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Abarba

Daga Wikipedia, Insakulofidiya ta kyauta.
Abarba
'ya'yan itace, multiple fruit (en) Fassara da tropical fruit (en) Fassara
Tarihi
Mai tsarawa abarba

 

Abarba[1] [2] (Ananas comosus) tsiro ne na wurare masu zafi tare da 'ya'yan itace da ake ci; ita ce shuka mafi mahimmancin tattalin arziki a cikin dangin Bromeliaceae.[3]

Pineapple asalinsa ne a Kudancin Amurka, inda aka shuka shi na ƙarni da yawa. Gabatar da shuka na pineapple zuwa Turai a Karni na 17 ya sanya shi muhimmiyar alamar al'adu ta alatu. Tun daga shekarun 1820, an shuka pineapple don kasuwanci a cikin greenhouses da yawancin shuke-shuke na wurare masu zafi.

Pineapples suna girma a matsayin karamin shrub; kowane furanni na shuka mara shuka yana haɗuwa don samar da 'Ya'yan itace da yawa. sauka yawanci yana yaduwa daga canjin da aka samar a saman 'ya'yan itace [1] ko daga tsiro na gefe, kuma yawanci yana girma a cikin shekara guda. [2][3]

Bayyanawa

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  Pineapple ne herbaceous perennial, wanda girma zuwa 1.0 zuwa 1.5 ft zuwa 4 ft 11 in) tsawo a matsakaici, kodayake wani lokacin yana iya zama tsayi. Shuka yana da gajeren tsintsiya mai tsayi tare da ganye masu tsayi. Lokacin da yake ƙirƙirar 'ya'yan itace, yawanci yana samar da furanni 200, kodayake wasu manyan' ya'yan itacen zasu iya wuce wannan. Da zarar ya yi fure, 'ya'yan itace na furanni sun haɗu don ƙirƙirar' ya'yan itaci da yawa. Bayan an samar da 'ya'yan itace na farko, ana samar da tsiro na gefe (wanda ake kira 'sugar' ta masu shuka kasuwanci) a cikin axils na ganye na babban tushe. Ana iya cire waɗannan masu shayarwa don yaduwa, ko kuma a bar su don samar da ƙarin 'ya'yan itace a kan asalin shuka.[2] Kasuwanci, ana noma masu shayarwa da ke bayyana a kusa da tushe. Yana da 30 ko fiye da kunkuntar, nama, ganye masu kama da rami waɗanda ke da tsawon 3 + 1⁄2 , kewaye da tsintsiya mai kauri; ganye suna da ƙayoyi masu kaifi a gefen. 30 to 100 centimetres (0.98 to 3.28 ft)A cikin shekara ta farko ta girma, axis ya yi tsawo kuma ya yi kauri, yana ɗauke da ganye da yawa a cikin kusanci. Bayan watanni 12 zuwa 20, tsutsa yana girma fure-kamar fure har zuwa 15 centimetres (6 in) in) tsawo tare da sama da 100 da aka shirya, furanni masu laushi, kowannensu yana da alaƙa da bract.

A cikin daji, ana shuka pineapples da farko ta hanyar hummingbirds.[1][4] Wasu bishiyoyi na daji suna cin abinci kuma suna shukawa da dare ta hanyar jemagu. A karkashin noma, saboda ci gaban iri yana rage ingancin 'ya'yan itace, ana yin pollination da hannu, kuma ana riƙe tsaba ne kawai don kiwo.[1] A Hawaii, inda aka shuka pineapples kuma aka kwantar da su a masana'antu a cikin karni na 20, an haramta shigo da tsuntsaye.[5][6]

Ovaries suna tasowa zuwa 'Ya'yan itace, wanda ke haɗuwa cikin babban, ƙarami, 'ya'ya mai yawa. Ana yawan shirya 'ya'yan itacen pineapple a cikin nau'o'i biyu masu haɗuwa, sau da yawa tare da 8 a gefe ɗaya da 13 a ɗayan, kowannensu Lambar Fibonacci ce.

Pineapple yana aiwatar da CAM photosynthesis, [7] yana gyara carbon dioxide da dare kuma yana adana shi a matsayin acid malate, sannan ya sake shi a rana yana taimakawa photosynthèse.

Tarihin lissafi

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Pineapple ya ƙunshi nau'ikan shuke-shuke guda biyar, waɗanda aka ɗauka a matsayin nau'o'i daban-daban. An tsara kwayoyin halitta na nau'o'i uku, gami da nau'in nau'in daji na bracteatus, . [8]

Hoton Iri-iri Rarraba
Ananas comosus var. bracteatus (L.B.Sm.) Coppens & F.Leal Brazil, Bolivia, Argentina, Paraguay, Ecuador
Ananas comosus var. comosus (Linnaeus) Merrill Brazil da Paraguay; sun zama asali a wasu sassan Asiya, Afirka, Ostiraliya, Mexico, Amurka ta Tsakiya, West Indies, arewacin Kudancin Amurka, da tsibirai daban-daban a cikin Pacific
Ananas comosus var. erectifolius (L.B.Sm.) Coppens & F.Leal Peru, Ecuador, Colombia, Venezuela, arewacin Brazil, Guiana ta Faransa
Ananas comosus var. microstachys (Mez) L.B.Sm. (Maz) L.B.Sm. daga Costa Rica zuwa Paraguay
Ananas comosus var. parguazensis (Camargo & L.B.Sm.) Coppens & F.Leal Colombia, Venezuela, arewacin Brazil, Guyana, Guiana na Faransa

Tarihi

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Magana

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The first reference in English to the pineapple fruit was the 1568 translation from the French of André Thevet's The New Found World, or Antarctike where he refers to a Hoyriri, a fruit cultivated and eaten by the Tupinambá people, living near modern Rio de Janeiro, and now believed to be a pineapple.[9] Later in the same English translation, he describes the same fruit as a "Nana made in the manner of a Pine apple", where he used another Tupi word nanas, meaning 'excellent fruit'. This usage was adopted by many European languages and led to the plant's scientific binomial Ananas comosus, where comosus 'tufted' refers to the stem of the plant. Purchas, writing in English in 1613, referred to the fruit as Ananas, but the Oxford English DictionarySamfuri:'s first record of the word pineapple itself by an English writer is by Mandeville in 1714.

'Ya'yan itace na Pineapple, gaba ɗaya kuma a cikin sashi mai tsawo

Shuka kafin mulkin mallaka

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The wild plant originates from the Paraná–Paraguay River drainages between southern Brazil and Paraguay.[1][10] Little is known about its domestication, but it spread as a crop throughout South America. Archaeological evidence of use is found as far back as 1200–800 BC (3200–2800 BP) in Peru and 200 BC – 700 AD (2200–1300 BP) in Mexico, where it was cultivated by the Mayas and the Aztecs. By the late 1400s, cropped pineapple was widely distributed and a staple food of Native Americans. The first European to encounter the pineapple was Christopher Columbus, in Guadeloupe on 4 November 1493.[11] The Portuguese took the fruit from Brazil and introduced it into India by 1550. The 'Red Spanish [es]' cultivar was also introduced by the Spanish from Latin America to the Philippines, and it was grown to produce piña fibers that would then be used to produce textiles from at least the 17th century.[12]

Columbus ya dawo da shuka zuwa Spain kuma ya kira shi piña de Indes, ma'ana "pine na Indiyawa". An rubuta pineapple a cikin Peter Martyr's Decades of the New World (1516) da kuma Antonio Pigafetta's Relazione del primo viaggio intorno al mondo (1524-1525), kuma sanannen hoto na farko ya kasance a cikin Oviedo's Historia General de Las Indias (1535). [13]

Gabatarwa ta Tsohon Duniya

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Britannia da aka gabatar da cornucopiae ciki har da pineapples ta hanyar almara na Yanayi, Masana'antu, da Kimiyya, tare da orange a bango (a gabansa The Gardeners Dictionary, 1764)

Duk da yake pineapple ya burge Turawa a matsayin 'ya'yan mulkin mallaka, ba a yi nasarar noma shi a Turai ba har sai Pieter de la Court (1664-1739) ya haɓaka aikin lambu a kusa da Leiden. [14][11] An rarraba tsire-tsire na Pineapple daga Netherlands zuwa masu lambu na Ingila a cikin 1719 da na Faransa a cikin 1730 .[11] A Ingila, an shuka pineapple na farko a Dorney_Court" id="mw_w" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Dorney Court">Kotun Dorney, Dorney a Buckinghamshire, kuma an gina babban "stove na pineapple" don dumama tsire-tsire a Chelsea Physic Garden a cikin 1723. A Faransa, an gabatar da Sarki Louis XV tare da pineapple wanda aka shuka a Versailles a cikin 1733. A Rasha, Peter the Great ya shigo da hanyar de la Court zuwa St. Petersburg a cikin shekarun 1720; a cikin 1730, an kai bishiyoyi ashirin daga can zuwa wani greenhouse a sabon fadar Empress Anna ta Moscow.[15][16]

1772 zane na Ananas comosus pineapple wanda Banhius ya ba shi sunan kimiyya na farko na Cardus brasilianus folius aloes a cikin 1623

Saboda kudin shigo da kai tsaye da kuma tsada mai yawa a cikin kayan aiki da aiki da ake buƙata don girma a cikin yanayi mai matsakaici, a cikin ɗakunan da ake kira "pineries", pineapple ya zama alama ce ta wadata. Da farko an yi amfani da su galibi don nunawa a bukukuwan abincin dare, maimakon a ci su, kuma an yi amfani dasu akai-akai har sai sun fara ruɓewa.[36] A rabi na biyu na karni na 18, samar da 'ya'yan itace a kan kadarorin Burtaniya ya zama batun babban gasa tsakanin masu arziki.[36] John Murray, 4th Earl of Dunmore, ya gina gidan zafi a kan gidansa wanda babban dutse mai tsayi 14 mita a cikin siffar 'ya'yan itace; an san shi da Dunmore Pineapple . A cikin gine-gine, siffofin pineapple sun zama kayan ado da ke nuna alamar karɓar baƙi.

Tun daga karni na 19: Kasuwanci mai yawa

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An gwada nau'o'i daban-daban, galibi daga Antilles, don noman gilashin Turai. Mafi mahimmancin shuka shine "Smooth Cayenne", wanda aka fara shigo da shi zuwa Faransa a cikin 1820, sannan daga baya aka sake fitar da shi zuwa Ingila a cikin 1835, sannan daga Burtaniya, shuka ta bazu ta hanyar Hawaii zuwa Ostiraliya da Afirka. Tsarin "Smooth Cayenne" (da ƙananan zaɓuɓɓuka ko clones na "Smoot Cayenne") sun zama mafi yawan samar da pineapple a duniya a yau.[11] An shigo da kayan kwalliya da suka danganci pineapple zuwa Turai daga West Indies, Brazil, da Mexico daga farkon kwanan wata. A farkon karni na 19, an kai sabbin bishiyoyi kai tsaye daga West Indies a cikin adadi mai yawa don rage farashin Turai.[11] Daga baya samar da pineapple ya mamaye Azores don Turai, da Florida da Caribbean don Arewacin Amurka, saboda gajerun hanyoyin kasuwanci.

The Spanish had introduced the pineapple into Hawaii in the 18th century where it is known as the hala kahiki ("foreign hala"), but the first commercial plantation was established in 1886. The most famous investor was James Dole, who moved to Hawaii in 1899[17] and started a 60 acres (24 ha) pineapple plantation in 1900 which would grow into the Dole Food Company.[18] Dole and Del Monte began growing pineapples on the island of Oahu in 1901 and 1917, respectively, and the Maui Pineapple Company began cultivation on Maui in 1909.[19] James Dole began the commercial processing of pineapple, and Dole employee Henry Ginaca invented an automatic peeling and coring machine in 1911.[11]

Manazarta

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  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Morton, Julia F (1987). "Pineapple, Ananas comosus". Retrieved 22 April 2011. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Morton 1987" defined multiple times with different content
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 "How to grow a pineapple in your home". Pineapple Working Group-International Horticultural Society. Retrieved 15 August 2010."How to grow a pineapple in your home".
  3. ↑ "Pineapple Growing". Tropical Permaculture.com (Birgit Bradtke). Archived from the original on 17 June 2010. Retrieved 15 August 2010.
  4. ↑ Stahl, JM; Nepi, M; Galetto, L; Guimarães, E; Machado, SR (2012). "Functional aspects of floral nectar secretion of Ananas ananassoides, an ornithophilous bromeliad from the Brazilian savanna". Annals of Botany. 109 (7): 1243–1252. doi:10.1093/aob/mcs053. PMC 3359915. PMID 22455992.
  5. ↑ Bartholomew DP; Hawkins RA; Lopez JA (2012). "Hawaii Pineapple: The Rise and Fall of an Industry". HortScience. 47 (10): 1390–1398. doi:10.21273/HORTSCI.47.10.1390.
  6. ↑ "List of prohibited animals" (PDF). Government of Hawaii, Department of Agriculture. 28 November 2006. Retrieved 9 December 2017.
  7. ↑ Gibson, Arthur C. "Pineapple – The Plant That Ate Hawai'i". UCLA. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016.
  8. ↑ Ming, Ray; VanBuren, Robert; Wai, Ching Man; et al. (2015). "The pineapple genome and the evolution of CAM photosynthesis". Nature Genetics (in Turanci). 47 (12): 1435–1442. doi:10.1038/ng.3435. ISSN 1546-1718. PMC 4867222. PMID 26523774.
  9. ↑ Grant, Jason R.; Zijlstra, Gea (1998). "An Annotated Catalogue of the Generic Names of the Bromeliaceae". Selbyana. 19 (1): 91–121. ISSN 0361-185X. JSTOR 41759978.
  10. ↑ Bertoni, "Contributions a l'étude botanique des plantes cultivées. Essai d'une monographie du genre Ananas", Annales Cient.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 11.3 11.4 11.5 (R. E. ed.). Missing or empty |title= (help) Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":2" defined multiple times with different content
  12. ↑ "History & Origin of Piña". Philippine Folklife Museum Foundation. Retrieved 13 December 2018.
  13. ↑ Hayward, Wyndham (1956). "The Pineapple meets the Press". The Bromeliad Society Bulletin. 6. Archived from the original on 19 March 2022. Retrieved 11 December 2019.
  14. ↑ "Pieter de La Court van der Voort". Oxford Index. Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on 2014-12-16. Retrieved 15 December 2014.
  15. ↑ Johnson, Lisa (2019). "Pieter De La Court Van Der Voort and Innovations in Pineapple Cultivation in Early Eighteenth-Century Gardens" (PDF). Garden History. 47 (1): 23–41. Retrieved 2023-03-10.
  16. ↑ Kuznetsova, Svetlana (2022-12-10). Культура ананасов приняла громадные размеры в Петербурге [The Pineapple Cultivation Took Enormous Scale in St. Petersburg]. Kommersant (in Rashanci). Retrieved 2023-03-10.
  17. ↑ Hawkins, Richard (2007). "James D. Dole and the 1932 Failure of the Hawaiian Pineapple Company". Hawaiian Journal of History. 41: 149–170.
  18. ↑ "Pineapple". Faculty.ucc.edu. Archived from the original on 21 December 2009. Retrieved 6 December 2009.
  19. ↑ "Sunrise, Sunset". Hawaii Business. 46 (2): 60. 2000.
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