Dairy a Indiya

Dairy a Indiya

Hoton saniya da maraƙi, Uttar Pradesh, karni na 7 AZ. Tarin kayan tarihi na Los Angeles County Museum of Art.

Dairy yana taka muhimmiyar rawa a fannoni da yawa na Al'ummar Indiya, gami da abinci, Addini, al'adu, da tattalin arziki.

Indiya tana da garken madara mafi girma a duniya tare da shanu sama da miliyan 300, suna samar da tan miliyan 187 na madara. Indiya ta farko a cikin dukkan kasashe a cikin samarwa da amfani da madara. Yawancin madara ana cinye su a cikin gida, kodayake ana fitar da karamin ɓangare. Abinci na Indiya, musamman Abincin Arewacin Indiya, yana da nau'ikan kayan madara kamar paneer, yayin da Abincin Kudancin Indiya ke amfani da karin yogurt da madara. Milk da kayan madara suna taka rawa a cikin ayyukan addini na Hindu da labari.

Samar da madara a cikin Yankin Indiya yana da tushen tarihi wanda ya koma shekaru 8,000 zuwa domestication na shanu na zebu.  An cinye kayayyakin madara, musamman madara, a yankin akalla daga zamanin Vedic. A tsakiyar- zuwa ƙarshen karni na 20, Operation Flood ya canza masana'antar madara ta Indiya zuwa mafi girma a duniya. A baya, samar da madara a Indiya ya faru ne galibi a gonakin gida.

Tasirin tattalin arziki na masana'antar madara a Indiya yana da yawa. Yawancin madarar da aka samar ta fito ne daga buffalo; madarar saniya ta kusa ce ta biyu, kuma madarar awaki ta uku. Ana samar da kayayyakin madara iri-iri a Indiya. shigo da madara zuwa Indiya ba su da mahimmanci kuma suna ƙarƙashin haraji. Masana'antar cikin gida ana sarrafa ta da hukumomin gwamnati kamar Ma'aikatar Kiwon dabbobi, Dairying da Kifi; Hukumar Ci gaban Kayan Kayan Kudancin Kasa; da Hukumar Kula da Tsaro da Ka'idojin Abinci ta Indiya.

Tarihi

Lokacin farko

The history of dairy in the Indian subcontinent goes back roughly 8,000 years to the first domestication of zebu cattle, which is thought to have originated in India. By the beginning of the Indus Valley civilisation (c. 3300 – c. 1300 BCE), zebu cattle had been fully domesticated and used for their milk. They are abundantly represented in the osteological remains and ceramics of the time. The water buffalo is also indigenous to South Asia. While wild populations were present long before domestication, they were domesticated and used for ploughing and milk by the time of the Indus Valley civilisation. Goats and sheep were also domesticated in the Indus valley, though it is uncertain if they were milked.

Yogurt (curd) wani nau'i ne wanda ake cinye madara a lokacin. Vedas sun bayyana curdling na madara ta hanyar hada wani ɓangare na madara mai zaki a ciki. Sun kuma ambaci curdling na madara ta hanyar ƙara abubuwa na shuka kamar bark na itacen palash da 'ya'yan itace na jujube, wanda zai iya ƙunshe da enzymes masu kama da rennet.[1] Waɗannan su ne wasu daga cikin nassoshi na farko da aka rubuta game da Yin cuku na enzymatic.[1]

Masanin ilimin Indologist Wendy Doniger ya kwatanta mutanen Vedic da 'yan wasan Amurka, yana mai lura da cewa sau da yawa za su kai hari ga shanu na abokan hamayyarsu. Ta ci gaba da lura cewa kungiyoyin Vedic suna kallon shanu a matsayin nau'in wadata.

According to the Sutra literature, during the period c. 800 – c. 300 BCE, boiled rice with milk or curd continued to be a common food item. Cows used to be milked twice a day. The ones which were pregnant or undergoing their estrous cycle or nursing a calf of another cow were not milked. The preparation of payasa is also noted. Madhuparka – a mixture of honey with curds or ghee was used for welcoming guests. The preparation of a sweet with clarified butter as one of the ingredients is also mentioned. The Buddhist and Jain texts of the period also regard milk and its products important articles of food, with milk-rice being especially favoured. They mention preparations made from curds, butter and buttermilk. The milk of camels and goats were also in use, in addition to that of cows and buffaloes.