Haramta jakar Leda

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Haramta jakar Leda
Bayanai
Ƙaramin ɓangare na ban (en) Fassara
Has cause (en) Fassara plastic waste (en) Fassara

Haramta kamar Leda doka ce da ke ƙuntata amfani da jakar ledoji na filastik mai sauƙi a wuraren sayarwa. A farkon ƙarni na 21, an sami yanayin duniya game da fitowar jaka na filastik masu sauƙi.[1][2] Takalma na sayen filastik guda ɗaya,[3] wanda aka saba yi daga filastik mai ƙarancin polyethylene (LDPE), an ba da su kyauta ga abokan ciniki ta hanyar shagunan yayin sayen kayayyaki: an daɗe ana ɗaukar jaka a matsayin hanyar da ta dace, mai arha, da tsabta don jigilar abubuwa. Matsalolin da ke tattare da jakunkunan filastik sun haɗa da amfani da albarkatun da ba za a iya sabuntawa ba (kamar mai, gas da kwal), matsaloli yayin zubar, da tasirin muhalli. A lokaci guda tare da raguwa a cikin jaka na filastik mai sauƙi, shagunan sun gabatar da jaka na cin kasuwa masu amfani.

Gwamnatoci daban-daban sun haramta sayar da jaka masu sauƙi, cajin kwastomomi don jaka masu sauƙi.[2] Gwamnatin Bangladesh ita ce ta farko da ta yi hakan a shekara ta 2002, inda ta sanya haramtacciyar haramtacciya a kan jakunkunan filastik masu sauƙi. Tsakanin 2010 da 2019, yawan manufofin jama'a da aka nufa don fitar da jakunkunan filastik sun ninka sau uku.[4] Ya zuwa 2022, an kuma gabatar da irin wannan haramcin a cikin kasashe 99, tare da matakai daban-daban na tilasta, kuma kasashe 32 a maimakon haka suna sanya caji ga jaka. Har ila yau, wasu hukunce-hukunce a matakin kasa sun kafa haramtacciya da cajin.

Tambayoyi[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Sharar filastik a kan tuddai na sharar gida a cikin Philippines

Takalma na filastik suna haifar da ƙananan batutuwan muhalli da muhalli. Matsalar da ta fi dacewa tare da jakunkunan filastik shine adadin sharar da aka samar. Yawancin jakunkunan filastik sun ƙare a kan tituna kuma daga baya sun gurɓata manyan hanyoyin ruwa, koguna, da rafi.

Takardar filastik da aka lalata ta kusa da hanyar tafiya. Kimanin 2,000 guda 1 zuwa 25 mm (1/32" zuwa 1"), watanni uku na bayyanar waje.

Ko da lokacin da aka zubar da su yadda ya kamata, suna ɗaukar shekaru da yawa don lalacewa da rushewa, suna samar da adadi mai yawa na shara a tsawon lokaci. Takalma da ba a zubar da su yadda ya kamata sun gurɓata hanyoyin ruwa, an toshe magudanar ruwa kuma an samo su a cikin teku, suna shafar yanayin halittu na halittu na ruwa. Babban adadin sharar filastik ya ƙare a cikin teku a kowace shekara, yana haifar da barazana ga nau'in ruwa da rushewa ga jerin abinci na ruwa. Yawancin nau'o'in microbial suna mamayewa a kan barbashi na filastik wanda ke inganta cutar su, kuma barbashi na roba da iska ke fitarwa suna samar da wuraren shara a sassa daban-daban na teku.[5] Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta kiyasta cewa za a sami filastik fiye da kifi a cikin teku nan da shekara ta 2050 sai dai idan kasashe sun zo da matakan gaggawa don inganta ingantaccen samarwa, amfani da kuma kula da sharar filastik a duk rayuwarsu.

An gano jakunkunan filastik don taimakawa ga dumamar duniya. Bayan an zubar da shi, idan an fallasa shi ga hasken rana mai daidaituwa, farfajiyar irin wannan filastik tana samar da iskar gas guda biyu na methane da ethylene.[6]

Bugu da ƙari, saboda ƙananan ƙwayoyin reshe / manyan rassan rassa, yana rushewa cikin sauƙi a tsawon lokaci idan aka kwatanta da sauran filastik da ke haifar da wuraren da aka fallasa da kuma hanzarta sakin iskar gas. Samar da wadannan iskar gas daga filastik budurwa yana ƙaruwa sosai tare da yanki / lokaci, don haka LDPE yana fitar da iskar gas a cikin mafi ƙarancin ƙima idan aka kwatanta da sauran filastik. A ƙarshen kwana 212, an yi rikodin hayaki a 5.8 nmol g-1 d-1 na methane, 14.5 nmol g 1 d-1 na ethylene, 3.9 nmol g1 d-1 na etane da 9.7 nmol g - d-1 na propylene.[7]


Nau'o'i biyu na asali na lalacewar kai tsaye ga namun daji shine rikicewa da cin abinci. Dabbobi na iya zama masu rikitarwa da nutsar da su. Sau da yawa dabbobi ne ke cinye jakunkunan filastik waɗanda ba za su iya rarrabe su daga abinci ba. A sakamakon haka, suna rufe hanji wanda ke haifar da mutuwa ta hanyar yunwa. Takalma na filastik na iya toshe magudanar ruwa, kama tsuntsaye da kashe dabbobi. Asusun Duniya na Yanayi ya kiyasta cewa fiye da 100,000 whales, hatimi, da turtles suna mutuwa a kowace shekara sakamakon cin abinci ko kuma an kama su da jakar filastik. A Indiya, kimanin shanu 20 suna mutuwa a kowace rana sakamakon cinye jaka na filastik da kuma samun tsarin narkewar su da jaka. Har ila yau, ya zama ruwan dare a duk faɗin Afirka don samun magudanar ruwa da tsarin magudanar da aka rufe da jaka wanda ke haifar da mummunar cutar zazzabin cizon sauro saboda karuwar yawan sauro da ke zaune a kan magudanar ruwan da ta ambaliya. An kirkiro kalmar "farar gurɓataccen" a kasar Sin don bayyana tasirin gida da na duniya na jakunkunan filastik da aka watsar a kan muhalli.[8]

Ana kuma hura jakar filastik masu sauƙi a cikin bishiyoyi da sauran tsire-tsire kuma ana iya kuskuren su don abinci. Takalma na filastik sun lalace ta hanyar lalacewar polymer amma ba ta hanyar lalacewa ba. A sakamakon haka, duk wani sinadarin guba da suka hada da masu hana wuta, antimicrobials, da filastik za a saki cikin muhalli.[9] Yawancin waɗannan gubobi kai tsaye suna shafar tsarin endocrine na kwayoyin halitta, wanda ke sarrafa kusan kowane tantanin halitta a cikin jiki.[10] Bincike ya nuna matsakaicin aiki na "rayuwa" na jakar filastik ya zama kusan shekaru 20.

Takalma na kayan robori da aka zubar a cikin Tekun Pacific na iya ƙare a cikin Babban Gidan shara na Pacific. 80% na sharar filastik ya fito ne daga ƙasa; sauran sun fito ne daga dandamali na mai da jiragen ruwa. Dabbobi na ruwa na iya cin wannan, kuma su toshe hanyoyin numfashin su da tsarin narkewa. Bakunan filastik ba wai kawai suna ƙarawa ga Babban Gidan shara na Pacific ba, ana iya wanke su a bakin teku a duniya.

Hanyoyi[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Hanyoyi biyu da suka fi shahara na fitar da jaka na filastik masu sauƙi sune caji da haramtacciyar doka.[4] An ce dabarun cajin [who?] don samun duk sakamako iri ɗaya a rage jakar filastik a matsayin haramta jakar fila filastik, tare da ƙarin fa'idar ƙirƙirar sabon tushen kudaden shiga.[11] Hanyar cajin jakar filastik kuma tana kare zaɓin mabukaci, wanda haramcin bai yi ba.[11]

Sake amfani da jaka na filastik na iya zama wata hanyar fitarwa. Koyaya, kashi 5% ne kawai na jakunkunan filastik ke zuwa wuraren sake amfani.[11] Ko da lokacin da aka kawo jaka zuwa wuraren sake amfani, sau da yawa suna tashi daga waɗannan ɗakunan ko motocin sake amfani kuma sun ƙare a matsayin datti a kan tituna.[12] Wani batu tare da sake amfani da shi shine cewa ana yin jaka daban-daban daga nau'ikan filastik daban-daban amma suna da kama da juna.[11] Za'a iya yin jaka daga bioplastics ko filastik mai narkewa, kuma idan ba zato ba tsammani an haɗa su a cikin takin mai, bioplastics na iya gurɓata gurɓataccen biodegradable.[11] Wadannan jaka na iya toshe kayan aikin sake amfani lokacin da aka gauraya da wasu nau'ikan filastik, wanda zai iya zama mai tsada don gyarawa.[12] Misali, farashin gyare-gyare ya kai kusan dala miliyan 1 a kowace shekara a San Jose, California.[12]

Kwatanta jakar kayan abinci game da tasirin muhalli
Kwatanta jakar kayan abinci don fitar da iskar gas mai guba

Dangane da binciken 2018 a cikin Jaridar Tattalin Arziki ta Amurka: Manufofin Tattalin arziki, haraji na cents biyar a kan jaka masu zubar da su ya rage amfani da jaka mai zubar da maki 40.[13] Dangane da bita na 2019 na binciken da ke akwai, haraji da haraji sun haifar da raguwar kashi 66% a cikin amfani a Denmark, fiye da 90% a Ireland, tsakanin 74 da 90% a Afirka ta Kudu, Belgium, Hong Kong, Washington DC, Santa Barbara, Burtaniya da Portugal, da kuma kusan 50% a Botswana da China.[4]

Wani binciken 2019 a cikin Jaridar Tattalin Arziki da Gudanarwa na Muhalli ya gano cewa aiwatar da haramtacciyar takunkumin filastik a California ya haifar da raguwar fam miliyan 40 na filastik ta hanyar kawar da jakunkunan filastik amma Californians sun sayi fam miliyan 12 na filastic ta hanyar sayen jakar shara.[14] Binciken ya nuna cewa kafin gabatar da haramcin tsakanin 12% da 22% na jakunkunan filastik an sake amfani da su azaman jakunkunan shara.[14]

Rashin amincewa[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Hana jakar filastik na iya haifar da manyan kasuwannin baƙar fata a cikin jakar fila filastik.[4] Bincike ya nuna cewa haramtacciyar jakar filastik na iya kawar da mutane daga amfani da jakar fila filastik mai laushi, amma kuma yana iya kara amfani da jakunkunan takarda guda ɗaya da ba a tsara su ba ko jakunkunan filastik masu kauri a wuraren da ake samar da waɗannan kyauta.[15] Bugu da ƙari, haramcin na iya haifar da karuwa mai mahimmanci a cikin tallace-tallace na jakunkunan shara sabo mutane ba za su iya sake amfani da tsoffin jakunkunan kayan abinci ba don abubuwa kamar yin ƙananan gwangwani.

Samar da wasu jaka wadanda ba na filastik ba {misali takarda, auduga, ta amfani da filastik budurwa kamar filastik da ke da kauri na micron 50} na iya samar da karin hayakin gas fiye da jakunkunan filastik, wanda ke nufin cewa hayakin gas na iya ƙaruwa a kan net bayan haramtacciyar jakar filastik. Za a buƙaci sake amfani da wasu hanyoyin da za su iya amfani da su fiye da sau ɗari don sanya su da muhalli fiye da jakunkunan filastik. Ana kuma kallon su a matsayin marasa tsabta fiye da filastik saboda suna iya kawo kwayoyin cuta daga waje da shagon zuwa manyan wuraren tuntuɓar kamar kekuna da bincika wuraren da aka ajiye.

Shari'a a duniya[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Takaitaccen bayani[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Doka Ƙasa Ƙungiyoyin yankuna na majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya Bayanai Manazarta
An haramta Afghanistan Asiya-Facifik
An haramta Albaniya Gabashin Turai Tun 2018. [16]
Ban Andorra Yammacin Turai da sauran Since 2017. [17]
An haramta Birtaniya N/A Tun 2018. [18]
An haramta  Antigua and Barbuda Latin Amerika [19]
Regional ban Argentina Latin Amerika An hana a yankunan birane daban-daban [20]
An haramta Armeniya Gabashin Turai Tun 2022. [21]
An haramta Asturaliya Gabashin Turai da sauran An dakatar da buhunan filastik masu nauyi a duk jihohi da yankuna. An maye gurbin jakunkunan filastik masu nauyi da jakunkuna masu kauri 15 ¢ da za a sake amfani da su a cikin manyan sarkokin manyan kantuna biyu a duk jihohi da yankuna. Norfolk Island yana da yarjejeniya ta son rai tare da dillalai. [22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29]
An haramta Austriya Yammacin Turai da sauran Tun 2020. [30]
An haramta Azerbaijan Gabashin Turai Tun 2021. [31]
Ban Bahamas Latin Amerika Tun 1 Juli 2020. [32]
An haramta  Bahrain Asiya-Facifik Tun 21 Juli 2019. [33]
An haramta Bangladash Asiya-Facifik Tun 2002. [34]
An haramta  Barbados Latin Amerika Tun Afrilu 2019. [35]
Belarus Gabashin Turai Ana la'akari da cajin. [36]
An haramta Beljik Yammacin Turai da sauran Tun 2016 a Wallonia, 2017 a Brussels, 2019 a Flanders. [37][38]
An haramta Belize Latin Amerika Tun 22 Afrilu 2019. [39]
An haramta Benin Afrika Tun Nuwamba 2017. [40]
An haramta Bhutan Asiya-Facifik [41]
An haramta a yanki Bolibiya Kudancin Amerika An haramta a La Paz. [42]
Caji Herzegovina Gabashin Turai [43]
An haramta Botswana Afrika Tun Nuwamba 2018. [44]
An haramta a yanki  Brazil Latin Amerika An haramta a Sao Paulo da Rio de Janeiro. [45][46]
Birtaniya Matsar daga filastik zuwa jakunkuna na takarda da aka tsara, hanyar da ba a sanar da ita ba. [47]
Cajin son rai Brunei Darussalam Asiya-Facifik [48]
Caji Bulgairiya Gabashin Turai [49]
An haramta Burkina Faso Afrika Tun 2015. [50]
An haramta Burundi Afrika Tun Ogusta 2019. [51]
Caji Kambodiya Asiya-Facifik Tun Oktoba 2017. [52]
An haramta Kameru Afrika Tun Afrilu 2014. [53]
An haramta Kanada Yammacin Turai da sauran Tun Disamba 20, 2022. [54]
An haramta Cabo Verde Afrika Tun 2017. [55]
An haramta Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya Afrika Tun 2021 [56]
An haramta a yanki Cadi Afrika An haramta a N'Djamena. [57]
An haramta  Chile Latin Amerika Tun Janairu 2019. [58]
An haramta  People's Republic of China Asiya-Facifik Tun daga 2022. Cajin da aka yi amfani da shi tun Yuni 2008. An maye gurbin ta hanyar ban, ban da kasuwannin kayan amfanin gona har zuwa 2025. Hong Kong da Macau suna yin cajin. [59][60][61][62][63][64]
Caji Taiwan Asiya-Facifik Tun 2003. An haramta a 2030. [65][66][67][68]
An haramta Kolombiya Latin America Tun Juli 2017. An yi caji akan jakunkuna masu sake amfani da su. [69][70]
An haramta Komoros Afrika Tun Afrilu 2018. [71]
An haramta  Costa Rica Latin Amerika Tun 2021. [72]
An ha Jamhuriyar dimokuradiyya Kwango Afrika Tun 2018. [73]
An haramta Jamhuriyar Kwango Afrika Tun 2011. Cite error: Closing </ref> missing for <ref> tag
An haramta Kroatiya Gabashin Turai Tun 2022. [74]
An haramta Cyprus Yammacin Turai da sauran Tun 18 Febrairu 2023. [75][76]
Canji  Czech Republic Gabashin Turai Tun 2018 [77]
Canji Kingdom of Denmark (en) Fassara Yammacin Turai da sauran Haraji akan buhunan filastik tun 1993. Hakanan akwai haraji a Greenland. [78][79]https://web.archive.org/web/20140606221512/http://www.ina.gl/demokratihome/publikationer.aspx?docgallery=10554 </ref>
An haramta Jibuti Afrika
An haramta  Dominica Arewacin Amirka Tun 2019. [80]
An haramta Timor-Leste Asiya-Facifik Tun 23 Febrairu 2021. [81]
Caji Ecuador Latin Amerika Tun 9 Mayu 2020. An haramta a Galápagos Islands. [82][83]
An haramta a yanki  Egypt Afrika An haramta a Red Sea Governorate. [84]
Caji Gini Ikwatoriya Afrika Caji tun 12 Deisamba 2019. [85]
An haramta Eritrea Afrika Tun 2005. [86][87][88]
Caji Istoniya Gabashin Turai Tun Yuli 2017.
Regional An haramta Habasha Afrika [89][90][91]
An haramta Fiji Asiya-Facifik Tun 2020. [92]
Caji na son rai Finland Yammacin Turai da sauran [93]
An haramta Faransa Yammacin Turai da sauran Tun Yuli 2016. Hakanan an dakatar da shi a Overseas France. [94][95][96][97][98]
An haramta Gabon Afrika Tun 2010. [99]
An haramta  Gambia Afrika Tun 2015. [100]
An haramta {{country data Georgia}} Gabashin Turai Tun 2017. [101]
An haramta Jamus Yammacin Turai da sauran Tun 2022. [102]
An haramta Gibraltar Tun 2019. [103]
Caji Greek Yammacin Turai da sauran Tun 2018. [104]
Caji Greek Yammacin Turai da Sauran Tun 2018. [105]
Ban Grenada Latin Amerika Tun Febrairu 2019. [106]
An haramta Guatemala (ƙasa) Latin Amerika Tun 2021. [107]
Haramcin yanki da cajin son rai Guernsey An haramta a Alderney. Cajin son rai a Cuernsey. Cite error: Closing </ref> missing for <ref> tag
An haramta  Haiti Latin Amerika [108]
Haramtarwa yanki Honduras Latin Amerika An haramta a Bay Islands Department]. [109]
Caji Hungariya Gabashin Turai Since 2012.
An haramta Iceland Yammacin Turai da sauran Tun 2021. [110]
An haramta  India Asiya-Facifik Tun 2002. Haka kuma an dakatar da shi a matakan yanki saboda rashin aiwatar da doka. [111][112]
Hani da cajin yanki Indonesiya Asiya-Facifik Charges in 23 cities. An haramta a Bali tun 2019 da Jakarta tun Yuli 2020. [113][114][115][116]
Caji Ireland Yammacin Turai da sauran Tun daga Maris 2002, an ƙara harajin Yuro 0.15 a cikin duk jakunkunan filastik. Tun bayan da aka kara wadannan tuhume-tuhumen, an samu raguwar amfani da buhunan robobi da kashi 90%. [117][118]
Isle of Man N/A [119][120]
Caji Isra'ila Yammacin Turai da sauran Tun Janairu 2017. [121]
An haramta Italiya Yammacin Turai da sauran Tun Janairu 2011. [122]
An haramta Ivory Coast Afrika Tun 2014. [123]
An haramta Jamaika Latin Amerika Tun Janairu 2019. [124][125]
Caji Japan Asiya-Facifik Tun Juli 2020. [126][127][128]
An haramta Jersey An haramta tun Yuli 2022. Jakunkuna da za a sake amfani da su dangane da cajin 70p. [129][130]
Kazakystan Asiya-Facifik Ana la'akari da Ban. [131]
An haramta Kenya Afrika Tun 28 ga Ogusta 2017. [132]
An haramta Kiribati Asiya-Facifik Tun Oktoba 2020. [133]
Kyrgystan Asiya-Facifik Ana la'akari da Ban. [134]
Caji Laitfiya Gabashin Turai Tun daga Janairu 2019. Ban da za a aiwatar da shi nan da 2025. [135][136]
Haramtar yanki  Lebanon Asiya-Facifik An haramta a Byblos. [137]
Lesotho Afrika An shirya caji. [138]
Caji Lithuania Gabashin Turai Tun 31 Disamba 2018.
Caji Luksamburg Yammacin Turai da sauran
An haramta Madagaskar Afrika Tun 2015. [139]
Malawi Afrika An soke haramcin sau da yawa.
Cajin yanki  Malaysia Asia-Pacific An caja a jahohi biyu [140][141]
An haramta Maldives Asiya-Facifik Tun Yuni 2021. [142]
An haramta Mali Afrika [143]
An haramta Malta Yammacin Turai da sauran Tun 2022. [144]
An haramta Tsibiran Mashal Asiya-Facifik [145]
An haramta Muritaniya Afrika Tun 2013. [146]
An haramta Moris Afrika Tun 2016. [147]
An haramta a yanki Mexico Latin Amerika An haramta a jihohi 18 da Mexico City. [148][149][150]
An haramta Mikroneziya Asiya-Facifik Tun 31 Disamba 2020. [151][152][153]
An haramta Samfuri:Country data Republic of Moldova Gabashin Turai Tun 2021. [154]
An haramta Monaco Gabashin Turai da sauran Tun 2016. [155]
An haramta The time allocated for running scripts has expired. Asiya-Facifik Tun Maris 2019. [156]
The time allocated for running scripts has expired. Gabashin Turai [157]
Ban The time allocated for running scripts has expired. Afrika Tun Yuli 2016. [158]
Caji The time allocated for running scripts has expired. Afrika Tun daga 5 ga Fabrairu 2016. Ban da za a aiwatar da shi ta 2024. [159][160]
An haramta a yanki The time allocated for running scripts has expired. Asiya-Facifik An haramta a Yangon. [161]
An haramta a yanki The time allocated for running scripts has expired. Afrika An haramta shi a wurare masu kariya. Levy ya amince amma ba a aiwatar da shi ba. [162]
An haramta The time allocated for running scripts has expired. Asiya-Facifik Tun 23 Afrilu 2021. [163]
An haramta The time allocated for running scripts has expired. Asiya-Facifik [164]
Caji The time allocated for running scripts has expired. Yammacin Turai da sauran Tun 2016. An dakatar da shi a Aruba, Sint Maarten da Caribbean Netherlands. [165][166][167][168][169]
An haramta The time allocated for running scripts has expired. Yammacin Turai da sauran Tun Yuli 2019. An kuma haramta a Niue. An haramta a Cook Islands. [170][171][172]
An haramta The time allocated for running scripts has expired. Afrika [173]
An haramta  Nigeria Afrika [174]
Caji The time allocated for running scripts has expired. Yammacin Tun 2009. [175][176]
Cajin son rai The time allocated for running scripts has expired. Yammacin Turai da sauran [177]
An haramta The time allocated for running scripts has expired. Asiya-Facifik Tun 2021. [178]
An haramta The time allocated for running scripts has expired. Asiya-Facifik An dakatar da zaman kansa a kowace larduna da yankunan kasar daga 1994 zuwa 2019. [179][180][181][182]
An haramta The time allocated for running scripts has expired. Asiya-Facifik [183]
An haramta  Panama Latin Amerika Tun 20 Yuli 2019.
An haramta The time allocated for running scripts has expired. Asiya-Facifik Tun 2016. [184][185]
Caji The time allocated for running scripts has expired. Latin Amerika Tun Ogusta 2019. [186][187]
Haramcin yanki da caji The time allocated for running scripts has expired. Asiya-Facifik An dakatar da shi a cikin zaɓaɓɓun biranen Metro Manila, ban da Taguig, Malabon, Caloocan, Valenzuela, Navotas, San Juan, San Juan, da Parañaque. [188][189][190][191][192]
Caji The time allocated for running scripts has expired. Gabashin Turai Tun 2018. [193]
Caji The time allocated for running scripts has expired. Yammacin Turai da sauran Tun 2016. [194]
An haramta The time allocated for running scripts has expired. Gabashin Turai Since 2019.
The time allocated for running scripts has expired. Gabashin Turai Ana shirin za'a haramta a 2024. [195]
An haramta The time allocated for running scripts has expired. Afrika Tun 2008. [196]

Afirka[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Sharar filastik a Karey Gorou, Nijar

Kenya ta yi ƙoƙari na farko don hana masana'antu da shigo da jakar filastik a cikin 2007 da 2011 a matsayin hanyar kare muhalli. haramcin 2007 da 2011 da aka yi niyya da filastik a ƙasa da microns 30 ya gaza bayan masana'antun da shagunan sayar da kayayyaki sun yi barazanar ba da kuɗin amfani da wasu kayan ga masu amfani. A cikin 2017 sakataren majalisa na Muhalli da albarkatun kasa, Farfesa Judy Wakhungu ya haramta amfani, ƙerawa da shigo da duk jakar filastik da aka yi amfani da su don kunshin kasuwanci da na gida a ƙarƙashin lambar sanarwar Gazette 2356. A ranar 28 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 2017, Kenya ta fara aiwatar da haramtacciyar haramtacciya a duk fadin kasar na jakunkunan filastik guda daya. An cire jakunkuna na farko, jakunkuna masu sharar gida, da kayan kwalliya daga haramcin. An yaba da haramcin a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin mafi tsauri a duniya, tare da tarar har zuwa $ 40000, ko shekaru huɗu a kurkuku.

Shugaba Uhuru Kenyatta a cikin 2019, a lokacin Ranar Muhalli ta Duniya, ya kara karfafa kokarin Kenya na yaki da gurɓata filastik da kuma ci gaba da kula da sharar gida ta hanyar haramta filastik mai amfani guda ɗaya a wuraren da aka kiyaye. Harin, wanda ya fara aiki a ranar 5 ga Yuni 2020, ya haramta amfani da filastik a wuraren shakatawa na kasa, rairayin bakin teku, gandun daji da wuraren kiyayewa.

Najeriya[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

A watan Mayu 2019, Majalisar Wakilai ta Najeriya ta haramta samarwa, shigowa da amfani da jaka na filastik a kasar.

Rwanda[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

haramcin jakar filastik na Rwanda ya fara aiki a cikin 2008. Gwamnatin Rwanda ta karfafa wasu kasashe a yankinsu da su haramta jakar filastik, tun daga shekarar 2011.

Somaliya[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

An dakatar da jakunkunan filastik a Jamhuriyar Somaliland da ta ayyana kanta a ranar 1 ga Maris 2005 bayan lokacin alheri na kwanaki 120 wanda gwamnati ta bai wa jama'a don kawar da kayansu. Ma'aikatar Kasuwanci da Masana'antu ta sanar da shawarar majalisar a cikin wata doka mai taken: "Harka shigo da kaya, samarwa da amfani da jaka na filastik a cikin kasar". An yi wa jaka lakabi da "furewar Hargeysa", saboda da yawa daga cikinsu sun ƙare da hurawa kuma sun makale a cikin bishiyoyi da shrubs, suna haifar da haɗari ga dabbobi saboda dabbobin da ke cin ganyayyaki galibi suna cinye jaka ba zato ba tsammani. A cikin 2015 an sake maimaita haramcin ta hanyar Dokar Shugaban kasa No. #JSL / M / XERM/249-3178/042015, sake samar da kwanaki 120 na alheri don kawar da hannun jari. Don tabbatar da aiwatar da haramcin, gwamnati ta kafa ƙungiyoyin tilasta aiki a cikin 2016 don gudanar da tafiye-tafiye na musamman waɗanda ke ƙaddamar da bincike a cikin ɗakunan kasuwanci. Akalla maza da mata 1000 a cikin tufafi da aka tura cikin manyan kasuwanni da manyan kantin sayar da kayayyaki. Gwamnati ta sanar da tarar masu keta doka da ke ci gaba da sayar da jakunkunan filastik a kasar.

Afirka ta Kudu[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Takalma na filastik sun kasance babbar damuwa a Afirka ta Kudu kafin a gabatar da harajin jaka a shekara ta 2004. Ba a taɓa dakatar da jaka ba, amma an gabatar da haraji, wanda mai yin jakar filastik zai biya. Ana karɓar jakunkunan filastik masu kauri kuma kodayake wannan matakin da farko ya haifar da fushi tare da masu amfani da raguwa na farko a cikin ƙididdiga, amfani da masu amfani ya ci gaba da ƙaruwa zuwa jakunkunan sayen filastik biliyan da yawa a kowace shekara.

Tanzania[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Gwamnatin Juyin Juya Halin Zanzibar ta haramta jakar filastik a shekarar 2005. Tanzania ta gabatar da shirye-shiryen aiwatar da haramtacciyar haramtacciya a duk fadin kasar a cikin shekara ta 2006. Koyaya, an jinkirta tabbatar da shi fiye da shekaru goma. A ƙarshe haramcin ya fara aiki a ranar 1 ga Yuni 2019.

Tunisiya[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Tunisia ta gabatar da haramtacciyar rarraba jakar filastik a cikin manyan kantuna tun daga 1 ga Maris 2017. An sanya hannu kan yarjejeniya tsakanin Ma'aikatar Harkokin Cikin Gida da Muhalli da manyan sarkar manyan kantuna a kasar don aiwatar da matakin farko na tsari da nufin rage amfani da jaka na filastik. 'Yan gwagwarmayar Tunisia suna shirin kamfen na wayar da kan jama'a don kafa manufofi masu kyau a kasar.

Uganda[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Tarin shara ciki har da jakar filastik a Kampala, Uganda

Uganda ta gabatar da doka a cikin 2007 don hana sayar da jakunkunan filastik masu sauƙi a ƙarƙashin 30 μm kauri da jakunkuna masu kauri a cikin kashi 120%. Kodayake dokokin sun fara aiki a watan Satumba na wannan shekarar, ba a aiwatar da su ba kuma sun kasa rage yawan amfani da jakunkunan filastik. Ba a aiwatar da doka sosai ba.

Asiya[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Bangladesh[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

An gabatar da haramtacciyar haramtacciya a Bangladesh a shekara ta 2002 bayan ambaliyar ruwa da aka haifar da jakunkunan filastik da aka zubar da su ta mamaye kashi biyu bisa uku na kasar cikin ruwa tsakanin 1988 da 1998. Takalma na filastik sun kasance babbar matsala ga tsarin sharar gida da hanyoyin ruwa.

Cambodia[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Kambodiya ta zartar da doka don sanya harajin jakar filastik a watan Oktoba 2017. Supermarkets yanzu cajin abokan ciniki 400 Riels (10 US cents) ga kowane jakar filastik idan suna buƙatar ɗaya.

China[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

An gabatar da haramtacciyar jakar filastik a kan jakar filalastik mai laushi da kuma kuɗin a kan jakunkunan filastik da aka gabatar a kasar Sin a ranar 1 ga Yuni 2008. Wannan ya fara aiki ne saboda matsalolin da ke tattare da magudanar ruwa da sharar gida. Wani binciken da aka yi a shekara ta 2009 ya nuna cewa amfani da jakar filastik ya fadi tsakanin 60 zuwa 80% a cikin manyan kantin sayar da kayayyaki na kasar Sin, kuma an yi amfani da jakunkuna biliyan 40. Koyaya, asusun farko sun nuna a sarari, haramcin ya ga iyakantaccen nasara, kuma cewa amfani da jaka na filastik ya kasance mai yawa. Masu sayar da tituna da ƙananan shagunan, waɗanda suka zama babban ɓangare na tallace-tallace a China, ba sa bin manufofin a wani ɓangare saboda matsalolin aiwatar da haramcin.

Kalmar "farar fata gurɓata" (Sinanci: 白色污染; pinyin: baise wuran, ba sau da yawa " shara" Sinanci:白色垃垃垃圾; ) ya zama na gida ga China kuma daga baya zuwa Kudancin Asiya, yana jin daɗin amfani da karami a waje da yankin. Yana nufin launi na fararen jaka na sayen filastik, kwantena na styrofoam, da sauran kayan haske waɗanda suka fara juyawa a cikin girma a cikin filayen noma, wuri mai faɗi, da hanyoyin ruwa a tsakiyar- zuwa ƙarshen 1990s. Magana ta farko game da kalmar "farar gurɓata" ta bayyana a cikin harshen hukuma aƙalla tun farkon 1999, lokacin da Majalisar Jiha ta sanya haramtacciyar farko.

Hong Kong[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Hong Kong ta haramta masu siyarwa daga ba da jakunkunan filastik a ƙarƙashin wani kauri kuma kyauta. An aiwatar da harajin jakar filastik na 50 cent a ranar 1 ga Afrilu 2015 a fadin Hong Kong. Amfani da jaka na filastik ya ragu da kashi 90% bayan gabatar da harajin. Alamomi sun nuna cewa Hong Kong tana kawar da amfani da jaka na filastik a cikin babban farashi.

Alamar da ke shelar cewa jakar polythene ta fi 30 μm an haramta a Kasaragod, Kerala, Indiya.

Indiya[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

A shekara ta 2002, Indiya ta haramta samar da jakunkunan filastik a ƙasa da 20 μm a kauri don hana jakunkunan roba daga toshe tsarin magudanar ruwa na birni da kuma hana shanu na Indiya cin jakunkunan Filastik yayin da suke rikitar da shi don abinci. Koyaya, tilasta aiki ya kasance matsala.

Ma'aikatar Muhalli, dazuzzuka da Canjin Yanayi ta kuma zartar da ka'idoji don hana duk jakar polythene kasa da microns 50 a ranar 18 ga Maris 2016. Saboda rashin aiwatar da wannan ka'idar, hukumomin yanki (jihohi da kamfanonin birni), dole ne su aiwatar da nasu ka'idojin.

A cikin 2016, Sikkim, jihar farko ta Indiya, ta haramta amfani da ba kawai kwalabe na ruwan sha ba a kowane taron gwamnati ko ayyuka har ma da kwantena na abinci da aka yi daga kumfa na polystyrene a duk fadin jihar.

Himachal Pradesh ita ce jiha ta farko da ta haramta jakar filastik kasa da 30 μm. Jihar Karnataka ta zama jiha ta farko da ta haramta duk nau'ikan jakar filastik, banners na filastik، buntings na filastic, flex, filastik flags, filastic plates, filastics cups, filakstik spoons, cling films da filastik sheets don yadawa a kan cin abinci teburin ciki har da abubuwan da ke sama da aka yi da thermacol da filastic micro beads wanda ke amfani da filastika. Jihar Goa ta haramta jaka har zuwa 40 μm kauri, yayin da birnin Mumbai ya haramta jaka a ƙasa da mafi ƙarancin kauri zuwa 50 μm.

Gwamnatin jihar Maharashtra ta haramta filastik daga ranar 23 ga Yuni 2018. Gwamnatin jihar Tamil Nadu ta kuma haramta filastik daga ranar 1 ga Janairun 2019.

Indonesia[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Daga 2016, Ma'aikatar Muhalli ta tilasta wa 'yan kasuwa a cikin birane 23 a fadin tsibirin (mini-markets, hypermarkets, da supermarkets) su cajin masu amfani tsakanin Rp.200 da Rp.5,000 ga kowane jakar filastik, gami da jakar filalastik mai lalacewa. Ana amfani da kuɗin da harajin ya tara a matsayin kudaden jama'a don kula da sharar gida tare da kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu.

Tsibirin Bali ya haramta jakar filastik guda ɗaya, straws, da styrofoam, daga watan Yulin 2019. Sauran manyan birane, ciki har da Jakarta, Surabaya, Bandung, Semarang da Bogor, tun daga lokacin sun haramta jakar filastik guda ɗaya.

Isra'ila[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Tun daga watan Janairun 2017, ana buƙatar manyan 'yan kasuwa su cajin masu amfani don jakunkunan filastik tare da hannayensu, a NIS 0.10 don kowane jaka. Za a yi amfani da kudaden shiga na haraji don tallafawa shirye-shiryen kula da sharar gida na jama'a. Matsakaicin amfani da jaka na filastik a Isra'ila a cikin 2014 ya kasance 275 ga kowane mutum a kowace shekara. Watanni huɗu bayan dokar ta fara aiki, yawan jakunkunan filastik da aka rarraba ta hanyar 'yan kasuwa masu bin doka sun ragu da kashi 80%.

Philippines[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Philippines ita ce ta uku mafi girma a duniya a duniya a gurɓata teku duk da aikin kula da sharar gida wanda ya fara aiki shekaru 18 da suka gabata. Kokarin sarrafa filastik ya sami cikas saboda cin hanci da rashawa, rashin son siyasa, da yaduwa da kuma samun dama ga samfuran filastik masu amfani guda ɗaya.

A shekara ta 2010, Muntinlupa ta zama karamar hukuma ta farko a Babban Birnin Kasa don hana jakar filastik da styrofoam a cikin shaguna. Wannan ya biyo bayan matakan a cikin biranen Las Piñas (2 Janairu 2012), Pasig (1 Janairu 2012). Quezon City (1 Satumba 2012, jaka don kuɗi), Pasay (1 Satumba, 2012, jaka don kuɗin), da Makati (30 Yuni, 2013).

Biranen Metro Manila waɗanda suka jinkirta ɗora ka'idoji da haramtacciyar doka sun haɗa da Taguig, Caloocan, Malabon, Valenzuela, Navotas, San Juan da Parañaque, waɗanda ke da ɗaruruwan filastik da kamfanonin masana'antun roba. A cikin birni ɗaya, dangin magajin gari suna da fili na hekta 60 na "Plastic City Industrial".

A ranar 4 ga watan Yulin 2019, Sanata Francis Pangilinan ya gabatar da lissafin da ke neman fitar da kayayyakin filastik guda daya ta hanyar hana shigo da kayayyaki, masana'antu da amfani a wuraren abinci, shagunan, kasuwanni, da 'yan kasuwa.

Singapore[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Za a buƙaci manyan kantuna a Singapore su caji aƙalla 5 cents a kowace jaka a cikin harajin jakar mai ɗaukar kaya daga tsakiyar 2023.

Taiwan[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

A watan Janairun shekara ta 2003, Taiwan ta haramta rarraba jakunkunan filastik masu sauƙi kyauta. Hanawar ta hana masu mallakar shagunan sashen, manyan kantuna, manyan kantin sayar da kayayyaki, shagunan kayan masarufi, gidajen cin abinci mai sauri da gidajen cin abincin yau da kullun daga samar da jakunkunan filastik kyauta ga abokan cinikin su. Yawancin shagunan sun maye gurbin filastik tare da akwatunan takarda da aka sake amfani da su. A shekara ta 2006, duk da haka, gwamnati ta yanke shawarar fara ba da izinin jakunkunan filastik kyauta ga masu ba da sabis na abinci. A watan Fabrairun 2018, Taiwan ta ba da sanarwar shirye-shiryen hana jakunkunan filastik a digiri daban-daban, an haramta don amfani da su a cikin shagon ta 2019, wasu shagunan da aka haramta daga bayar da jakunkuna ta 2020, farashin ya karu tun daga 2025, sannan kuma 2030 haramtacciyar bargo na jakunkunan roba guda ɗaya, da kayan aiki guda ɗaya da kwantena.

Manazarta[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

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  98. ↑ https://www.euractiv.fr/section/developpement-durable/news/la-nouvelle-caledonie-interdit-les-plastiques-jetables/
  99. ↑ http://www.panapress.com/Gabon-to-ban-plastic-bags,-introduces-biodegradable-bags--13-534258-18-lang2-index.html
  100. ↑ http://allafrica.com/stories/201505121229.html
  101. ↑ http://hetq.am/eng/news/84469/armenia-fails-to-ban-plastic-bags-taxing-them-could-generate-$215-million-for-the-government.html
  102. ↑ https://www.de24.news/en/2020/11/plastic-bags-will-be-banned-from-supermarkets-from-2022.html
  103. ↑ https://www.gbc.gi/news/new-legislation-bans-most-single-use-plastic-bags-and-makes-washing-down-dog-urine-legal-obligation-42439
  104. ↑ http://www.ekathimerini.com/224103/article/ekathimerini/news/free-plastic-shopping-bags-banned-from-start-of-new-year
  105. ↑ http://www.ekathimerini.com/224103/article/ekathimerini/news/free-plastic-shopping-bags-banned-from-start-of-new-year
  106. ↑ http://www.travelweekly.co.uk/articles/311492/grenada-bans-single-use-plastics
  107. ↑ https://apnews.com/336d3631ab9240339aa37c3e912e611d
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  121. ↑ Udasin, Sharon: "Knesset bills seeks to alleviate scourge of plastic shopping bags in Israel ", in The Jerusalem Post, 10 February 2014
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