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Zero yawan jama'a

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Zero yawan jama'a

Zero population growth, wani lokacin da aka rage ZPG, wani yanayi ne na ma'auni na yawan jama'a inda yawan mutane a cikin ƙayyadadden yawan jama'ar ba yana girma ko raguwa; wato, yawan haihuwa da baƙi a ciki daidai yake da yawan mutuwar da baƙi.[1] Kungiyar Zero Population Growth, wacce masanin ilimin halitta Paul R. Ehrlich ya kafa, ta haifar da wata babbar ƙungiya ta siyasa tun daga shekarun 1960, da nufin kaiwa ga ƙaruwar yawan jama'a.

Wannan motsi ya ɗauki ƙaruwar yawan jama'a a matsayin manufa ga waɗanne ƙasashe da dukan duniya ya kamata su yi gwagwarmaya don cimma ƙa'idodin mafi kyau na dogon lokaci da yanayin rayuwa.[2] Yana fuskantar goyon baya mai yawa da kuma zargi, wanda ya shafi kungiyoyi daban-daban na mutane a cikin al'umma.

Ma'anar

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Yawan ci gaban yawan jama'a a cikin shekara da aka ba shi daidai yake da yawan haihuwa da aka rage yawan mutuwar da aka yi da shige da fice da aka bayyana a matsayin kashi na yawan jama'ar a farkon shekarar da aka ba.[1]

Misali, a ce kasar ta fara shekara tare da mutane miliyan daya kuma a cikin shekara tana fuskantar haihuwar dubu ɗari, mutuwar dubu tamanin, baƙi dubu daya da baƙi ɗari biyu.  

Canjin yawan jama'a = 100,000 - 80,000 +1,000 - 200 = 20,800          

Yawan karuwar jama'a = (20,800 ÷ 1,000,000) x 100% = 2.1%          

Zero yawan jama'a ga ƙasa yana faruwa ne lokacin da jimlar waɗannan lambobi huɗu - haihuwa da mutuwa da shige da fice da ƙaura - ya zama sifili.

Don kwatanta, a ce ƙasa ta fara shekara tare da mutane miliyan ɗaya kuma a cikin shekara tana fuskantar haihuwa 85,000, mutuwar 86,000, baƙi 1,500 da baƙi 500.          

Yawan karuwar jama'a = (0 ÷ 1,000,000) x 100% = 0%          

Samar da kalmar

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Masanin ilimin zamantakewa na Amurka kuma masanin ilimin lissafi Kingsley Davis an yaba shi don ƙirƙirar kalmar "ƙaruwar yawan jama'a" (ZPG) a cikin 1967 ta hanyar tattauna mummunan sakamako na ƙaruwar yawan da ba za a iya sarrafawa ba kuma yana ba da shawarar ƙaruwar jama'a ƙasa da sifili a matsayin mafita a duk ƙasashe.[3][4] Kodayake Davis ne ya fara gabatar da kalmar "ƙaruwar yawan jama'a", wanda ke nufin yawan jama'ar da ba su canzawa ba, George J. Stolnitz ya ambata a baya a cikin "A Century of International Mortality Trends: I". Yawan jama'a mai ɗorewa yana buƙatar yawan haihuwa da mutuwa ba tare da shige da fice ba. Lokacin da yawan jama'a ya karu daidai da sifili, yawan jama'ar da ke da ƙarfi ya zama tsaye.[5] Stolnitz ya bayyana cewa wannan ra'ayi ya samo asali ne aƙalla zuwa 1693, lokacin da ya bayyana a cikin rikodin Edmond Halley na yawan mutanen Breslau, tebur na farko na rayuwa akan bayanan jama'a. [6][7] James Mirrlees ne ya ba da bayanin lissafi.[8]

Tsoron yawan jama'a

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Yawan mutane ya karu a hankali ga mafi yawan tarihin ɗan adam. Yawan jama'a a cikin shekaru 200 da suka gabata ya ninka sau bakwai a sauran tarihin ɗan adam.[9] Yawan jama'a ya fara hanzarta bayan juyin juya halin noma a cikin 1650, kuma ya sa mutane su fara damuwa game da yawan jama'a saboda suna tsoron karuwar yawan jama'ar zai wuce ci gaban samar da abinci. Irin wannan damuwa ta sake fitowa bayan WWII saboda wasu mutane sun yi imanin cewa yakin ya samo asali ne daga gasar kan karancin albarkatu tsakanin kasashe na Axis.[10] A ƙarshen shekarun 1960, cin zarafin muhalli da yunwa a Afirka sun kara damuwar yawan jama'a. Tunanin karuwar yawan jama'a ya fito ne a matsayin mafita don rage matsalolin da ke gudana.[10]

Ƙungiyar Ƙaruwar Jama'a (ZPGO)

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Bayan WWII, Amurka ta fuskanci karuwar jarirai wanda ke da alaƙa da karuwar aikin mata a lokacin yaƙi. Da yake amsawa ga ci gaban yawan jama'a bayan yakin, ZPG ya zama sanannen ƙungiyar siyasa a Amurka da sassan Turai, tare da dangantaka mai ƙarfi ga muhalli da mata a ƙarshen shekarun 1960. Masana ilimin halitta Paul R. Ehrlich ya zargi yawan jama'a a matsayin dalilin da ya haifar da batutuwan muhalli ya faru a cikin shekarun 1960 a cikin sanannen aikinsa The Population Bomb da aka buga a shekarar 1968.[11] A wannan shekarar, Ehrlich, tare da masanin ilimin ƙwayoyin cuta Charles Remington da lauya Richard Bowers, sun kafa Ƙungiyar Ci gaban Jama'a ta Zero a Connecticut, tare da burin rage girman iyali tsakanin Amurkawa. Kungiyar ta fadada cikin sauri, ta jawo hankalin mambobi 36,000 a watan Mayu, 1971. [12] A cikin 1970, ZPGO ta kafa ofishinta na lobbying a Washington, DC . Daga cikin masu gwagwarmayar ZPGO, Jami'ar Yale ta kasance mai ƙarfi. Jami'ar Yale da sauran mambobin ZPGO da yawa sun yi imanin cewa yawan jama'a da ba a tsaya ba yana haifar da matsalolin muhalli da zamantakewa da yawa, da kuma barazana ga dabi'un mutum da sirri.

Rikici

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Bayan kafa ZPGO, ya fuskanci tallafi mai yawa da kuma zargi. Tattaunawar game da manufarta da manufa ta shafi yiwuwar ƙaruwar yawan jama'a, tasirinsa akan tattalin arziki da kuma al'adu da dabi'un mutum.

Zai yiwu da kuma bukata
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Akwai zargi da yawa game da motsi na Zero Population Growth. An zargi masu gwagwarmayar ZPGO da juyawa kan kimiyya na ci gaban yawan jama'a da neman raguwar haihuwa nan take. Masu sukar sun kuma ce masu fafutuka suna ba da shawarar wani abu da ba za a iya gujewa ba a nan gaba, suna tambayar bukatar kokarin su.[13] Masanin ilimin lissafi da zamantakewa na Amurka Judith Blake, memba na ƙungiyar ZPG, ta amsa ta hanyar yarda cewa ZPG ita ce kawai yiwuwar nan gaba. Duk da haka, idan mutane sun jira hakan ya faru, za a kai ZPG ta hanyar Mutuwa mai yawa maimakon rashin haihuwa. [13]

Al'adu da dabi'un mutum
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Bayan ra'ayin da ZPGO ya gabatar, hanyoyin su ma sun kama muhawara. Mujallar Life wanda aka bayyana a matsayin "mai matukar muhawara" ZPGO ya sami tambayoyin jama'a yayin da ya kalubalanci al'adun gargajiya na Amurka na zama al'umma mai girma. Sukar da suka haɗa da cewa ƙungiyar tana amfani da hanyoyin tilastawa waɗanda ke yin barazana ga ainihin haƙƙin ɗan adam na haihuwa da ’yancin tsarin iyali. ZPGO kuma ya fuskanci masu suka don haɗawa da gaskatawar wariyar launin fata da masu kishin kasa. Duk da haka, masu fafutuka na NPGO sun ce mata ba su da 'yanci kafin tafiyar saboda suna fuskantar matsin lamba na haihuwa. A maimakon hana haihuwa, ZPGO ta yi ikirarin cewa ta hanyar inganta ra'ayin cewa ba kowa ba ne ke bukatar haihuwa, al'umma za ta kai ga ZPG ba tare da tauye 'yancin mutum ba..[14]

Tasirin Tattalin Arziki

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An kuma yi muhawara kan tasirin ZPG kan tattalin arziki. Ko da yake fa'idodin wucin gadi zai faru lokacin da matasan ma'aikata ke da ƙananan yara da za su kula da su ta yadda iyaye biyu za su iya yin aiki, fasahar za ta ƙare cikin sauri a ƙarƙashin al'ummar ZPG fiye da al'ummar da ke da karuwar yawan matasa masu aiki. A daya hannun kuma, dan gwagwarmayar ZPGO, masanin tattalin arziki Stephen Enke ya bayar da hujjar cewa yawan karuwar jama'a yana da nasaba da babban birnin da kowane mutum zai iya tarawa, kuma karuwar yawan jama'a na amfana da masu mallakar kadarorin maimakon jama'a..[15]

Ci gaban tattalin arziki mai sauri sau da yawa yana da alaƙa da karuwar yawan mutanen da ke aiki: lokacin da ma'aikatan da ke akwai suka fi girma fiye da yadda ake buƙata, suna samar da ƙarin albarkatun da za a iya amfani da su a cikin saka hannun jari na zamantakewa. A gefe guda, raguwar yawan mutanen da ke aiki yana haifar da karancin ƙwarewa. Wannan yana iya motsa aikin sarrafa kansa na fasaha da haɓaka albashi, musamman tsakanin ƙwararrun ma'aikata.[16] Ƙananan ma'aikatan da ke akwai na iya haifar da yawan ma'aikata masu yawa, amma yawan sarrafa kansa na iya haifar wa ƙaura zuwa aiki.[17][16]

Hanyoyin da ake amfani da su

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A cikin dogon lokaci, za'a iya samun karuwar yawan jama'a lokacin da yawan haihuwa na yawan jama'ar ya yi daidai da yawan mutuwar. Wato, jimlar yawan haihuwa tana a matakin maye gurbin kuma yawan haihuwa da mutuwa suna da kwanciyar hankali, yanayin da ake kira ma'aunin jama'a. Rashin daidaituwa na iya haifar da canje-canje masu yawa a cikin yawan jama'a. Wannan bincike yana da inganci ga duniyar gaba ɗaya, amma ba lallai ba ne ga yanki ko ƙasa saboda ya yi watsi da ƙaura.[18]

Yawan jama'a. Ko da jimillar yawan haihuwa na yawan jama'a ya kai matakin maye gurbin, yawan adadin na ci gaba da karuwa saboda yawan yawan jama'a. Yawan jama'a da ke karuwa a baya zai sami mafi yawan adadin matasa. Kamar yadda yara kanana suke da ‘ya’ya, akwai tazarar lokaci tsakanin lokacin da yawan haihuwa, wanda ke wakiltar matsakaicin adadin ‘ya’yan da mace ta haifa, ke faduwa zuwa matsayin maye da kuma lokacin da al’umma ke daina karuwa. Dalilin haka shi ne, ko da yake yawan haihuwa ya ragu zuwa matakin maye gurbin, mutane sun ci gaba da rayuwa na wani lokaci a cikin yawan jama'a. Don haka, ma'auni, tare da tsayayyen yawan jama'a, ba za a kai ba har sai "matakin sauyawa" na farko na haihuwa sun kai tsufa kuma su mutu.[18]

Jama'a masu tsufa. Yawan tsufa. Sabanin haka, tare da haihuwa a ƙasa maye gurbin, ɓangaren tsofaffi yana girma; amma tun da waccan tsarar ta kasa maye gurbin kanta a cikin shekarunta masu albarka, "ƙaramin yawan jama'a" na gaba, ko raguwar yawan jama'a, zai faru lokacin da tsofaffi suka mutu. An kira wannan tasirin rashin haihuwa. Bugu da kari, idan yawan haihuwa na kasa ya kasance a matakin maye gurbinsa, kuma ya kasance haka tsawon shekaru a kalla shekaru da yawa (don daidaita yawan shekarunta), to al'ummar kasar za su iya samun ci gaba saboda karuwar tsawon rai, duk da cewa karuwar yawan jama'a na iya zama kadan fiye da yadda zai kasance daga karuwar yawan al'umma..[18]

Samun ƙaruwar yawan jama'a

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Zero yawan jama'a yawanci shine burin masu tsara yawan jama'awa da masu kula da muhalli waɗanda suka yi imanin cewa rage yawan jama'ar yana da mahimmanci ga lafiyar yanayin halittu. Samun ZPG a cikin gajeren lokaci yana da wahala saboda yawan jama'ar ƙasar sau da yawa ana ƙayyade shi ta hanyar tattalin arziki, abin da ya faru na talauci, bala'o'i, cututtuka, da sauransu.

Albert Bartlett, wani farfesa a fannin kimiyyar lissafi a Jami'ar Colorado a Boulder, ya ba da shawarar cewa yawan jama'a yana da zaɓuɓɓuka masu zuwa don cimma burin ZPG: ɗaukar ikon kulawa da son rai na haihuwa da ƙaura; ci gaba da kasancewa a kan hanyar da ake bi har sai yawan jama'a ya yi yawa wanda matakan tsauri ya zama dole; ko ba da damar yanayi don amsa yawan jama'a tare da cututtuka, yunwa, ko yakin da zai rage yawan jama'a..

Hakazalika, Jason Brent, marubucin Amurka kuma alƙali na gari ya ba da hanyoyi uku don isa ga ƙarancin yawan jama'a a cikin littafinsa Humans: Endangered Species . Waɗannan su ne yaƙi, cututtuka, yunwa, da sauran matakan da ba a so; kula da haihuwa da yardar rai; kuma a ƙarshe, tilasta kula da yawan jama'a ta hanyar ɗaya ko da yawa.[19]

Manufar da aka bayyana a hankali ta ZPG ita ce ta dace da yawan haihuwa, wanda shine matsakaicin yawan yara ga mace wanda zai riƙe yawan jama'a. Wannan maye gurbin haihuwa zai dogara da Yawan mace-mace da rabo na jima'i a lokacin haihuwa, kuma ya bambanta daga kusan 2.1 a cikin ƙasashe masu tasowa zuwa sama da 3.0 a wasu ƙasashe masu ci gaba.

Kodayake jama'a sun so ZPG a matsayin mafita ga matsalolin zamantakewa da muhalli da yawa, kasashe da yawa a yau suna fuskantar mummunan sakamako akan ci gaban tattalin arziki da tsarin tallafin zamantakewa wanda ya haifar da yawan haihuwa ƙasa da matakin maye gurbin.[20]China's Low Birth Rate and the Development of Population"},"url":{"wt":"https://www.routledge.com/Chinas-Low-Birth-Rate-and-the-Development-of-Population/Zhigang-Feng-Yong/p/book/9780367534455?srsltid=AfmBOopjDKtBUXIsGeIlR2J9VR4PH-dJ_IqukXdWKYN-SVI3P58r10k7&quot;},&quot;access-date&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;2025-03-04&quot;},&quot;website&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Routledge & CRC Press"},"language":{"wt":"en"}},"i":0}}]}\" data-ve-no-generated-contents=\"true\" id=\"mwAsA\"> </span><cite about=\"#mwt93\" class=\"citation web cs1\" id=\"mwAsE\" data-ve-ignore=\"\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://www.routledge.com/Chinas-Low-Birth-Rate-and-the-Development-of-Population/Zhigang-Feng-Yong/p/book/9780367534455?srsltid=AfmBOopjDKtBUXIsGeIlR2J9VR4PH-dJ_IqukXdWKYN-SVI3P58r10k7\" id=\"mwAsI\" rel=\"mw:ExtLink nofollow\">\"China's Low Birth Rate and the Development of Population\"</a>. <i id=\"mwAsM\">Routledge & CRC Press</i><span class=\"reference-accessdate\" id=\"mwAsQ\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\" id=\"mwAsU\">2025-03-04</span></span>.</cite>"}}" id="cite_ref-28" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref">[./Zero_population_growth#cite_note-28 [2]] Yanzu, maimakon iyakance yawan jama'a, gwamnatoci suna gano hanyoyin da za su karfafa haihuwa don kauce wa yawan mutanen da suka tsufa a nan gaba.[21] Kasashen da ke ko kusa, ko dai daga sama ko ƙasa, ZPG sun haɗa da China, Japan, Koriya ta Kudu, Thailand, Singapore, Australia, Iceland, Jamus, Portugal, da Poland. [22][23]

Zero Yawan jama'a ta nahiyoyi

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Kasar Sin ita ce kasa ta biyu mafi girma a duniya ta yawan jama'a, tare da yawan jama'ar sama da biliyan 1.4.[24] Kasar Sin ta kai yawan jama'a (ƙaruwar ƙira) a cikin 2022. Ci gaban jama'ar kasar Sin ya ragu tun farkon wannan karni. Wannan ya kasance mafi yawa sakamakon ci gaban tattalin arzikin kasar Sin da karuwar yanayin rayuwa. Koyaya, yawancin masu ilimin lissafin jama'a sun kuma yaba da Manufofin tsara iyali na kasar Sin, wanda aka tsara a farkon shekarun 1970, wanda ya karfafa auren marigayi, haihuwar haihuwa, da amfani da maganin China daukar ciki, kuma bayan 1980 ya iyakance mafi yawan ma'aurata na birane ga yaro ɗaya kuma mafi yawan ma-aurata na karkara ga yara biyu.[25]

Dangane da tsinkayen gwamnati, tasirin waɗannan manufofi na dogon lokaci zai zama raguwar yawan mutanen da ke aiki zuwa miliyan 700 nan da shekara ta 2050 daga miliyan 925 a cikin shekara ta 2011, raguwar kashi 24%. A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2013, an sanar da shakatawa na manufofin yaro daya a cikin rashin shahara da kuma hasashen rage yawan ma'aikata da tallafi ga yawan tsofaffi.[26]

Koriya ta Kudu tana da mafi ƙarancin haihuwa a 0.68 don 2024. Rashin yawan haihuwa ya samo asali ne daga bambancin albashi ga ma'aikatan mata da kuma dogon mako na aiki da kuma kasuwar aiki mai gasa wanda ya haifar da matsin lamba ga haihuwa da iyaye.[27]

Oceania

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Uku daga cikin biyar mafi saurin raguwa suna cikin Oceania, gami da Cook Islands, Marshall Islands, da North Mariana Islands.[28] Saboda mummunan yanayin rayuwa da bala'o'i da canjin yanayi ya haifar, mutane daga waɗannan tsibirai suna neman ƙaura zuwa manyan ƙasashe.[29]

Turai

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Turai tana fuskantar raguwar yawan jama'a saboda yanayin adawa da shige da fice. Kasashe ciki har da Iceland, Jamus, Portugal, da Poland, da dai sauransu suna a ko kusa da ZPG.[30]

Manazarta

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Haupt, Arthur; Kane, Thomas T.; Haub, Carl (2011). "PRB's Population Handbook" (PDF). Population Reference Bureau. pp. 29–30.
  2. ↑ Davis, Kingsley (1967). "Population policy: Will current programs succeed?". Science. 158 (3802): 730–739. Bibcode:1967Sci...158..730D. doi:10.1126/science.158.3802.730. PMID 6069101.
  3. ↑ Davis, Kingsley (1967). "Population policy: Will current programs succeed?". Science. 158 (3802): 730–739. Bibcode:1967Sci...158..730D. doi:10.1126/science.158.3802.730. PMID 6069101.
  4. ↑ "Kingsley Davis, Hoover fellow, demographer, sociologist, dies at age 88 (3/97)". www.stanford.edu. Archived from the original on 5 August 2012. Retrieved 16 September 2017.
  5. ↑ Hageman, Anya; Galoustian, Pauline (2024-01-09). "Chapter 14: Forecasting Population Size and Age Structure" (in Turanci). Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  6. ↑ Stolnitz, George J. (1955). "A Century of International Mortality Trends_ I". Population Studies. 9 (1): 24–55. doi:10.2307/2172340. JSTOR 2172340.
  7. ↑ Bellhouse, David R. (2011). "A new look at Halley's life table". Journal of the Royal Statistical Society. Series A (Statistics in Society). 174 (3): 823–832. doi:10.1111/j.1467-985X.2010.00684.x. ISSN 0964-1998. JSTOR 23013523.
  8. ↑ Mirrlees, J. A. (1967). "Optimum Growth When Technology is Changing". The Review of Economic Studies. 34 (1): 95–124. doi:10.2307/2296573. JSTOR 2296573.
  9. ↑ "Human Population Through Time | AMNH". American Museum of Natural History (in Turanci). Archived from the original on 2024-11-12. Retrieved 2025-02-20.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 "Gale - Product Login". galeapps.gale.com. Retrieved 2025-02-20.
  11. ↑ ""Environmental Crisis" in the Late 1960s · Exhibit · Give Earth a Chance: Environmental Activism in Michigan". michiganintheworld.history.lsa.umich.edu. Retrieved 2025-03-03.
  12. ↑ Barnett, Larry D. (1971). "Zero Population Growth, Inc". BioScience. 21 (14): 759–765. doi:10.2307/1295945. ISSN 0006-3568. JSTOR 1295945.
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 Davis, Kingsley (1973). "Zero Population Growth: The Goal and the Means". Daedalus. 102 (4): 15–30. ISSN 0011-5266. JSTOR 20024164.
  14. ↑ (Thesis). Missing or empty |title= (help)
  15. ↑ Davis, Kingsley (1973). "Zero Population Growth: The Goal and the Means". Daedalus. 102 (4): 15–30. ISSN 0011-5266. JSTOR 20024164. PMID 11663422.
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 "What do demographic changes mean for labor supply?". World Bank Blogs (in Turanci). Retrieved 2025-05-05.
  17. ↑ popedadmin (2019-07-16). "What are the Benefits of Slower Population Growth?". Population Education (in Turanci). Retrieved 2025-05-05.
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 18.2 Skirbekk, Vegard (2022). "Decline and Prosper!". SpringerLink (in Turanci). doi:10.1007/978-3-030-91611-4. ISBN 978-3-030-91610-7.
  19. ↑ "Order The Book". JASON BRENT - AUTHOR - FUTURIST (in Turanci). Archived from the original on 2025-03-16. Retrieved 2025-03-04.
  20. ↑ Song, Ju-Eun; Ahn, Jeong-Ah; Lee, Sun-Kyoung; Roh, Eun Ha (2018-03-20). "Factors related to low birth rate among married women in Korea". PLOS ONE (in Turanci). 13 (3): e0194597. Bibcode:2018PLoSO..1394597S. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0194597. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 5860778. PMID 29558506.
  21. ↑ Nargund, G (2009). "Declining birth rate in Developed Countries: A radical policy re-think is required". Facts, Views & Vision in ObGyn (in Turanci). 1 (3): 191–193. PMC 4255510. PMID 25489464.
  22. ↑ McDonald, Peter; Hosseini-Chavoshi, Meimanat (2022-06-24). "What Level of Migration Is Required to Achieve Zero Population Growth in the Shortest Possible Time? Asian Examples". Frontiers in Human Dynamics (in English). 4. doi:10.3389/fhumd.2022.762199. ISSN 2673-2726.CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  23. ↑ master (2014-05-06). "What is Zero Population Growth, or ZPG?". Population Education (in Turanci). Retrieved 2025-03-04.
  24. ↑ "Population by Country (2025) - Worldometer". www.worldometers.info (in Turanci). Retrieved 2025-03-04.
  25. ↑ Kane, P.; Choi, C. Y. (1999-10-09). "China's one child family policy". BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.). 319 (7215): 992–994. doi:10.1136/bmj.319.7215.992. ISSN 0959-8138. PMC 1116810. PMID 10514169.
  26. ↑ Jiang, Quanbao; Li, Shuzhuo; Feldman, Marcus W. (2013). "China's Population Policy at the Crossroads: Social Impacts and Prospects". Asian Journal of Social Science. 41 (2): 193–218. doi:10.1163/15685314-12341298. ISSN 1568-4849. PMC 4657744. PMID 26612983.
  27. ↑ "South Korea's Plan to Avoid Population Collapse". Think Global Health (in Turanci). 2024-09-05. Retrieved 2025-05-05.
  28. ↑ "Countries with Declining Population 2025". worldpopulationreview.com. Retrieved 2025-05-05.
  29. ↑ Frank Missing or empty |title= (help)
  30. ↑ master (2014-05-06). "What is Zero Population Growth, or ZPG?". Population Education (in Turanci). Retrieved 2025-05-05.
Daga "https://ha.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zero_yawan_jama%27a&oldid=775716"