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Zubar da ciki da lafiyar kwakwalwa

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Infotaula d'esdevenimentZubar da ciki da lafiyar kwakwalwa
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Irimental state (en) Fassara
Sanadizubar da ciki
Yana haddasaBabban rashin damuwa

Kungiyoyin masana kimiyya da likitoci sun kammala akai-akai cewa zubar da ciki ba ya haifar da haɗarin lafiyar kwakwalwa fiye da ɗaukar ciki ba tare da niyya ba har zuwa lokaci.[1] Duk da haka, dangantakar da ke tsakanin zubar da ciki da lafiyar kwakwalwa yanki ne na rikice-rikicen siyasa.

A shekara ta 2008, Ƙungiyar Ilimin Halitta ta Amirka ta kammala bayan sake dubawa na shaidun da ke akwai cewa zubar da ciki bai kara haɗarin matsalolin lafiyar kwakwalwa ba. A cikin shekara ta 2011, Cibiyar Haɗin gwiwar Kasa ta Burtaniya don Lafiya ta Zuciya ta kammala cewa zubar da ciki na farko a cikin watanni uku na farko ba ya ƙara haɗarin matsalolin lafiyar hankali idan aka kwatanta da kawo ciki zuwa lokacin.[1] A cikin 2018, Cibiyar Nazarin Kimiyya, Injiniya, da Magunguna ta Kasa ta kammala cewa zubar da ciki ba ya haifar da baƙin ciki, damuwa, ko rikicewar damuwa. Kwalejin Royal College of Obstetricians da Gynaecologists ta Burtaniya ta taƙaita shaidar ta hanyar gano cewa zubar da ciki bai kara haɗarin matsalolin lafiyar kwakwalwa ba idan aka kwatanta da mata da ke ɗauke da Ciki da ba a so.[2] Bincike biyu da aka gudanar akan yawan mutanen Denmark a cikin 2011 da 2012 sun bincika alaƙar da ke tsakanin zubar da ciki da shigar da likitan kwakwalwa ba su sami karuwar shigarwa ba bayan zubar da cikin ciki. Wannan binciken, a zahiri, ya sami karuwar shigar da likitan kwakwalwa bayan haihuwa ta farko.[3] Binciken tsari 2008 na wallafe-wallafen likita game da zubar da ciki da lafiyar kwakwalwa ya gano cewa binciken da ya dace ya nuna kaɗan ko babu sakamakon lafiyar kwakwalwa na zubar da cikin ciki, yayin da binciken da ba shi da inganci ya fi dacewa ya ba da rahoton mummunan sakamako.[4]

Duk da nauyin ra'ayi na kimiyya da na likita, wasu kungiyoyin masu adawa da zubar da ciki sun ci gaba da zargin alaƙa tsakanin zubar da cikin ciki da matsalolin lafiyar kwakwalwa.[5] Wasu kungiyoyin masu adawa da zubar da ciki sun yi amfani da kalmar nan "ciwon bayan zubar da cikin ciki" don komawa ga mummunan tasirin tunanin mutum wanda suke danganta da zubar. Koyaya, "ciwon bayan zubar da ciki" ba a gane shi a matsayin ainihin ciwon ta hanyar al'ummar kiwon lafiya ba.[6][7] Cutar bayan zubar da ciki (PAS) ba a haɗa ta a cikin Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders DSM-IV-TR ko kuma a cikin jerin ICD-10 na yanayin kwakwalwa. [8][9] Kwararrun likitoci da masu ba da shawara game da zabi sun yi jayayya cewa kokarin fadada ra'ayin "ciwon bayan zubar da ciki" wata dabara ce da masu ba le shawara game da zubar da cikin ciki ke amfani da ita don dalilai na siyasa.[5][10] Wasu majalisun dokokin jihohin Amurka sun ba da umarnin cewa a gaya wa marasa lafiya cewa zubar da ciki yana ƙara haɗarin su na baƙin ciki da kashe kansa, duk da Shaidar kimiyya da ta sabawa irin waɗannan da'awar.[4][11]

Shaidar kimiyya ta yanzu

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Bincike na tsari wallafe-wallafen kimiyya sun kammala cewa babu bambance-bambance a cikin lafiyar hankali na dogon lokaci na mata da ke samun zubar da ciki idan aka kwatanta da mata a cikin kungiyoyin kula da suka dace - wato, waɗanda ke ɗaukar ciki ba tare da shiri ba. Wadannan binciken ba su sami wata alaƙa da ke tsakanin zubar da ciki da matsalolin lafiyar kwakwalwa ba.[4] Duk da yake wasu binciken sun ba da rahoton alaƙar kididdiga tsakanin zubar da ciki da matsalolin lafiyar kwakwalwa, waɗannan binciken yawanci suna da lahani kuma sun kasa lissafin abubuwan da ke rikitarwa, ko, kamar yadda yake tare da sakamakon mata da ke da zubar da zubar, sakamakon ya haifar da rashin daidaituwa da sauran irin wannan binciken.[12] Haɗin da aka lura a wasu binciken na iya bayyanawa ta hanyar yanayin zamantakewar da ya riga ya kasance da matsalolin motsin rai ko lafiyar hankali.[13][12] Abubuwa daban-daban, kamar halayyar motsin rai ga ciki, rashin tallafi, da ra'ayoyin masu ra'ayin mazan jiya game da zubar da ciki na iya ƙara yiwuwar fuskantar mummunar martani.

Manyan kungiyoyin likitoci da masu ilimin kwakwalwa sun gano cewa zubar da ciki ba ya haifar da matsalolin lafiyar kwakwalwa. A cikin shekara ta 2008, Ƙungiyar Ilimin Halitta ta Amirka ta sake nazarin wallafe-wallafen game da zubar da ciki da lafiyar kwakwalwa kuma ta kammala cewa haɗarin matsalolin lafiyar kwakwalwa bayan zubar da cikin ciki guda ɗaya, na farkon watanni uku na mata masu girma ba su da girma fiye da ɗaukar ciki da ba a so. Yayinda suke lura da cewa zubar da ciki na iya sauƙaƙa damuwa da "ya haifar da ƙarin damuwa," sun yi watsi da ra'ayin cewa zubar cikin ciki "yana da damuwa sosai". [1] Daga cikin waɗancan matan da ke fuskantar matsalolin lafiyar kwakwalwa bayan zubar da zubar da cikin ciki, APA ta kammala cewa waɗannan batutuwan suna da alaƙa da abubuwan haɗari da suka riga sun kasance. Tunda waɗannan da sauran abubuwan haɗari na iya sa wasu mata su sami mummunar halayen bayan haihuwa, yawancin cututtukan ƙwaƙwalwa da aka lura tsakanin mata da tarihin zubar da ciki na baya suna iya haifar da waɗannan wasu dalilai fiye da zubar da cikin ciki kanta.[1] Kwamitin ya lura da rashin daidaituwa mai tsanani tsakanin sakamakon da aka ruwaito ta hanyar binciken kan tasirin zubar da ciki da yawa. Bugu da ƙari, dalilai iri ɗaya waɗanda ke sa mace ta yi ciki da yawa da ba a so na iya sa ta sami matsalolin lafiyar kwakwalwa. Saboda haka, sun ki yanke shawara mai ƙarfi game da binciken da ya shafi zubar da ciki da yawa.[1][2][3]

A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2011, Kwalejin Royal College of Psychiatrists ta Burtaniya ta gudanar da bita don bayyana batun ko zubar da ciki yana da mummunar tasiri ga lafiyar kwakwalwar mata. Binciken, wanda Cibiyar Haɗin Kai ta Kasa ta Kula da Lafiya ta Zuciya ta gudanar kuma Ma'aikatar Lafiya ta Burtaniya ta ba da kuɗin, ta kammala cewa yayin da ciki da ba a so na iya ƙara haɗarin matsalolin lafiyar kwakwalwa, matan da ke fuskantar ciki da ba za a so suna da irin wannan ƙimar matsalolin lafiyar kwakwalwar ko sun zaɓi ɗaukar ciki zuwa lokaci ko kuma zubar da ciki.[1]

Binciken dogon lokaci na 2020 tsakanin matan Amurka ya gano cewa kusan kashi 99% na mata sun ji cewa sun yanke shawara mai kyau shekaru biyar bayan sun zubar da ciki. Ciki shine ainihin motsin rai tare da mata kalilan da ke jin bakin ciki ko laifi. Rashin mutunci na zamantakewa shine babban abin da ke hasashen mummunan motsin rai da nadama shekaru bayan haka. Masu binciken sun kuma bayyana cewa: "Waɗannan sakamakon sun kara da shaidar kimiyya cewa motsin rai game da zubar da ciki yana da alaƙa da mahallin mutum da zamantakewa, kuma ba samfurin tsarin zubar da cikin ciki ba ne".[1]

Wasu mata suna fuskantar mummunan motsin rai bayan zubar da ciki, amma ba a cikin bambancin da ya bambanta da matan da ke son zubar da cikin ciki kuma ba su da ɗaya ko daga matan da suka zubar da zubar da jini.[12][14] Mata da ke da zubar da ciki na iya samun tallafi daga masu ba da zubar, ko cibiyoyin kira na kasa kamar Exhale.

Cutar bayan zubar da ciki

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Ra'ayin cewa zubar da ciki yana da mummunan tasirin tunanin mutum an inganta shi sosai ta hanyar cibiyoyin daukar ciki na rikicin a cikin shekarun 1970s kuma kalmar nan "mahimmanci bayan zubar da jini" an yi amfani da ita sosai ta hanyar masu ba da shawara game da zubar da cikin ciki don haɗawa da duk wani mummunan halayen motsin rai da aka danganta da zubar.[14]

Ba a tabbatar da ciwon bayan zubar da ciki a matsayin yanayin ƙwaƙwalwa mai hankali ba kuma Ƙungiyar Kimiyyar Zuciya ta Amirka, Ƙungiyar Kwararrun Kwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru ta Amirka, Kwalejin Kwararrun Likitoci da Masana Gynecologists ta Amirka, ko Ƙungiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Jama'a ta Amirka ba ta amince da ita ba.[5][10][14][15][16][17] Cibiyar Guttmacher ta ba da rahoton cewa tun daga watan Agusta 2018, daga cikin jihohin Amurka 22 da suka haɗa da bayanai game da yiwuwar martani na tunanin mutum game da zubar da ciki, jihohi takwas sun jaddada martani mara kyau.[18]

Manazarta

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  1. 1 2 3 "Induced Abortion and Mental Health: A systematic review of the evidence". National Collaborating Centre for Mental Health. December 2011. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 March 2012.
  2. ↑ "The Care of Women Requesting Induced Abortion" (PDF). Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists. Women with an unintended pregnancy should be informed that the evidence suggests that they are no more or less likely to suffer adverse psychological sequelae whether they have an abortion or continue with the pregnancy and have the baby.
  3. ↑ Steinberg, Julia R.; Laursen, Thomas M.; Adler, Nancy E.; Gasse, Christiane; Agerbo, Esben; Munk-Olsen, Trine (2018-08-01). "Examining the Association of Antidepressant Prescriptions With First Abortion and First Childbirth". JAMA Psychiatry (in Turanci). 75 (8): 828–834. doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2018.0849. ISSN 2168-622X. PMC 6143090. PMID 29847626.
  4. 1 2 3 Charles VE, Polis CB, Sridhara SK, Blum RW (2008). "Abortion and long-term mental health outcomes: a systematic review of the evidence". Contraception. 78 (6): 436–50. doi:10.1016/j.contraception.2008.07.005. PMID 19014789.
  5. 1 2 3 Stotland NL (2003). "Abortion and psychiatric practice". J Psychiatr Pract. 9 (2): 139–49. doi:10.1097/00131746-200303000-00005. PMID 15985924. S2CID 37575499. "Currently, there are active attempts to convince the public and women considering abortion that abortion frequently has negative psychiatric consequences. This assertion is not borne out by the literature: the vast majority of women tolerate abortion without psychiatric sequelae."
  6. ↑ Cohen, Susan A. (2006). "Abortion and Mental Health: Myths and Realities". Guttmacher Policy Review. Guttmacher Institute. Archived from the original on 5 March 2015. Retrieved 4 November 2014.
  7. ↑ "Q&A: Abortion and mental health". Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists. August 2008. Archived from the original on 24 March 2019. Retrieved 5 November 2014.
  8. ↑ American Psychiatric Association (2000). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition: DSM-IV-TR. American Psychiatric Pub. ISBN 978-0-89042-025-6.
  9. ↑ "ICD-10 Version:2016".
  10. 1 2 Stotland NL (October 1992). "The myth of the abortion trauma syndrome". JAMA. 268 (15): 2078–9. doi:10.1001/jama.268.15.2078. PMID 1404747.
  11. ↑ Lazzarini Z (November 2008). "South Dakota's Abortion Script – Threatening the Physician-Patient Relationship". N. Engl. J. Med. 359 (21): 2189–2191. doi:10.1056/NEJMp0806742. PMID 19020321. The purported increased risks of psychological distress, depression, and suicide that physicians are required to warn women about are not supported by the bulk of the scientific literature. By requiring physicians to deliver such misinformation and discouraging them from providing alternative accurate information, the statute forces physicians to violate their obligation to solicit truly informed consent.
  12. 1 2 3 Horvath, S; Schreiber, CA (14 September 2017). "Unintended Pregnancy, Induced Abortion, and Mental Health". Current Psychiatry Reports. 19 (11): 77. doi:10.1007/s11920-017-0832-4. PMID 28905259. S2CID 4769393.
  13. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named "APA2008".
  14. 1 2 3 Kelly, Kimberly (February 2014). "The spread of 'Post Abortion Syndrome' as social diagnosis". Social Science & Medicine. 102: 18–25. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2013.11.030. PMID 24565137.
  15. ↑ Casey, PR (August 2010). "Abortion among young women and subsequent life outcomes". Best Practice & Research. Clinical Obstetrics & Gynaecology. 24 (4): 491–502. doi:10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2010.02.007. PMID 20303829. S2CID 23052359. |hdl-access= requires |hdl= (help)
  16. ↑ Russo NF, Denious JE (2005). "Controlling birth: science, politics, and public policy". J Soc Issues. 61 (1): 181–91. doi:10.1111/j.0022-4537.2005.00400.x. PMID 17073030.
  17. ↑ Dadlez, E.M.; Andrews, William L. (7 July 2009). "Post-Abortion Syndrome: Creating an Affliction". Bioethics. 24 (9): 445–452. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8519.2009.01739.x. PMID 19594725. S2CID 205564834.
  18. ↑ "Counseling and Waiting Periods for Abortion". Guttmacher Institute. 2016-03-14. Retrieved August 21, 2018.
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