Haƙƙin Siyayya

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Haƙƙin Siyayya
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Bayanai
Ƙasa Birtaniya

Haƙƙin Siyayya tsari ne a cikin Burtaniya (ban da Scotland tun daga 1 ga Agustan shekara ta 2016 da Wales daga ranar 26 ga Janairun shekara ta 2019) wanda ke ba amintattun masu haya na majalisa da wasu ƙungiyoyin gidaje haƙƙin doka don siye, akan babban ragi, gidan majalisar da suke zaune a ciki Hakanan akwai Haƙƙin Nema ga masu hayar da aka tabbatar na gidajen ƙungiyoyin gidaje da aka gina tare da tallafin jama'a bayan shekara ta 1997, akan ƙaramin ragi. Ya zuwa shekara ta 1997 sama da gidaje guda 1,700,000 a Burtaniya an sayar da su a karkashin tsarin tun lokacin da aka gabatar da shi a cikin shekara ta 1980, tare da bayyana shirin a matsayin daya daga cikin manyan abubuwan da suka haifar da raguwar yawan gidajen jama'a a Burtaniya, wanda ya ragu daga kusan kusan. Raka'a miliyan 6.5 a cikin shekara ta 1979 zuwa kusan raka'a miliyan 2 a cikin 2017, yayin da kuma ana lasafta shi a matsayin babban direban haɓakar 15% na mallakar gida, wanda ya tashi daga 55% na masu gida a shekara ta 1979 zuwa kololuwar 71% a shekara ta 2003 (wannan adadi. ya ragu tun daga ƙarshen shekara ta 2000 zuwa 63% a cikin shekara ta 2017 [wannan adadi ya ware Scotland, Wales da Ireland ta Arewa]).[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9]

Masu sukar sun yi iƙirarin cewa manufar ta haifar da ƙarancin gidaje ga mutanen da ba su da kuɗi, ta ƙaddamar da kumfa na farashin gidaje, kuma ta haifar da abin da aka fi sani da ƙaura da ƙauracewa al'ummomin gargajiya. [10]

Haƙƙin Siye shine ikon Karamin Ministan Gidaje .

Tarihi[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Council Housing
Hannun gidaje irin na majalisa a Weaverham, yanzu galibin masu shi ne

Hukumomin yankin sun sami ikon sayar da gidajen majalisa ga masu haya tun daga Dokar Gidajen 1936, amma har zuwa farkon shekarun 1970 irin wannan tallace-tallace ya iyakance: tsakanin 1957 zuwa 1964, an sayar da wasu gidajen majalisa 16,000 a Ingila. Da farko dai jam'iyyar Labour ta gabatar da ra'ayin 'yancin masu haya na mallakar gidan da suke zaune a cikin littafinsu na babban zaben 1959, wanda suka sha kaye. [11] A cikin shekara ta 1968 an ba da wata da'ira ta iyakance tallace-tallace a birane amma wata gwamnati mai ra'ayin mazan jiya ta janye a 1970.

The Conservative Greater London Council (GLC) a cikin shekarar da ta gabata 1960s aka lallashe Horace Cutler, shugabanta na Housing, don ƙirƙirar wani general tallace-tallace makirci. Cutler ya ƙi yarda da ƙa'idodin ƙananan hukumomi na zama masu samar da gidaje, kuma ya goyi bayan tsarin kasuwanci na kyauta. Ba a yarda da siyar da gidaje na GLC ba a lokacin gwamnatin Ma'aikata na tsakiyar 1970s amma an sake ɗauka da zarar Cutler ya zama Jagora a shekara ta 1977. Sun tabbatar da shahara sosai. Cutler ya kasance kusa da Margaret Thatcher (MP na Finchley ), wanda ya ba da damar sayen gidaje na majalisa manufofin Jam'iyyar Conservative a kasa. Manufar ita ce mafi girma a cikin tsarin shekara ta 1974 Conservative manifesto amma ba ta tabbatar da wata kadara ba a zabukan gama gari guda biyu na waccan shekarar saboda yawan riba da kuma yawan biyan jinginar gida da kuma haɓakar rashin daidaito yayin da farashin gidaje ya faɗi.

Ana cikin haka, tallace-tallacen gidajen majalisa ga masu haya ya fara karuwa. An sayar da wasu guda 7,000 ga masu haya a cikin 1970; wannan ya haura zuwa sama da 45,000 a shekara ta 1972.

manufofin Thatcher[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Bayan Margaret Thatcher ta zama Firayim Minista a watan Mayu 1979, an zartar da dokar aiwatar da Haƙƙin Sayi a cikin Dokar Gidaje ta 1980 . Michael Heseltine, a matsayinsa na Sakataren Gwamnati na Muhalli, shi ne ke kula da aiwatar da dokar. Wasu mutane 6,000,000 abin ya shafa; kusan daya cikin uku sun sayi rukunin gidajensu. Heseltine ta lura cewa "babu wata doka guda daya da ta ba da damar mika dimbin dukiyar kasa daga jihar zuwa ga jama'a". Ya ce ‘yancin saye yana da manyan manufofi guda biyu: baiwa mutane abin da suke so da kuma sauya yanayin da ke kara tabarbarewa a jihar kan rayuwar dan adam.

Ya ce: “A kasar nan akwai sha’awar mallakar gida sosai. Gwamnati ta yi imanin cewa ya kamata a inganta wannan ruhu. Yana nuna muradin al'umma, tabbatar da yalwar arziki ta hanyar al'umma, yana karfafa sha'awar mutum don ingantawa da zamanantar da kansa, bai wa iyaye damar tara dukiya ga 'ya'yansu da kuma zaburar da dabi'un 'yancin kai da dogaro da kai wanda shine ginshikin al'umma mai 'yanci." [12]

Farashin siyar da gidan kansila ya dogara ne akan kimar kasuwa, wanda aka yi rangwame da farko tsakanin kashi 33 zuwa 50% (har zuwa kashi 70% na gidajen kansiloli), wanda aka ce yana nuna hayar hayar da masu haya ke biya da kuma ƙarfafa ɗaukar nauyi. ; Matsakaicin ragi an haɓaka zuwa 60% a cikin shekara ta 1984 da 70% a cikin shekara t 1986. Ya zuwa shekarar 1988, matsakaicin rangwamen da aka bayar a lokacin shine 44%. Dole ne karamar hukuma ta ba da jinginar gida ba tare da ajiya ba. Rangwamen ya ta’allaka ne da tsawon lokacin da ‘yan hayan suka zauna a gidan, tare da cewa idan daga baya suka sayar da gidan nasu cikin kankanin lokaci sai su mayar da wani kaso na rangwamen. Manufar ta zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan abubuwan Thatcherism . [13]

Manufar ta zama sananne nan da nan. Wasu kananan hukumomin da ke karkashin ikon Labour sun yi adawa da su, amma dokar ta hana su hana sayayya da ba su damar karbar bashi. [14] Tallace-tallace sun fi girma a kudu da gabashin Ingila fiye da na London na ciki da arewacin Ingila . [15] An iyakance tallace-tallace zuwa gidajen buƙatun gabaɗaya; kaddarorin da aka daidaita da waɗanda aka gina musamman don tsofaffi an keɓe su daga tsarin.

Rabin kuɗaɗen da aka sayar an biya ne ga ƙananan hukumomi, amma gwamnati ta hana hukumomi yin amfani da mafi yawan kudaden wajen rage basussuka har sai an cire su maimakon kashe su wajen gina wasu gidaje. Tasirin shi ne rage yawan gidaje na majalisa, musamman a yankunan da farashin kadarorin ya yi tsada, kamar London da kudu maso gabashin Ingila.

A cikin shekara ta 1982, an sayar da gidajen majalisa guda 200,000 ga masu haya. Ya zuwa shekara ta 1987, an sayar da fiye da gidajen kansiloli 1,000,000 a Burtaniya ga masu haya, kodayake adadin gidajen kansilolin da masu haya suka saya ya ragu a shekarun 1990. [16]

Jam'iyyar Labour ta fara adawa da tallace-tallace kuma ta yi alkawarin yin adawa da su a babban zaben 1983 amma ta yi watsi da adawa a hukumance ga shirin a 1985. Duk da haka, a babban zaben 1987, gwamnatin Conservative ta gargadi masu jefa kuri'a cewa har yanzu gwamnatin Labour za ta soke shirin. [17]

Lokacin da Labour ta dawo kan mulki a babban zaɓe na 1997, ta rage rangwamen da ake samu ga masu haya a cikin ƙananan hukumomi waɗanda ke da matsananciyar matsin lamba a kan gidajensu; wannan ya hada da kusan daukacin birnin Landan.[18][19]

Haƙƙin Siyan Dokokin bayan 2005[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

An canza Dokokin Haƙƙin Siyayya a cikin 2005. Yanzu ana buƙatar hayar shekaru biyar don sabbin masu haya su cancanci, kuma kadarorin da aka saya bayan Janairu 2005 ba za a iya sanya su nan da nan a buɗe kasuwa ba idan mai shi ya yanke shawarar siyar. Irin waɗannan masu yanzu dole ne su kusanci mai gidansu na baya (majalisa ko ƙungiyar gidaje) kuma su ba su haƙƙin kin farko. Idan mai gida na baya baya wanzuwa, misali a lokuta inda tsohon mai gidan ya kasance mai rijistar jama'a wanda ya daina kasuwanci, to dole ne a fara ba da kayan ga hukumar gidaje ta gida.

Lokacin da Haƙƙin Siyan ya kamata ya gudana daga watanni 12 zuwa watanni 3. Hukumar Kula da Kuɗi (FCA) yanzu tana mulki kuma ta tsara yawancin nau'ikan siyar da jinginar gida.

Gwamnatin FCA ta Haƙƙin Siyan sayayya wani ɓangare ne don magance matsalar da ta yaɗu ta Haƙƙin Siyan siyar da bata gari daga dillalai da lauyoyi iri ɗaya. Dukkansu suna da nasu manufofin, kuma da yawa suna cajin kuɗaɗen da ya wuce kima waɗanda aka cire daga rangwamen abokin ciniki. Ayyukan da aka yi a sama tare da ƙarshen lokacin haɓaka da alama sun shawo kan wannan matsala.

A cikin 2009, cibiyar tunani ta Localis ta ba da shawarar, a matsayin wani ɓangare na nazarin ƙa'idodin sake fasalin gidaje na zamantakewa, cewa ya kamata a ba da haƙƙin siye zuwa cikin ɓangarorin ãdalci, wanda za a iya samu ta hanyar zama ɗan haya mai kyau. [20]

Lokacin cancantar ya canza daga shekaru 5 zuwa shekaru 3 a cikin 2018.

Canje-canje na baya-bayan nan[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

A taron Jam'iyyar Conservative na 2011, David Cameron ya ba da shawarar haɓaka Haƙƙin Siyan rangwame don sake farfado da kasuwar gidaje da kuma samar da rasit waɗanda za a iya kashewa a kan sabbin gidaje. Ma'aikatan gidaje na zamantakewa sun nuna damuwa game da wannan tsari.

Tun daga ranar 2 ga Afrilu 2012, Haƙƙin Siyayya ya ƙaru zuwa matsakaicin £75,000 ko 60% na ƙimar gidan (70% na faffada) dangane da wanda yake ƙasa. A cikin Maris 2013, an ƙaru mafi girman rangwame a London zuwa £ 100,000. Matsakaicin haƙƙin siyan ragi yana ƙaruwa kowace shekara ta kuɗi daidai da CPI kamar a watan Satumbar da ta gabata.

Manufar shirin ita ce, ga kowane ƙarin gida da aka sayar, za a gina sabon gida don 'hayar haya mai araha' a kusan kashi 80% na hayar kasuwa, da nufin kiyaye matakin gidaje masu araha tare da haɓaka adadin Properties akwai ga waɗanda ke cikin jerin jira. Ma'auni na hayar shekara biyar zai kasance, kuma idan an sayar da kadarorin a cikin shekaru biyar na farkon siyar, za a buƙaci a mayar da wani ɓangare ko duk ragi.

Kudirin Gidaje da Tsare-tsare 2016 ya tsawaita haƙƙin siye ga masu hayar ƙungiyoyin gidaje.

Scotland[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

A cikin Yuli 2013, Gwamnatin Scotland ta tabbatar da cewa za a soke Haƙƙin Siyayya a Scotland daga 2017. An soke shi a ƙarshe a matsayin wani ɓangare na Dokar Gidaje (Scotland) 2014 daga 1 ga Agusta 2016. [21]

Wales[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

A lokacin bazara na 2017, Gwamnatin Welsh ta ba da shawarar wata doka don soke Haƙƙin Siyayya a Wales . Majalisar Welsh ta zartar da wannan doka a cikin Disamba 2017, kuma shirin ya ƙare a ranar 26 ga Janairu 2019.

Suka[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

An soki tsarin Haƙƙin Sayi saboda dalilai masu zuwa:

  • Masu hasashe sun sami damar siyan kadarorin majalisa ta hanyar yarjejeniyoyin ciniki da aka jinkirta, suna hanzarta hauhawar farashin kadarorin;[ana buƙatar hujja]
  • An sayar da kadarorin majalisa masu kima na kasuwanci da zamantakewa a kasa da kimar kasuwarsu ko kuma kudin da za su maye gurbinsu, wanda ya kasance almubazzaranci da dukiyar jama'a;
  • Ragowar rukunin gidaje na majalisa an tattara su ne a wuraren da ba a so da ƙarancin damar yin aiki, wanda ke daɗa warewa da wulakanta masu haya.

Wani rahoto da aka buga a cikin Janairu 2013 da memba na Majalisar London Tom Copley, Daga Haƙƙin Siyan Siyayya Don Bayar, [22] ya nuna cewa 36% na gidajen da aka sayar a ƙarƙashin Haƙƙin Siyayya a London (gidaje 52,000) majalisa ce ta hayar daga masu gidaje masu zaman kansu., abin da ke haifar da zargi da cewa makircin "yana wakiltar ƙimar kuɗi mai ban sha'awa ga masu biyan haraji" tun lokacin da "ya taimaka wajen haifar da karuwa a cikin lissafin fa'idar gidaje, ya haifar da ƙarin matsin lamba kan jerin jiran ƙananan hukumomi kuma ya haifar da ƙarin 'yan London da aka tilasta su shiga cikin ƙasa. sashen haya mai zaman kansa mai zaman kansa". Wani bincike da aka gudanar a shekarar 2013 ya nuna kusan kashi daya bisa uku na hakkin Siyan gidaje yanzu mallakar masu gidaje ne masu zaman kansu, yayin da dan marigayi Ian Gow (ministan gidaje na Thatcher) ya mallaki gidaje kusan 40.

A cikin 2015, Alan Murie ya kammala da cewa "ba za a iya daidaita batun tsawaita haƙƙin siye ba cikin sauƙi tare da 'yancin kai da matsayin sadaka na ƙungiyoyin gidaje" da kuma cewa "ƙara haƙƙin siye ga masu hayar gidaje ya farfado da majalisar da ta gabata. muhawara da kuma tada tambayoyi game da matsayin doka na kungiyoyin agaji da kuma hadarin da ke tattare da kungiyoyin gidaje da masu ba da kudade."

Wani bincike da BBC ta gudanar a shekara ta 2017 a yankunan kansilolin da ake tashe-tashen hankula, ya nuna cewa majalisun sun dawo da gidajen da aka tilasta musu sayar da su, wani lokacin kuma a lokuta da dama farashin na asali. Kungiyoyin agaji na gidaje sun soki rashin saka hannun jari a gidaje masu saukin kudi.

Duba kuma[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

  • Taimako don Siya

Magana[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

  1. ↑ "Right to Buy - buying your council home- GOV.UK". righttobuy.gov.uk. Retrieved 2019-01-20.
  2. ↑ "Right to buy - mygov.scot". www.mygov.scot. Retrieved 2019-01-20.
  3. ↑ "Welsh Government | Buying your council house". gov.wales. Retrieved 2019-01-20.
  4. ↑ "Council housing numbers hit lowest point since records began". The Independent (in Turanci). 2017-11-16. Retrieved 2019-01-20.
  5. ↑ Disney, Richard; Luo, Guannan (December 2014). "The Right to Buy Public Housing in Britain: A Welfare Analysis- Institute for Fiscal Studies" (PDF). Institute for Fiscal Studies. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2022-01-21. Retrieved 2022-03-14.
  6. ↑ Ministry of Housing, Communities, and Local Government. "English Housing Survey- Home ownership 2016-2017" (PDF).CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  7. ↑ "House of Commons Research Paper 99/36 30 March 1999 The Right to Buy" (PDF). parliament.uk (in Turanci). 1999-03-30. Retrieved 2020-02-12.
  8. ↑ MKoore, Thatcher p 471
  9. ↑ "Minister of State (Minister for Housing) - GOV.UK". www.gov.uk (in Turanci). Retrieved 2020-11-22.
  10. ↑ MKoore, Thatcher p 471
  11. ↑ Housing, 1959 Labour Party manifesto. Retrieved 6 April 2012.
  12. ↑ "Housing Bill – Provisions and Enactment" in Keesing's Contemporary Archives v. 27, January 1981 p. 30644
  13. ↑ Polly Toynbee, "It's on the house," The Guardian, 11 October 2002
  14. ↑ Charles Moore, Margaret Thatcher: From Grantham to the Falklands (2013)
  15. ↑ Murrie (1989) p 221
  16. ↑ Slide 4, Thatcher years in graphics, BBC News, 18 November 2005. Retrieved 13 January 2012.
  17. ↑ Newspaper advert for Conservative Party Archived 2018-11-05 at the Wayback Machine by Saatchi & Saatchi, 1987. Getty Images. Retrieved 13 January 2012.
  18. ↑ Murie, Alan (11 November 2015). "The Right to Buy: History and Prospect". History & Policy. History & Policy. Retrieved 5 July 2016.
  19. ↑ "What future for social housing?". BBC News. 4 August 2011.
  20. ↑ Principles for Social Housing Reform Archived 2012-09-15 at the Wayback Machine, Localis, 2009. Retrieved 13 January 2012.
  21. ↑ The Right to Buy Notice Period Archived 2018-01-23 at the Wayback Machine. The Scottish Government's guide for tenants of social housing. November 2014. Retrieved 31 July 2016.
  22. ↑ From Right to Buy to Buy to Let From Right to Buy to Buy to Let[permanent dead link]

Ci gaba da karatu[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

  • Muri, Alan. "Gidaje da Muhalli," a cikin Dennis Kavanagh da Anthony Seldon, eds., Tasirin Thatcher (1989) shafi na 213-25
  • Jones, Colin & Murie, Alan. Haƙƙin Siyayya: Bincike & Ƙimar Manufofin Gidaje (Blackwell Publishing Ltd., 2006).
  • Forrest R da Murie A (1990) Siyar da Jihar Welfare bugu na biyu na London, Routledge.
  • Wilson W da Bate A (2015) Ƙara Haƙƙin Siyayya (Ingila), Takarda Takaice No 07224, 9 Yuni 2015 Library House of Commons
  • Blow E (2015) Kwatanta Haƙƙin Siyayya a Ingila, Scotland, Wales da Arewacin Ireland Takaddun Takaddun Lamba 07174, 12 Yuni 2015, Laburaren House of Commons

Hanyoyin haɗi na waje[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

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