-1987), Pakistan
- Ibrahim el-Salahi (b. 1930), Sudan
- Mouneer Al-Shaarani (b. 1952), Syria
- Mahmoud Taha (an haife shi a 1942), Jordan
- Mohamed Zakariya (an haife shi a 1942), Amurka
- Uthman Taha (an haife shi a shekara ta 1934), Siriya
- Shafiq-Uz-Zaman Khan Pakistan
- Hamza Asjad Pakistan
Gado
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Tsarin nau'in da saitin nau'in
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Rubutun Larabci yana aiki a matsayin babban tushen wahayi ga ƙirar nau'in Larabci . Misali, rubutun Amiri ya samo asali ne daga rubutun Naskh da aka yi amfani da shi a Amiri Press da ke Alkahira. [15]
Sauya salon rubutu na Larabci zuwa salon rubutu na Larabci yana haifar da ƙalubalen fasaha.
Duniyar Musulunci da wayewa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]An yi imani da cewa shi ne wanda ya haifar da ci gaban rubutun Larabci; tare da ayyukan farko na rubutun Larabci da aka nuna a cikin kwafin Alqur'ani tun ƙarni na farko na wahayin Musulunci kamar Littafin Kur'ani na Birmingham, Codex Parisino-Petropolitanus da wasu da dama.
Ana iya samun rubutun Larabci a wasu lokutan a Masallatai tare da sassaka ayoyin Alqur'ani / Ayah da ke kan sassan ginin kanta. [16]
Misalin da aka fi sani da rubutun Larabci a wurin ibadar Musulunci shine Kaaba da ke Makka, Saudiyya. [17]
Rubutun Larabci ya ƙware a cikin kalmar rubutun Musulunci idan aka danganta ta da duniyar Musulunci.
Zane
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]EL Seed, wani mai zane-zanen rubutu na Faransa da Tunisiya, yana amfani da rubutun Larabci a cikin ayyukansa daban-daban na fasaha, a cikin salon da ake kira kiragraffiti .
<i id="mwAU4">Hurufiyya</i> ( الحروفية motsi na haruffa ), tun farkon karni na 20, yana amfani da fasahar sarrafa rubutun Larabci da rubutu a cikin ɓoyewa. [18]
Ɗauki Siffa: Takaitaccen Bayani Daga Duniyar Larabawa, 1950-1980s, wani shiri na shekarar 2020 a Gidan Tarihi na Grey Art na Jami'ar New York, ya binciki yadda rubutun Larabci, tare da kasancewarsa a cikin zane-zane na gani, ya rinjayi zane-zane masu ban mamaki a duniyar Larabawa . Ga Madiha Omar, haruffan Larabci hanya ce ta bayyana asalin duniya da kuma daidaita zane-zanen Yamma, yayin da Omar El-Nagdi ya binciki allahntakar rubutun Larabci. [19]
Misalai na zamani
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
An rubuta tambarin Emirates da rubutun gargajiya na Larabci
Tambarin hukuma na gidan yanar gizon yawon buɗe ido na Saudiyya wanda ke fassara zuwa "Ziyarci Saudiyya".
Tambarin Cibiyar Tarihi da Rikodin Ƙasa ta Saudiyya
Nassoshi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ Julia Kaestle (10 July 2010). "Arabic calligraphy as a typographic exercise".
- ↑ "History - Persian Calligraphy- All about Persian Calligraphy". persiancalligraphy.org. Archived from the original on 2015-09-04. Retrieved 2021-03-17.
- ↑ Empty citation (help)
- ↑ "Lettering Pens – Huge overview" (in Turanci). 2018-05-15. Retrieved 2019-04-25.
- ↑ "The Handam Pen". Arabic Calligraphy Supplies. Archived from the original on 2025-01-25. Retrieved 2025-12-28.
- ↑ Empty citation (help)
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- ↑ Schimmel & Rivolta 1992.
- ↑ Empty citation (help)
- 1 2 "أنواع الخطوط وأشكالها المختلفة". بيانات (in Larabci). Retrieved 2024-09-21.
- 1 2 "Arabic Writing and Scripts: A Brief Guide | Shutterstock". 24 July 2014.
- ↑ Empty citation (help)
- ↑ Empty citation (help)
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- ↑ Cite error: Invalid
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