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Zubar da ciki a Gambiya

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Zubar da ciki a Gambiya
abortion by country (en) Fassara
Bayanai
Ƙasa Gambiya

A Gambiya, zubar da ciki ba bisa ka'ida ba ne sai dai don ceton rayuwar mahaifiyar ko don hana lahani na haihuwa. Zubar da ciki a Gambiya suna da yawan mace-mace da rikitarwa. Zubar da ciki ya zama ruwan dare a tsakanin matasa. Gambiya tana da kunya game da ciki da zubar da ciki, kuma yawancin kungiyoyin kare hakkin mata a kasar suna adawa da shi. Cibiyoyin gwamnati suna ba da zubar da ciki ta hanyar amfani da misoprostol.

Ba a yawan gurfanar da zubar da ciki a karni na 20. dokar zubar da ciki ta kasar, wacce aka rubuta a shekarar alif 1933 a karkashin gwamnatin mulkin mallaka, ta dogara ne akan dokar Burtaniya wacce ta haramta zubar da cikin ciki ba tare da wani dalili na doka ba. Bayan tabbatar da Gambiya game da Yarjejeniyar Maputo da Yarjejeniya kan kawar da duk wani nau'i na nuna bambanci ga mata, Dokar Mata ta 2010 ta ba da izinin zubar da ciki idan akwai haɗari ga rayuwar mahaifiyar ko tayin. Kasar ba ta da wata muhawara ta jama'a game da zubar da ciki, musamman a karkashin shugabancin mai iko na Yahya Jammeh . Cibiyar Kula da Hakkin Jima'i da Haihuwa, wacce aka kafa a cikin 2019, ta ba da shawara don halatta zubar da ciki. Kungiyoyin kasa da kasa sun bukaci kasar da ta kawo dokokinta daidai da yarjejeniyoyi.

Shari'a

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Sashe na 140 na Dokar Laifuka ta Gambiya ya sanya samun zubar da ciki laifi wanda za'a iya hukunta shi da shekaru kurkuku. Sashe na 141 ya aikata laifuka game da zubar da ciki da kansa tare da hukuncin ɗaurin shekaru bakwai. Sashe na 142 ya hukunta samar da kayan aiki don zubar da ciki tare da shekaru uku a kurkuku. Sashe na 198 ya ce zubar da ciki ba laifi ba ne idan an yi shi don kare rayuwar mahaifiyar.[1] Dokar ba ta bayyana ka'idoji don zubar da ciki na doka ba.[2]

Sashe na 30 na Dokar Mata ta 2010 ya ba da izinin zubar da ciki idan Rayuwar mahaifiyar tana cikin haɗari ko kuma jaririn na iya samun nakasa da yawa: [1]  

  1. Kowace mace tana da ikon jin daɗin haƙƙinta na haihuwa, ciki har da ikon samun cire ciki ta hanyar likita, musamman idan ci gaba da daukar ciki yana barazana ga rayuwar uwa ko kuma na jaririn da ke cikin ciki.
  2. Cire cikin da aka yarda da shi a ƙarƙashin sakin layi na (1) ba za a aiwatar da shi ba sai an tabbatar da matsayin lafiyar matan da abin ya shafa daga wani likita da aka yi rajista wanda yake da ƙwarewa a wannan fanni.
  3. Idan matan da abin ya shafa tana cikin yanayi inda babu kayan aikin likitanci da suka dace, za a yi mata tura ta hanyar tsarin tura marasa lafiya da aka kafa a cikin tsarin lafiya.
  4. Idan matan da abin ya shafa ba ta da ikon biyan kuɗin magani da ake bukata, Gwamnati za ta ɗauki nauyin kuɗin maganin.
— Section 30 of the Women's Act 2010

Tarihi

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Ba a san komai game da halayen dokar al'ada ta kafin mulkin mallaka game da zubar da ciki ba. A cikin shari'ar zubar da ciki ta farko da aka rubuta, a cikin shekarar alif 1873, wani dan kasuwa na Burtaniya ya zargi sakataren mulkin mallaka da samar da zubar da jini ga wata mace mai suna Anna Evans; an bar shari'ar. A ƙarshen karni na 19, zubar da ciki ya zama ruwan dare kuma tuhuma ba ta da yawa. A cikin shekarun 1930, tsoron da ake yi game da yawan jima'i ya haifar da dokoki masu hanawa.[1]

Dokar zubar da ciki ta Gambiya, wani nau'i na Dokar Laifuka akan Mutum ta 1861, gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ce ta gabatar da ita a shekarar 1933. [3] Sashe na 198 ya dogara ne akan Dokar Tsaro ta Rayuwar Jarirai ta Burtaniya ta 1929. An gaji ka'idar azabtarwa ta mulkin mallaka daga na Burtaniya yayin da gwamnati ta ji cewa karamin mulkin mallaka tare da ƙananan aikata laifuka ba ya buƙatar nasa ka'idodi.[1] Shari'ar shari'ar Burtaniya ta Rex da Bourne (1938) ta ba da izinin zubar da ciki saboda kiyaye lafiyar jiki ko ta hankali. Ba a taɓa gwada wannan ƙasa a kotun Gambiya ba, kuma dokokin Gambiya basu ambaci wannan ƙasa ba.[1]

Bayan samun 'yancin kai

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Gambiya ta tabbatar da Yarjejeniyar kan kawar da dukkan nau'ikan nuna bambanci ga mata (CEDAW) a ranar 16 ga watan Afrilu shekarar alif 1993 da kuma Yarjejeniyar Maputo a ranar 25 ga Mayu 2005. Gambiya ta yi ajiya a kan labaran hudu na Yarjejeniyar Maputo, gami da Mataki na 14, wanda ke tabbatar da haƙƙin sabis na kiwon lafiya na haihuwa gami da zubar da ciki. Gwamnati, karkashin jagorancin Yahya Jammeh, ba ta bayyana dalilin da ya sa ta kasance ba.[1]

A watan Maris na shekara ta alif 2006, Cibiyar Nazarin Dimokuradiyya da 'Yancin Dan Adam ta Afirka, tare da hadin gwiwar Solidarity for African Women's Rights da kungiyoyin kare hakkin mata na gida, sun yi magana da Ofishin Mata Shugaban kasa, Ministan Harkokin Mata, da Ofishin Matan Mata. Sun kafa wata hanyar da Majalisar Dokoki ta Kasa za ta sake duba dokar zubar da ciki ta hanyar tarurruka tare da wakilan gwamnati da jama'a. Gambiya ta janye ajiyarta zuwa Yarjejeniyar Maputo kwanaki kafin ta karbi bakuncin taron koli na shugaban kasashe na Tarayyar Afirka na 2006. [1]

Gwamnati ta zartar da Dokar Mata a cikin shekarar alif 2010. Ya samo asali ne daga Sashe na 28 na Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Gambiya na 1997, game da haƙƙin mata. CEDAW da Yarjejeniyar Maputo sun rinjayi shi. Ba ta cika sharuɗɗan Yarjejeniyar Maputo da ke ba da zubar da ciki a lokuta na fyade, jima'i, da haɗari ga lafiyar mahaifiyar.[1]

Mulkin kama-karya na Yahya Jammeh ya tsananta wa masu fafutukar kare hakkin dan adam, wanda zai iya haifar da masu fafutuka don kauce wa tattauna zubar da ciki. Gwamnati ba ta gabatar da rahotanni na tilas ga Hukumar Afirka kan 'Yancin Dan Adam da Jama'a ba har sai da aka sauya zuwa dimokuradiyya a karkashin Adama Barrow. A watan Agustan 2018, gwamnati ta gabatar da rahoto game da Yarjejeniyar Afirka kan 'Yancin Dan Adam da Jama'a da Yarjejeniya ta Maputo, wanda ya lura da haramcin zubar da ciki da rashin bayanan zubar da zubar da jini. An sake duba shi a watan Mayu na shekara ta 2019, kuma Mai ba da rahoto na musamman kan 'yancin mata a Afirka ya nemi ƙarin bayani game da matakai na gaba. Shirin Shirye-shiryen Kiwon Lafiya na Kasa, na Uwa, na Jarirai, na Yara da Matasa (2017-2021) ya ba da shawarar aiwatar da dabarun don inganta Kulawa bayan zubar da ciki.[1]

Kungiyoyin kasa da kasa kamar Kwamitin Kare Hakkin Dan Adam da Kwamitin Kare Kare Hakkin Yara sun bukaci Gambiya da ta ba da izini ga zubar da ciki. Wani rahoto na 2014 daga kungiyar kungiyoyin da ba na gwamnati ba, kungiyoyin kare hakkin mata, da kungiyoyin jama'a sun ce ya kamata a kawo dokar daidai da dokar kasa da kasa. An ƙaddamar da Cibiyar Kare Hakkin Jima'i da Haihuwa, cibiyar sadarwar kungiyoyin Gambiya, a cikin 2019. Ya dauki bakuncin taron farko na National Coalition Building Taron Lafiya da 'Yancin Zaki da Rubuta, wanda Kamfen na Duniya don 'Yancin Mata don Zubar da Ciki, ya tallafawa, a ranar 4 ga Mayu 2019. Ministan Harkokin Mata, Yara, da Kula da Jama'a sun halarci taron. Wadanda suka halarci taron sun lura da bukatar hadin gwiwa don ba da shawara don halatta zubar da ciki a lokuta na fyade, dangi, da haɗarin lafiya. Sun ba da shawarar gyare-gyare ga kundin tsarin mulki wanda ke tabbatar da haƙƙin kiwon lafiya, gami da lafiyar haihuwa.

Yawan Faruwa

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Daga shekara ta 2015 zuwa 2019, kashi 25% na daukar ciki ba a shirya su aka yi ba, kuma kashi 31% daga cikin wadannan ciki marasa shiri sun kare da zubar da ciki.[4] A harshen Mandinka, ana kiran zubar da ciki da konobondoo (mnk), wanda ke nufin cire ciki.[5] Bisa binciken da kungiyar Family Planning Association ta Gambia ta yi a 1996, matasa masu shekaru 14 zuwa 24, musamman a birane da yankunan kewayensu, suna da mafi yawan yawan zubar da ciki. Bincike kan zubar da ciki a Gambia kadan ne.[1]

Gambia na da matsalar mace-macen mata masu juna biyu da yawa, wato 443 cikin 100,000, wanda rashin samun zubar da ciki cikin aminci ke kara ta.[1] Zubar da ciki ba tare da kulawa ba na haddasa rashin haihuwa da kuma ciki a wajen mahaifa.[6][7] Asibitocin gwamnati na iya ba da sabis na zubar da ciki ne kawai idan rayuwar mace na cikin hatsari. Ana amfani da magani guda ɗaya kawai, wato misoprostol, bisa ga ka’idojin ƙungiyar International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics. Babu ka’idoji na kasa. Yawancin likitoci ba sa yarda su yi aikin zubar da ciki saboda rashin fahimtar doka da tsoron tuhuma.[1] Ma’aikatar Lafiya ta gano cewa a 2018, an samu lamura 1,985 na kulawa bayan zubar da ciki. Mafi yawan mata da ke da matsaloli bayan zubar da ciki ba sa zuwa asibiti.[1]

As of 2021, kashi 2.9% na 'yan mata da matasa sun bayyana cewa sun taba zubar da ciki.[8] Yawancin matasa suna samun sabis na zubar da ciki daga mutanen da ba su da horo kuma cikin hanyar da ba ta da aminci. Wannan na iya haifar da zubar da jini, kamuwa da cuta ko ma mutuwa.[9] Ciki a lokacin ƙuruciya na haddasa kashi 13% na mace-macen mata masu ciki a Gambia. A shekarar 2011, kasar ta samu lamura 19 na barin jarirai.[10] Manhajar Comprehensive Health Education tana magance batun zubar da ciki da aka hana doka.[11][12] Duk da cewa malamai na samun horo kan manhajar ilimin jima’i, suna da matsala wajen tattauna batutuwa masu sarkakiya kamar zubar da ciki, kuma dalibai na kallon su a matsayin wadanda ba su da cancanta, wanda ke haddasa rashin ilimi tsakanin matasa.[13]

Saboda bambanci da sauran kasashe, Gambia ba ta da wata babbar kungiya ko muhawara ta jama’a dangane da zubar da ciki. Yawancin masu fafutukar kare hakkin mata na adawa da zubar da ciki saboda dalilan addini ko na ɗabi’a. Wasu ma ba sa ambaton batun domin kar su rasa goyon bayan da suke da shi a wasu fannoni.[1] Ciki ba tare da aure ba da zubar da ciki duka suna fuskantar ƙyama daga al'ummar Gambia wacce mafi yawan ta Musulmai ne.[1][14] Mata da suka samu ciki ba tare da aure ba sukan ɓoye shi har sai sun yi zubar da ciki domin kauce wa gulma.[15] Mata da dama ba sa magana kan batun kiwon lafiyar haihuwa sai an tambaye su.[6] Mata masu ungozoma na gargajiya su ne ke yawan tattauna irin wadannan batutuwan da ake dauka a matsayin haram.[16] Akwai wani ra'ayi da ke cewa aljannu za su iya haddasa zubar da ciki, don haka mata da dama sukan ɓoye cikin su a farkon watanni.[17][15]

Manazarta

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  1. ↑ 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.10 1.11 1.12 1.13 1.14 Nabaneh, Satang (December 2019). "The Gambia's Political Transition to Democracy: Is Abortion Reform Possible?". Health and Human Rights. 21 (2): 169–180. PMC 6927371. PMID 31885446. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Nabaneh" defined multiple times with different content
  2. ↑ Lavelanet, Antonella F.; Schlitt, Stephanie; Johnson, Brooke Ronald, Jr.; Ganatra, Bela (20 December 2018). "Global Abortion Policies Database: a descriptive analysis of the legal categories of lawful abortion". BMC International Health and Human Rights. 18 (1): 44. doi:10.1186/s12914-018-0183-1. PMC 6302420. PMID 30572956.
  3. ↑ Berer, Marge; Hogart, Leslie (December 2019). "EDITORIAL: Progress toward Decriminalization of Abortion and Universal Access to Safe Abortions: National Trends and Strategies". Health and Human Rights. 21 (2): 81. PMC 6927373. PMID 31885438.
  4. ↑ "Gambia country profile". Guttmacher Institute. 2022. Retrieved 16 July 2024.
  5. ↑ Dierickx, Susan; Balen, Julie; Longman, Chia; Rahbari, Ladan; Clarke, Ed; Jarjou, Bintu; Coene, Gily (31 January 2019). "'We are always desperate and will try anything to conceive': The convoluted and dynamic process of health seeking among women with infertility in the West Coast Region of The Gambia". PLOS One. 14 (1): e0211634. Bibcode:2019PLoSO..1411634D. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0211634. PMC 6355002. PMID 30703136.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Dierickx, Susan; Coene, Gily; Evans, Megan; Balen, Julie; Longman, Chia (4 December 2019). "The fertile grounds of reproductive activism in The Gambia: A qualitative study of local key stakeholders' understandings and heterogeneous actions related to infertility". PLOS One. 14 (12): e0226079. Bibcode:2019PLoSO..1426079D. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0226079. PMC 6892487. PMID 31800633.
  7. ↑ Anyanwu, Matthew; Titilope, Grace (16 April 2021). "Ectopic pregnancy at the Gambian Tertiary hospital". African Health Sciences. 21 (1): 295–303. doi:10.4314/ahs.v21i1.38. PMC 8356603 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 34394310 Check |pmid= value (help).
  8. ↑ Ahinkorah, Bright Opoku (4 September 2021). "Socio-demographic determinants of pregnancy termination among adolescent girls and young women in selected high fertility countries in sub-Saharan Africa". BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth. 21 (1). doi:10.1186/s12884-021-04064-1. PMC 8417988 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 34481462 Check |pmid= value (help). Unknown parameter |article-number= ignored (help)
  9. ↑ Ceesay Bah, Isatou (1 August 2023). "Women & Society : Cost of silence: Confronting teenage pregnancy in Gambia". The Point. Retrieved 16 July 2024.
  10. ↑ Lowe, Mat; Sagnia, Phebian Ina Grant; Awolaran, Olusegun; Mongbo, Yves Armand Médessi (13 December 2021). "Sexual and reproductive health of adolescents and young people in Gambia: a systematic review". Pan African Medical Journal. 40 (221): 221. doi:10.11604/pamj.2021.40.221.25774. ISSN 1937-8688. PMC 8797051 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 35145583 Check |pmid= value (help).
  11. ↑ Jaiteh, Binta (28 August 2023). "CHE Principal Investigator discusses challenges affecting sexual and reproductive health of adolescents". The Voice. Retrieved 16 July 2024.
  12. ↑ Bojang, Tabora (11 June 2021). "'Women subjected to rape and incest should have abortion'". The Standard. Retrieved 16 July 2024.
  13. ↑ Sagnia, Phebian I. G.; Jeng, Momodou (February 2023). "In-school adolescents' perception of sexuality education in region 1 of the Gambia". African Journal of Reproductive Health. 27 (2): 49–56. doi:10.29063/ajrh2023/v27i2.5 (inactive 11 July 2025). PMID 37584939 Check |pmid= value (help) – via African Journals OnLine.CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of ga Yuli, 2025 (link)
  14. ↑ Rerimoi, A. J.; Niemann, J.; Lange, I.; Timæus, Im. M. (16 May 2019). "Gambian cultural beliefs, attitudes and discourse on reproductive health and mortality: Implications for data collection in surveys from the interviewer's perspective". PLOS One. 14 (5): e0216924. Bibcode:2019PLoSO..1416924R. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0216924. PMC 6522014. PMID 31095621.
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 Parrish, Sabine; Vasan, Senthil K.; Karpe, Fredrik; Hardy-Johnson, Polly; Jarjou, Ousman; Bittaye, Mustapha; Prentice, Andrew M.; Ulijaszek, Stanley; Jobe, Modou (24 May 2023). "Concealed pregnancy as an act of care? A qualitative analysis of motivations for concealing and non-disclosure of early pregnancy in The Gambia". BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth. 23 (1): 374. doi:10.1186/s12884-023-05710-6. PMC 10207755 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 37226126 Check |pmid= value (help).
  16. ↑ Nyanzi, Stella; Manneh, Hawah; Walraven, Gijs (April 2007). "Traditional Birth Attendants in Rural Gambia: Beyond Health to Social Cohesion". African Journal of Reproductive Health. 11 (1): 47. doi:10.2307/30032487. hdl:1807/61077. JSTOR 30032487. PMID 17982947.
  17. ↑ Laing, Susan P.; Sinmyee, Smruti V.; Rafique, Khizar; Smith, Helen E.; Cooper, Max J. (September 2019). "Barriers to Antenatal Care in an Urban Community in the Gambia: An In-depth Qualitative Interview Study". African Journal of Reproductive Health. 21 (3): 67. JSTOR 26357198.
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