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Canjin yanayi a Afirka

Daga Wikipedia, Insakulofidiya ta kyauta.
Canjin yanayi a Afirka
climate change by country or territory (en) Fassara
Bayanai
Ƙaramin ɓangare naclimate change by country or territory (en) Fassara
FuskarAfirka
NahiyaAfirka
Hoton da ke nuna canjin zafin jiki a Afirka tsakanin 1901 da 2021, tare da ja yana da dumi kuma shuɗi yana da sanyi fiye da matsakaici (An ɗauki matsakaicin zafin jiki yayin 1971-2000 a matsayin ma'anar waɗannan canje-canje.)

Canjin yanayi a Afirka babbar barazana ce saboda yankin Afirka na ɗaya daga cikin yankuna mai rauni ga tasirin canjin yanayi na duniya, duk da cewa ba da gudummawa mafi ƙanƙanta ga haifar da shi. Canjin yanayi yana haifar da yanayin ruwan sama mara kyau, abubuwan da suka faru na yanayi masu tsanani ciki har da fari, ambaliyar ruwa, da hauhawar yanayin zafi a Afirka. Wadannan canje-canje suna barazana ga tsaro na abinci da ruwa, bambancin halittu, lafiyar jama'a, da Ci gaban tattalin arziki.[1] Afirka a halin yanzu tana dumama da sauri fiye da sauran duniya a matsakaici.[2]

Sakamakon tattalin arziki na canjin yanayi yana da tsanani. A matsakaita ƙasashen Afirka suna fuskantar asarar da ke da alaƙa da yanayi wanda ya kai 2 zuwa 5% na GDP a kowace shekara, yayin da farashin daidaitawa a yankin Saharar Afirka ana hasashen a dala biliyan 30-50 a kowace shekara a cikin shekaru goma masu zuwa. Wannan yana barazanar samun ci gaba kuma yana matsa lamba ga gwamnatoci da cibiyoyin kasa da kasa don tattara kudaden yanayi.

Shirye-shiryen daidaita yanayin yanayi na Afirka suna mai da hankali kan gina juriya ta hanyar Aikin noma mai basira, Gudanar da ruwa mai ɗorewa, kiyaye yanayin halittu, da ƙarfafa tsarin kiwon lafiya da ababen more rayuwa. Wadannan hanyoyin suna ba da fifiko ga inganta shugabanci, tattara kudade da saka hannun jari na yanayi, da kuma inganta shiga cikin al'umma don magance matsalar gaba ɗaya.[3][4][5] Tsarin nahiyoyi da na kasa suna jaddada hadin gwiwar bangarori da yawa, tallafin fasaha, da haɓaka iyawa don tallafawa ci gaba mai ɗorewa da rage Hadarin yanayi.

Rashin iskar gas

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Rashin iskar gas mai guba a Afirka ga kowane mutum yana da ƙarancin gaske idan aka kwatanta da sauran nahiyoyi.[6] Rashin fitarwa daga canjin amfani da ƙasa ba shi da tabbas, musamman a Afirka ta Tsakiya.[7] Babban tushen rashin tabbas ya fito ne daga kwararar carbon dioxide a cikin sashin LULUCF (wannan acronym yana tsaye ne don amfani da ƙasa, canjin amfani da ƙasa. [7]

Tasiri

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Sauye-sauyen yanayi da zafin sarari

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Taswirar rarrabuwar yanayi ta Köppen ga Afirka daga 1991–2020
Taswirar 2071–2100 a ƙarƙashin mafi tsananin yanayin sauyin yanayi (Representative Concentration Pathway). A halin yanzu ana ɗaukar yanayi mai matsakaicin tsanani a matsayin wanda ya fi yuwuwa.[8][9][10]

Yanayin zafin saman kasa da aka auna ya ƙaru gabaɗaya a faɗin Afirka tun daga ƙarshen ƙarni na 19 zuwa farkon ƙarni na 21 da kusan 1 °C, amma a wasu yankuna na cikin gida kamar yankin Sahel ya kai har 3 °C ga mafi ƙarancin zafi a ƙarshen lokacin rani.[11] Ɗumamar Afirka ta ƙaru da +0.3 C daga 1991 zuwa 2021 idan aka kwatanta da +0.2 tsakanin 1961 zuwa 1910. An yi ƙiyasin cewa nan da shekara ta 2030, mutanen Afirka za su fuskanci hauhawar matakin teku sakamakon ƙaruwar zafin yanayi. Wannan kuma zai haifar da raguwar amfanin gona da albarkatun gona[12]. Yanayin ruwan sama da aka auna yana nuna bambance-bambance ta fannin guri da lokaci kamar yadda aka saba tsammani.[13][14] Canje-canjen da aka gani a yanayin zafi da ruwan sama sun bambanta bisa ga yankuna.[15][13]

Tsarin yanayi na yanzu (kamar yadda aka taƙaita a cikin Rahoton Kimantawa na Shida na IPCC) yana hasashen ƙaruwar aukuwa da tsananin fari da kuma kwararar ruwan sama mai yawa.[16] Suna kuma hasashen raguwar matsakaicin ruwan sama kusan a ko'ina a Afirka, tare da tabbas mai matsakaici zuwa babba. Duk da haka, yanayin ruwan sama na cikin gida da mu'amalar zamantakewa da yanayi na iya bayyana a matsayin gauraye-gauraye. Saboda haka, haɗuwar tasirin sauyin yanayi zai bambanta a faɗin nahiyar. A yankunan karkara, yanayin ruwan sama yana yin tasiri ga amfani da ruwa.[16]

Wani bincike a shekarar 2019 ya hango ƙaruwar tsawon kwanaki marasa ruwa a lokacin damina da kuma ƙaruwar matsanancin ruwan sama a Afirka.[17] Ma'ana a takaice: "bangarori biyu na matsanancin yanayi na Afirka za su daɗa tsananta".[18] Binciken ya gano cewa yawancin tsarin yanayi ba za su iya hango girman waɗannan canje-canjen ba saboda ba su da damar ba da damar iska mai dumi ta tashi (convection) a ma'aunansu na grid masu faɗi.[17]

Hauhawar matakin teku

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See also: Ambaliyar ruwa a Afirka
Hoton babban birnin Tanzania, Dar es Salaam, ta sama

A Afirka, haɓakar yawan jama'a a nan gaba yana ƙara haɗarin da ke tattare da hauhawar matakin teku. Kusan mutane miliyan 54.2 ne ke zaune a yankunan da ke da haɗari sosai na gaɓar teku masu ƙasankancin tudu (LECZ) a kusan shekarar 2000. Wannan adadin zai ninka kusan mutane miliyan 110 nan da shekarar 2030. Nan da shekarar 2060 kuma zai kai kusan mutane miliyan 185 zuwa 230, ya danganta da girman haɓakar yawan jama'a. Matsakaicin hauhawar matakin teku na yankin zai kasance kusan santimita 21 nan da shekarar 2060. A wannan gaba, yanayin sauyin yanayi ba zai kawo babban bambanci ba. Amma yanayin kasa na cikin gida da yanayin yawan jama'a suna yin mu'amala don ƙara fuskantar haɗari kamar ambaliyar ruwa ta shekaru 100 a cikin wata rikitacciyar hanya.[19]

Abidjan, cibiyar tattalin arzikin ƙasar Ivory Coast
Yawan jama'a a cikin filayen ambaliyar ruwa na shekaru 100.[19][T1 1]
Ƙasa 2000 2030 2060 Haɓakawa 2000–2060[T1 2]
Misra7.413.820.70.28
Najeriya0.10.30.90.84
Sanigal0.41.12.70.76
Benin0.10.61.61.12
Tanzania0.20.94.32.3
Somaliya0.20.62.71.7
Kuwayt Diwar (Ivory Coast)0.10.30.70.65
Mozambik0.71.42.50.36
  1. ↑ A cikin miliyoyin mutane. Shafi na biyu da na uku sun haɗa da duka tasirin haɓakar yawan jama'a da haɓakar girman filayen ambaliyar ruwa a wannan gaba.
  2. ↑ Ƙaruwar yawan jama'a a yankin da kuma mafi girman yanayin haɓakar yawan jama'a da za a iya samu.
Wani mutum yana kallon tekun daga wani gini da igiyoyin ruwa masu ƙarfi suka lalata a Chorkor, wani yanki na birnin Accra. Ambaliyar ruwa a ranakun sarari da ke faruwa saboda hauhawar matakin teku tana ƙara zaizayar gaɓar teku wanda ke lalata gidaje, ababen more rayuwa, da tsarin muhalli na halitta. Wasu al'ummomi a gaɓar tekun Ghana riga sun fara fuskantar sauye-sauyen igiyoyin ruwa.

A cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci, an yi hasashen cewa mafi girman ƙaura zai faru ne a yankin Gabashin Afirka. Aƙalla mutane 750,000 a can ne ka iya ƙaura daga gaɓar teku tsakanin 2020 da 2050. Binciken kimiyya ya kiyasta cewa manyan biranen Afirka guda 12 za su tafka asarar da ta kai dalar Amurka biliyan 65 a ƙarƙashin yanayin "matsakaicin" sauyin yanayi (RCP4.5) nan da shekarar 2050. Waɗannan biranen su ne Abidjan, Alexandria, Algiers, Cape Town, Casablanca, Dakar, Dar es Salaam, Durban, Lagos, Lomé, Luanda da Maputo. A ƙarƙashin yanayin fitar da hayaki mai yawa (RCP8.5), lalacewar za ta kai dalar Amurka biliyan 86.5. Shi kuma tsarin mafi tsanani na fitar da hayaki tare da ƙarin tasiri daga rashin daidaiton babban ƙanƙarar teku zai iya haifar da asarar da ta kai dalar Amurka biliyan 137.5. Lalacewar daga waɗannan yanayi guda uku idan aka ƙara haɗawa da "al'amura masu ƙarancin yuwuwa amma masu babban lahani" za ta haura zuwa dalar Amurka biliyan 187, dalar Amurka biliyan 206, da dalar Amurka biliyan 397 biye da juna.[19] A cikin waɗannan ƙiyasin, birnin Alexandria na ƙasar Misra kaɗai ya ƙunshi kusan rabin wannan adadi.[19] Daruruwan dubatan mutane a yankunansa na ƙasankantar tudu ka iya buƙatar a canza musu guri a cikin shekaru goma masu zuwa.[20] A duk faɗin yankin kudu da sahara baki ɗaya, lalacewa daga hauhawar matakin teku na iya kaiwa kashi 2–4% na GDP nan da shekarar 2050. Sai dai wannan adadi ya danganta da girman haɓakar tattalin arziki da kuma juriya ko daidaitawa (adaptation) a nan gaba.[19]

Sauran ragowar ginin wasan kwaikwayo na Leptis Magna (amphitheater), tare da bayyanar teku a bango

A cikin dogon lokaci, ƙasashen Misra, Mozambik, da Tanzania ne ka iya samun mafi yawan mutanen da ambaliyar ruwa ta shekara-shekara za ta shafa a tsakanin daukacin ƙasashen Afirka. Wannan hasashe yana nuna cewa ɗumamar yanayi na duniya zai kai 4 °C a ƙarshen ƙarni. Wannan hauhawar tana da alaƙa da yanayin RCP8.5. A ƙarƙashin tsarin RCP8.5, muhimman wuraren tarihi na al'ada guda 10 za su kasance cikin haɗarin ambaliyar ruwa da zaizayar ƙasa a ƙarshen ƙarni. Waɗannan sun haɗa da Casbah ta Algiers, Wurin Binciken Tarihi na Carthage, Kerkouane, Wurin Binciken Tarihi na Leptis Magna, Tsohon Birnin Sousse (Medina of Sousse), Tsohon Birnin Tunis (Medina of Tunis), Wurin Binciken Tarihi na Sabratha, Tsibirin Robben, Tsibirin Saint-Louis da Tipasa. Jimillar wuraren Ramsar guda 15 da sauran wuraren gadon halitta su ma za su fuskanci makamancin wannan haɗari. Waɗannan wuraren su ne Bao Bolong Wetland Reserve, Delta du Saloum National Park, Diawling National Park, Golfe de Boughrara, Kalissaye, Lagune de Ghar el Melh et Delta de la Mejerda, Marromeu Game Reserve, Parc Naturel des Mangroves du Fleuve Cacheu, Seal Ledges Provincial Nature Reserve, Sebkhet Halk Elmanzel et Oued Essed, Sebkhet Soliman, Réserve Naturelle d'Intérêt Communautaire de la Somone, Songor Biosphere Reserve, Tanbi Wetland Complex da Watamu Marine National Park.[19]

Tasirin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki

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Sakamakon bincike na shekarar 2022 ya nuna cewa samun katako da ruwa ya fuskanci gagarumin tasiri sanadiyyar canjin yanayi a ƙasashen Kenya da Kamaru.[21]

Canjin yanayi zai ci gaba da yin tasiri sosai a Afirka saboda abubuwa da dama. Ana riga ana jin waɗannan tasirin kuma za su daɗa tsananta idan ba a ɗauki matakin rage fitar da hayaki mai gurbata muhalli (carbon emissions) a duniya ba. Waɗannan tasirin sun haɗa da hauhawar zafin jiki, fari, sauye-sauyen yanayin ruwan sama, da ƙaruwar sauye-sauyen yanayi na farat ɗaya. Waɗannan yanayi suna da tasiri ga samar da makamashi da yadda ake amfani da shi. Farin da aka yi kwanan nan a ƙasashe da dama na Afirka, wanda ke da alaƙa da canjin yanayi, ya yi mummunan tasiri ga samar da ingantaccen makamashi da kuma ci gaban tattalin arziki a faɗin nahiyar.

Afirka za ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin yankunan da suka fi fuskantar mummunan tasirin canjin yanayi.[22] Dalilan da suka sa Afirka ta kasance cikin haɗari suna da yawa, kuma sun haɗa da ƙarancin ƙarfin jurewa ko daidaita rayuwa (adaptive capacity), rashin watsuwar fasahohi da bayanai da za su tallafa wa daidaitawar, da kuma dogaro mai yawa ga tsarin noman daji don hanyoyin rayuwa.[23] Kasashe da dama a faɗin Afirka an rarraba su a matsayin Ƙasashen da Ba su Cigaba ba Kwata-kwata (Least-Developed Countries - LDCs) waɗanda ke da gurbataccen yanayin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki, kuma hakan yana nufin suna fuskantar ƙalubale na musamman wajen tunkarar tasirin canjin yanayi.[24]

Babban haɗarin da aka gano ga Afirka a cikin Rahoton Kimantawa na Biyar na Kwamitin Haɗin Gwiwa kan Canjin Yanayi (IPCC) ya shafi tsarin halittu (ecosystems), wadatar ruwa, da tsarin noma, tare da tasiri ga wadatar abinci.[22]

A shekarar 2022, sama da mutane 6,000 daga ƙasashen Afirka guda goma suka halarci binciken yanayi da Babban Bankin Zuba Jari na Turai (European Investment Bank) ya gudanar.[25] Binciken ya gano cewa kashi 88% na mutanen sun bayyana cewa canjin yanayi yana cutar da rayuwarsu, yayin da kashi 61% na mutanen suka bayyana cewa lalacewar muhalli ya yi tasiri ga kudaden shigarsu ko hanyar samun abincinsu.[26] Waɗannan asarorin yawanci sakamakon fari ne mai tsanani, hauhawar matakin teku ko zaizayar gaɓar teku, ko kuma munanan al'amuran yanayi kamar ambaliyar ruwa ko hadari.[25]

Sama da rabin mutanen Afirka da aka tattauna da su (kashi 57%) sun ce su ko mutanen da suka sani sun riga sun ɗauki matakai don daidaitawa da illolin canjin yanayi. Daga cikin waɗannan matakan akwai zuba jari a na'urorin kiyaye ruwa don rage radadin fari da kuma share magudanar ruwa kafin ambaliya ta zo.[25] Kashi 34% na dukkan mutanen Afirka da aka tattauna da su sun ce canjin yanayi yana ɗaya daga cikin matsalolin da suka fi addabar ƙasarsu, tare da sauran muhimman matsaloli kamar hauhawar farashin kayayyaki (inflation) da samun damar kula da lafiya.[25]

Tasirin tattalin arziki

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Afirka tana yin zafi da sauri fiye da sauran sassan duniya a matsakaita. Sakamakon haka, manyan sassan nahiyar na iya zama marasa mazauni, kuma babban abun da ake samarwa a cikin gida na Afirka (GDP) na iya raguwa da kashi 2% sakamakon hauhawar zafin duniya da digiri 1 °C, sannan da kashi 12% sakamakon hauhawar zafin da digiri 4 °C. Ana sa ran amfanin gona zai ragu ƙwarai sakamakon hauhawar zafi, sannan ana kyautata zaton cewa za a riƙa samun mamakon ruwan sama akai-akai kuma da ƙarfi a faɗin Afirka, wanda ke ƙara haɗarin ambaliyar ruwa.[27][28][29]

Bugu da ƙari, Afirka tana asarar tsakanin dala biliyan 7 zuwa dala biliyan 15 a shekara saboda canjin yanayi, wanda aka kiyasta zai iya kaiwa dala biliyan 50 nan da shekarar 2030.[30]

Noma

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Noma babban sashe ne mai mahimmanci a Afirka, wanda ke taimakawa ga hanyoyin rayuwa da tattalin arziki a faɗin nahiyar. Mutane da yawa sun dogara da aikin noma a matsayin hanyar haɓaka kansu ta fuskar tattalin arziki da kuma tushen abinci. Mutane da yawa sun dogara ne da albarkatun da yanayi ke tasiri a kansu. An yi hasashen cewa ayyukan noma za su ragu a faɗin yankin Kudu da Hamada na Afirka.[31] A matsakaita, aikin noma a yankin Kudu da Hamada na Afirka yana ba da gudummawar kashi 15% na jimillar GDP.[32] Yanayin labarin ƙasa na Afirka ya sa ta kasance cikin haɗari na musamman ga canjin yanayi, kuma kashi 70% na al'ummar ƙasar sun dogara ne ga noman da ya dogara da ruwan sama don hanyoyin rayuwarsu.[33] Gonaki na ƙananan manoma (smallholder farms) suna daidai da kashi 80% na ƙasashen da ake noma a yankin Kudu da Hamada na Afirka.[32] Hukumar IPCC a shekarar 2007 ta yi hasashen cewa sauye-sauyen yanayi za su gurgunta aikin noma da damar samun abinci.[34] An ba wa wannan hasashen "babban kwarin gwiwa". Tsarin noma, kiwon dabbobi, da kamun kifi za su kasance cikin babban haɗari na kwari da cututtuka sakamakon canjin yanayi na gaba.[35] Kwarin amfanin gona riga suna da alhakin kusan kashi 1/6 na asarar amfanin gona.[35] Canjin yanayi zai hanzarta yaduwar kwari da cututtuka kuma zai ƙara aukuwar abubuwa masu babban tasiri.[35] Tasirin canjin yanayi akan aikin noma a Afirka zai haifar da mummunan sakamako ga wadatar abinci da hanyoyin rayuwa. Rashin abinci mai gina jiki iri-iri ya haifar da gazawar samun wasu muhimman sinadarai na jiki. Rashin waɗannan sinadarai na iya haifar da ƙarancin bitamin A da ƙarfe (iron). Wannan ya zama ruwan dare gama gari a lokutan fari da ƙarancin abinci saboda zaɓukan abincin suna da ƙanƙanta. Tsakanin shekarar 2014 da 2018, Afirka ce ke da mafi girman matakan ƙarancin abinci a duniya.[36] Dangane da tsarin noma, dogaro mai yawa akan noman wadatar kai na ruwan sama da kuma ƙarancin amfani da dabarun noma na zamani da suka dace da yanayi (climate smart agriculture) suna taimakawa ga babban haɗarin da sashen ke ciki. Lamarin yana daɗa rudarwa saboda ƙarancin amintattun bayanai da rashin samun damar yin amfani da bayanan yanayi don tallafawa matakan daidaitawa.[37] Tarwatsawar yanayin ruwan sama da aka gani da kuma wanda aka hango sanadiyyar canjin yanayi na iya taƙaita lokutan noma da kuma shafar amfanin gona a sassan Afirka da dama. Bugu da ƙari, sashen noma a Afirka mafi yawancinsa yana ƙarƙashin ƙananan manoma ne waɗanda ke da iyakacin damar samun fasaha da albarkatun da za su daidaita da yanayin.[38]

Sauye-sauyen yanayi sun kasance kuma suna ci gaba da zama babban tushen canza-canje a cikin samar da abinci na duniya a faɗin ƙasashe masu tasowa inda samar da abincin ya dogara kacokan akan ruwan sama.[39][40] Sashen noma yana da saurin shafar canjin yanayi,[41] musamman sauye-sauyen ruwan sama na shekara-shekara, yanayin zafi, da munanan al'amuran yanayi (fari da ambaliyar ruwa). An yi hasashen cewa waɗannan al'amuran na yanayi za su ƙaru a nan gaba kuma ana sa ran za su haifar da gagarumin sakamako ga sashen noma.[42] Wannan zai kasance da mummunan tasiri akan farashin abinci, wadatar abinci, da shawarwari game da amfani da ƙasa.[43] Amfanin gona daga noman ruwan sama a wasu ƙasashen Afirka na iya raguwa da kashi 50% zuwa shekarar 2020.[42] Don hana mummunan tasiri na gaba na sauye-sauyen yanayi akan samar da abinci, yana da matakar muhimmanci a daidaita ko ba da shawarar manufofi masu yiwuwa don jure wa ƙaruwar sauye-sauyen yanayi. Ƙasashen Afirka suna buƙatar gina tsarin doka na ƙasa don sarrafa albarkatun abinci daidai da canjin yanayi da ake tsammani. Sai dai, kafin tsara manufofin magance tasirin sauye-sauyen yanayi, musamman ga sashen noma, yana da matakar muhimmanci a sami fahimta mai kyau game da yadda canjin yanayi ke shafar amfanin gona daban-daban.[44] Wannan yana da mahimmanci musamman a shekarar 2020 saboda mummunan farmakin fara (locusts) wanda ya yi mummunan tasiri ga aikin noma a gabashin Afirka.[45] An danganta wannan farmakin sashin jiki ga canjin yanayi - yanayin zafi mafi dumi da mamakon ruwan sama wanda ya haifar da ƙaruwar fara ta hanyar da ba a saba gani ba.[45]

A Gabashin Afirka, ana sa ran canjin yanayi zai daɗa yawaita da tsananin fari da ambaliyar ruwa, wanda zai iya yin mummunan tasiri ga sashen noma. Canjin yanayi zai haifar da tasiri daban-daban akan aikin noma a Gabashin Afirka. Bincike daga Cibiyar Binciken Manufofin Abinci ta Duniya (IFPRI) ya nuna ƙaruwar amfanin masara a mafi yawan Gabashin Afirka, amma asarar amfanin gona a sassan Habasha (Ethiopia), Jamhuriyar Dimokiraɗiyyar Kongo (DRC), Tanzania, da kuma arewacin Uganda.[46] Ana kuma sa ran hasashen canjin yanayi zai rage ƙarfin ƙasar da ake noma don samar da amfanin gona mai inganci da yawa.[47]

Canjin yanayi a Kenya ana sa ran zai haifar da babban tasiri ga sashen noma, wanda mafi yawansa ya dogara da ruwan sama saboda haka yana cikin babban haɗarin sauye-sauye a yanayin zafi da ruwan sama, da munanan al'amuran yanayi.[48] Tasirin zai fi fitowa fili a cikin busassun ƙasashe da matsakaitan busassun ƙasashe (ASALs) inda kiwon dabbobi shine mabuɗin aikin tattalin arziki da hanyar rayuwa. A cikin yankunan ASALs, sama da kashi 70% na mutuwar dabbobi yana faruwa ne sakamakon fari.[48] A cikin shekaru 10 masu zuwa, kashi 52% na adadin shanu na yankunan ASAL suna cikin haɗarin mutuwa saboda tsananin zafi.

Tasiri ga lafiya

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Kasashen Afirka ne ke da tsarin kula da lafiyar jama'a mafi rashin inganci a duniya.[49] Nauyin cututtuka masu yaduwa kamar zazzabin cizon sauro (malaria), zazzabin tura (schistosomiasis), zazzabin dengue, da sankarau (meningitis), wadanda ke da saurin shafar tasirin yanayi, sun fi yawa a yankin Kudu da Hamada na Afirka. Alal misali, sama da kashi 90 cikin dari na adadin mutanen da ke kamuwa da zazzabin cizon sauro a duniya duk shekara suna Afirka.[49] Sauye-sauyen yanayi za su shafi yaduwar kwayoyin cuta gami da canza yadda mutane ke fuskantar hadarin kamuwa da wadannan cututtuka.

Bisa rahoton kimantawa na shida na hukumar IPCC, canjin yanayi yana zama babbar barazana ga lafiyar dubun-dubatar mutanen Afirka, domin yana jefa su cikin yanayin zafi ko sanyi mara kyau, munanan al'amuran yanayi, da kuma karuwar yankuna da saurin yaduwar cututtuka masu yaduwa.[50]

Canjin yanayi, wanda ke haifar da karuwar yanayin zafi, guguwa, fari, da hauhawar matakin teku, zai shafi aukuwa da kuma rarrabuwar cututtuka masu yaduwa a fadin duniya.[51]

A watan Yulin 2021, Hukumar Abinci ta Duniya (WFP) ta dora alhakin matsalar karancin abinci da ke gudana a kudancin Madagascar kacokan a kan canjin yanayi, ba wai a kan yaki ko rikici ba. An bayyana lamarin a matsayin yunwa ta farko da canjin yanayi ya haifar.[52][53][54]

Zazzabin cizon sauro (Malaria)

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

A Afirka, zazzabin cizon sauro yana ci gaba da yin mummunan tasiri ga al'umma. Yayin da canjin yanayi ke ci gaba, takaitattun yankunan da ke iya fuskantar yaduwar zazzabin cizon sauro mai babban hadari a duk tsawon shekara za su tashi daga gabar tekun yammacin Afirka zuwa yankin da ke tsakanin Jamhuriyar Dimokuradiyyar Kongo da Uganda, wanda aka sani da Tsaunin Afirka (African Highlands).[55]

Kura-kuran kimiyya yayin binciken sauye-sauyen yanayin yaduwar zazzabin cizon sauro a Tsaunin Afirka suna da kama da wadanda ke da alaka da faffadan fahimtar canjin yanayi da zazzabin cizon sauro. Yayin da tsara taswira ta hanyar sauye-sauyen yanayin zafi ke nuna cewa akwai alaka tsakanin karuwar zafi da karuwar yaduwar zazzabin cizon sauro, har yanzu da akwai sauran rashi na bayanai. Sauye-sauyen yawan jama'a a nan gaba wadanda ke shafar cunkoson jama'a, gami da sauye-sauye a dabi'un sauro, na iya shafar saurin yaduwar cutar kuma suna zama abubuwan da ke takaita tantance hadarin bullar zazzabin cizon sauro a nan gaba, wanda hakan kuma ke shafar shiri na dace don tunkarar bullar cutar.[55] Game da saurin yaduwar zazzabin cizon sauro a Tsaunin Afirka, abubuwa da illolin da ke fitowa daga gagarumin sauyin muhalli kamar yanayi mai dumi, sauye-sauyen yanayin gudanar ruwa, da karuwar tasirin ayyukan dan adam kamar sare bishiyoyi (deforestation), suna samar da ingantaccen yanayi don yaduwar zazzabin cizon sauro tsakanin mai dauke da cutar da wanda ake frawa.[56] Musamman ma, zazzabin cizon sauro yana faruwa ne sanadiyyar kwayoyin cuta na "Plasmodium falciparum" da "Plasmodium vivax" wadanda kwarin sauro na "Anopheles" ke dauke da su. Kodayake kwayar cutar "Plasmodium vivax" na iya rayuwa a yanayin zafi mafi karanci, ita kwayar cutar "Plasmodium falciparum" za ta iya rayuwa ne kawai kuma ta hayayyafa a cikin sauro lokacin da yanayin zafi ya haura 20 °C.[57] Karuwar danshi da ruwan sama suma suna taimakawa wajen hayayyafa da rayuwar wannan kwayar cuta.[58] Kamuwa da zazzabin cizon sauro zai zama babban hadari ga mutane yayin da adadin matan sauro na "Anopheles" masu dauke da kwayar cutar "Plasmodium falciparum" ko "Plasmodium vivax" ke karuwa.[58]

Bincike ya nuna karuwar dacewar yanayi gaba daya don yaduwar zazzabin cizon sauro, wanda ke haifar da karuwar yawan mutanen da ke cikin hadarin kamuwa da cutar.[59] Mafi mahimmanci shine karuwar yautuwar barkewar cutar a wurare masu tsayi (kamar Tsaunin Afirka). Haifawar yanayin zafi a wadannan yankuna na da damar sauya yankunan da da can ba su da zazzabin sauro zuwa yankuna masu fama da barkewar cutar na lokaci-lokaci.[60] Sakamakon haka, sabbin al'umma za su fuskanci cutar, wanda zai kai ga asarar shekaru masu amfani na koshin lafiya. Bugu da kari, nauyin cutar na iya zama mafi lahani ga yankunan da ba su da karfi da albarkatun da za su magance irin wadannan kalubale da matsaloli yadda ya kamata.[61]

Yayin da canjin yanayi ke sauya yankunan labarin kasa na yaduwar cutar zuwa Tsaunin Afirka, kalubalen zai kasance shine gano da kuma sarrafa kwarin sauro a yankunan da ba su taba ganinsa ba a baya.[62]

Tasiri da ke shafar shiyyoyi

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Afirka ta Tsakiya

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Afirka ta Tsakiya, a mafi yawancin sassa, yanki ne da ke kewaye da kasa (ba shi da gabar teku) kuma ta fuskar labarin kasa yana fuskantar barazanar canjin yanayi. Saboda tsananin sauye-sauyen yanayi a yankin da kuma dogaro ga aikin noma na ruwan sama, ana sa ran Afirka ta Tsakiya za ta fuskanci lokutan tsananin zafi (heatwaves) masu tsayi da kuma yawaitar mazaunai, gami da karuwar mamakon ruwan sama na matakari na karshe.[63] Matsakaitan zafin duniya a wannan yanki ana sa ran zai karu da digiri 1.5 °C zuwa 2 °C.[64]

Karfin shakar iskar gas mai gurbata muhalli (carbon dioxide) na daji a yankin Kogin Kongo ya ragu. Wannan raguwa ta faru ne saboda karuwar zafi da fari da ke haifar da raguwar girman bishiyoyi. Wannan yana nuna cewa har ma dajin da ba a taba sare bishiyoyinsa ba canjin yanayi yana shafar sa. Wani bincike da aka wallafa a mujallar Nature ya nuna cewa nan da shekarar 2030, dajin Afirka zai shaki kasa da kashi 14 cikin dari na carbon dioxide idan aka kwatanta da abin da yake shaka tsakanin shekarun 2005-2010, kuma ba zai shaki komai ba kwata-kwata nan da shekarar 2035.[65]

Gabashin Afirka

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Ganin cewa kusan gaba daya yankin yana cikin yankuna masu zafi (tropics), ruwan sama a Gabashin Afirka ya dogara ne kacokan a kan sauye-sauyen lokaci na gungun gajimare na ruwan sama na yankunan zafi.[66] Gabashin Afirka yana da siffar sauye-sauyen ruwan sama masu yawa ta fuskar lokaci da sarari saboda ya shimfidu sama da digiri 30 na layi na latitude (ketare layin hantar duniya). Yana samun tasiri daga tekunan Indiya da na Atlantika, kuma yana da manyan siffofin kasa (yankunan tsaunuka) gami da manyan madatsun ruwa na cikin kasa kamar Tafkin Victoria. Saboda haka, yanayin lokutan ruwan sama ya bambanta tun daga lokacin ruwan sama guda daya kacal a shekara a tsakanin watannin Yuli-Agusta a sassan arewa maso yamma (ciki har da Habasha da Sudan ta Kudu, wadanda ta fuskar yanayi ke da alaka da Yammacin Afirka, inda iskar iska mai kawo ruwa ta Yammacin Afirka ke kawo musu ruwan sama) zuwa lokacin ruwan sama guda daya kacal a shekara a tsakanin Disamba - Fabrairu a kudanci (a fadin Tanzania), yayin da yankuna da dama na kusa da layin hantar duniya ke da lokutan ruwan sama guda biyu a shekara,[67] kusan a tsakanin watannin Maris-Mayu (wato "Dogon Ruwa") da Oktoba zuwa Disamba ("Takaitaccen Ruwa"). Sauye-sauyen ruwan sama a kan kananan siffofi sau da yawa suna da alaka da siffofin tsaunuka da tafkuna. Sauye-sauyen shekara-shekara na iya zama manya, kuma abubuwan sarrafawa da aka sani sun hada da sauye-sauyen yanayin zafin saman teku (SSTs) na kwarurukan tekuna daban-daban, yanayin iska mai fadin gaske na sauye-sauye kamar Madden-Julian Oscillation (MJO)[68][69] da kuma guguwa mai karfi ta wuraren zafi (tropical cyclones).[69][70] Dogon Ruwa shi ne babban lokacin noman amfanin gona a yankin. Hasashen shekara-shekara na wannan lokaci yana da karanci idan aka kwatanta da Takaitaccen Ruwa, kuma bushewar da aka gani kwanan nan ta sha bamban da hasashen yanayi na samun damina mai zuwa a nan gaba (wanda ake kira "Dambarar yanayin Gabashin Afirka").[71]). Gabashin Afirka ya shaida yawaitar fari mai tsanani a cikin shekarun baya-bayan nan, gami da ambaliyar ruwa mai barna. Yanayin ruwan sama tun daga shekarun 1980 ya nuna raguwa gaba daya a cikin watannin Maris - Mayu (MAM) yayin da aka sami 'yar karuwa kadan a lokacin ruwan sama na watannin Yuni - Satumba (JJAS) da Oktoba - Disamba (OND),[72] kodayake kamar an sami komawa daidai kwanan nan a cikin ruwan saman MAM.[73] A nan gaba, an kiyasta cewa ruwan sama da yanayin zafi za su canza a fadin Gabashin Afirka.[74][75][76] Bincike na baya-bayan nan kan kiyasin yanayi ya nuna cewa matsakacin zafi na iya karuwa da kusan digiri 2-3 °C zuwa tsakiyar karni sannan da digiri 2-5 °C a karshen karni.[77] Wannan zai dogara ne a kan tsarin fitar da hayaki mai gurbata muhalli gami da yadda ainihin yanayin ke mayar da martani idan aka kwatanta da sakamako daban-daban da kirar tsare-tsare na na'ura (models) suka nuna. Kiyasin kirar yanayi yana nuna cewa za a sami karuwar ruwan sama, musamman a lokacin OND, wanda kuma aka kiyasta zai auku a makare. Wannan jinkiri na takaitaccen lokacin ruwan sama yana da alaka da fadada yanayin zafi mai karfi na Sahara (Saharan Heat Low) karkashin canjin yanayi.[74] Sai dai kuma, wasu kirar tsare-tsaren na kiyasin raguwar ruwan sama,[76][77] kuma ga wasu shiyyoyi da lokuta, mafi girman karuwar ruwan sama da aka kiyasta an nuna cewa yana kunshe da hanyoyin da ba su dace ba saboda kura-kurai na tsari na kirar tsare-tsaren.[78] Bugu da kari, sauye-sauyen sinadarai na iska (aerosols) suna tasiri ga sauyin ruwan sama wanda ba a iya kamawa a cikin kiyasin canjin yanayi da dama.[79][80]

Bambanci tsakanin yanayin bushewa na ruwan saman MAM (dogon ruwa) a daidai hantar Gabashin Afirka, tare da yawancin kirar kiyasin da ke nuna za a sami jika a nan gaba an sanya masa lakabi da "dambarar canjin yanayin Gabashin Afirka",[80] kodayake an sami dan farfadowa kwanan nan a cikin ruwan saman.[73] Bincike ya nuna cewa yanayin bushewar ba lallai ba ne ya kasance na halitta zalla, amma yana iya kasancewa samfari ne na abubuwa kamar su aerosols maimakon iskar gas mai gurbata muhalli,[80] saboda haka ana bukatar kararin bincike. An nuna bushewar ta faru ne saboda takaitaccen lokacin ruwan sama, kuma tana da alaka da fadada yanayin zafi mai karfi na Larabawa (Arabian Heat Low).[73]

Sakamakon rashin tabbas a cikin kiyasin ruwan sama, sauye-sauye a farkon lokutan ruwan sama ba su da tabbas a daidai hantar Gabashin Afirka, kodayake kirar kiyasin da dama suna nuna makarin takaitaccen ruwan sama mai yawa.[74] An san cewa tsarin Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) yana ba da gagarumin iko a kan sauye-sauyen shekara-shekara a cikin takaitaccen ruwan sama,[81] kuma bincike ya nuna cewa tsananin IOD na iya karuwa karkashin canjin yanayi.[82] A fadin duniya, ana sa ran canjin yanayi zai kai ga tsanantar ruwan sama, yayin da mamakon ruwan sama ke karuwa cikin sauri tare da dumama fiye da yadda jimillar ruwan sama ke yi.[83] Binciken baya-bayan nan ya nuna cewa a fadin Afirka, ana sa ran kirar kiyasin duniya za su gaza kimanta saurin sauyin wannan tsanantar ruwan sama,[17] kuma sauye-sauye a cikin matakan karshe na ruwan sama na iya yaduwa sosai fiye da wadanda kirar kiyasin duniya suka kiyasta.[84]

Sassan kudancin Gabashin Afirka suna samun mafi yawan ruwan samansu ne a cikin lokacin ruwan sama guda daya a lokacin sanyin rabin duniyar kudanci: a fadin Tanzania an kiyasta ruwan saman lokaci zai karu karkashin canjin yanayi na gaba, kodayake akwai rashin tabbas.[74] can gaba zuwa kudanci, a fadin Mozambique, an kiyasta takaitaccen lokacin ruwan sama saboda farawa a makare karkashin canjin yanayi na gaba, shi ma tare da wasu rashin tabbas.[85]

A matsayin misali, kasar Kenya tana da babban hadarin fuskantar tasirin canjin yanayi. Babban hadarin yanayi sun hada da fari da ambaliyar ruwa saboda ruwan sama zai kasance mai tsanani da kuma wuyar hasashe. Kirar tsare-tsare na yanayi sun yi hasashen cewa yanayin zafi zai tashi da digiri 0.5 zuło 2 °C.[86] A cikin rukunin gidajen marasa galihu na birnin Nairobi, tasirin dumama na tsarin birni (urban heat island) yana kara tsananta matsalar domin yana haifar da yanayin zafi mafi dumi na kewaye. Wannan yana faruwa ne saboda kayayyakin ginin gidaje, rashin samun iska mai kyau, karancin korayen wurare, da karancin damar samun wutar lantarki da sauran ayyuka.[87]

Arewacin Afirka

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Yammacin Afirka da Sahel

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Yannkin Yammacin Afirka za a iya raba shi zuwa kananan shiyyoyin yanayi guda hudu wadanda sune Gabar Tekun Guinea, Sudano-Sahel, Sahel (wanda ya shimfidu gabas zuwa iyakar Habasha) da kuma Sahara,[88] kowanne yana da yanayin gudanar iska daban-daban. Zagayowar lokutan ruwan sama ya dogara ne mafi yawancinsa akan motsi na kudu-arewa na gungun iska mai haduwa ta yankunan zafi (ITCZ) wanda ke da siffar haduwar iska mai danshi ta yamma maso kudu da iska mai bushewa ta gabas maso arewa wato Hunutu (Harmattan).

Karba-da-daidaitawa

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Don rage tasirin canjin yanayi a kasashen Afirka, ana bukatar matakan karba-da-daidaitawa (adaptation) a matakai da dama – tun daga matakin gida (local) zuwa matakin kasa da na shiyya.[89] Zaman farko na ayyukan karba-da-daidaitawa a Afirka za a iya siffanta su mafi yawanci a matsayin kanana ta fuskar tsari, wadanda suka mayar da hankali kan zuba jari na musamman a fannin aikin noma da kuma yada fasahohi don tallafawa yanke shawara na daidaitawa.[90] A dabarun baya-bayan nan, kokarin shirye-shiryen ya karkata zuwa ga manyan ayyuka da aka tsara su cikin hadin gwiwa, wadanda ke tattauna batutuwan da suka shafi fannoni da dama lokaci guda. A cewar wani bincike na shekarar 2023, kashi 59 cikin dari na bankunan Afirka suna da tsarin manufofin canjin yanayi da aka riga aka kafa, yayin da wani kashi 22 cikin dari ke shirin aiwatar da hakan. Kashi 65 cikin dari na bankunan a halin yanzu suna yin la'akari da hadarin yanayi yayin kimanta sabbin abokan ciniki ko ayyuka, yayin da wani kashi 23 cikin dari ke sa ran yin hakan a nan gaba.[91]

Damammaki da kayayyakin hada-hadar kudi na kore (Green finance) daga bankunan da aka gudanar da bincike a kansu a cikin binciken Bankunan Afirka na Bankin Zuba Jari na Turai[92][93]

Inganta fasahar hasashen yanayi a yankin Afirka da ke kudu da Sahara yana da muhimmanci wajen bayar da bayanai don mayar da martani ga canjin yanayi,[94] domin taimakawa wajen yanke shawara da ke da alaka da karba-da-daidaitawa da canjin yanayi misali.[94]

Yayin Babban Taron Kasashen da ke Cikin Yarjejeniya karo na 21 (COP21) a shekarar 2015, shugabannin kasashen Afirka sun kaddamar da Tsarin Karba-da-daidaitawa na Afirka (Africa Adaptation Initiative - AAI). Kwamitin gudanarwa na AAI ya kunshi Ofishin Taron Ministocin Afirka kan Muhalli (AMCEN) da kuma shugaban Rukunin Masu Tattaunawa na Afirka (AGN).[95]

Haka kuma, Kungiyar Tarayyar Turai tana tallafawa Tsarin Karba-da-daidaitawa na Afirka.[96]

Kungiyar Tarayyar Turai ta yi gungun gwiwa da Tarayyar Afirka kan inganta dorewar gudanar da albarkatun kasa, juriya ta muhalli, da rage tasirin canjin yanayi (climate change mitigation)[97]

A matakin shiyya, kafa manufofi da ayyuka na shiyya don tallafawa karba-da-daidaitawa a fadin Afirka har yanzu suna matakin farko. Rahoton Kimantawa na Biyar na IPCC (AR5) ya bayyana misalan tsare-tsaren ayyuka na canjin yanayi na shiyyoyi daban-daban, ciki har da wadanda Kungiyar Ci gaban Kasashen Kudancin Afirka (SADC) da Kwamitin Kogin Tafkin Victoria suka samar.[22] A matakin kasa, an gudanar da shirye-shiryen farko da dama na daidaitawa ta hanyar Shirye-shiryen Ayyuka na Kasa na Karba-da-daidaitawa (NAPAs) ko Dabarun Mayar da Martani ga Canjin Yanayi na Kasa (NCCRS). Sai dai kuma, aiwatar da su ya kasance cikin jinkiri, tare da samun nasarori mabambanta a fannin isarwa.[98] Sanya batun canjin yanayi cikin tsare-tsaren tattalin arziki da ci gaba mafi fadin gaske har yanzu yana da iyaka kodayake yana ci gaba da bunkasa.[99][22]

A matakin kasa da na gida (subnational), hukumomin larduna da na birni da dama su ma suna samar da dabarunsu na kansu, misali Dabarun Mayar da Martani ga Canjin Yanayi na Western Cape.[100] Duk da haka, matakan iya aiki na fasaha da albarkatun da ke akwai don aiwatar da tsare-tsaren gaba daya suna da karanci. An ba da hankali sosai a fadin Afirka ga aiwatar da ayyukan karba-da-daidaitawa na tushen al'umma (community-based adaptation). Akwai amincewa gaba daya cewa mafi kyawun hanyar tallafawa daidaitawa a matakin gida ita ce farawa da irin karfin daidaitawa na cikin gida da ke akwai riga, da kuma yin amfani da ilimin gargajiya da ayyukan gida.[101]

Sakamakon da ya shafi tsarin fuskantar hadarin yanayi na bankunan Afirka (% na bankunan da aka gudanar da bincike a kansu) daga binciken Bankunan Afirka na Bankin Zuba Jari na Turai na shekarar 2021[92][93]

Hukumar IPCC ta bayyana hanyoyi da dama masu nasara don inganta daidaitawa mai tasiri a Afirka, inda ta bayyana ka'idoji guda biyar na gama gari.[22] Wadannan sun hada da:

  1. Habaka tallafi ga hanyoyin daidaitawa masu zaman kansu (autonomous forms of adaptation);
  2. Kara mayar da hankali ga la'akari na al'ada, dabi'u, da hakki na daidaitawa (musamman ta hanyar shigar da mata, matasa, da matalauta da mutane masu rauni sosai a cikin ayyukan daidaitawa);
  3. Hadawa tsakanin zabuka na "hanyoyin sanyaya gwiwa" (soft path) da hanyoyin koyo masu sauki da maimaitawa tare da hanyoyin fasaha da ababen more rayuwa (gami da hada ilimin kimiyya, na gida, da na gargajiya wajen samar da dabarun daidaitawa);
  4. Mayar da hankali kan inganta juriya da aiwatar da zabukan daidaitawa wadanda ba sa da da-na-sani (low-regrets options); da kuma
  5. Gina tsarin gudanarwa mai dacewa da kuma karfafa tsarin koyo na zamantakewa da na hukumomi a cikin ayyukan daidaitawa.

Rahoton Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya mai taken "Adaptation to Climate Change in Africa Plan of Action for the Health Sector 2012–2016"[102] an tsara shi ne don "samar da cikakken martani da hadin gwiwa na fannin lafiya bisa hujjoji ga bukatun karba-da-daidaitawa ga canjin yanayi na kasashen Afirka domin tallafawa kudurori da fifikon gwamnatocin Afirka."[102] Tsarin aikin ya kunshi manufofi kamar fadada ayyukan lafiyar jama'a, daidaita kokari a matakin kasa da kasa, karfafa gungun gwiwa da kokarin hadin gwiwa, da kuma inganta bincike kan tasirin canjin yanayi gami da matakan inganci da aka dauka a al'ummomin gida don rage sakamakon canjin yanayi.[102]

A cewar Asusun Lamuni na Duniya (IMF), yankin Afirka da ke kudu da Sahara yana bukatar kararin dalar Amurka biliyan $30 zuwa $50 kowace shekara a fannin samar da kudade don daidaitawa da tasirin canjin yanayi.[93][103][104]

Kudaden tallafin yanayi a Gabas Ta Tsakiya da Arewacin Afirka sun kai jimillar dalar Amurka biliyan $32.6 (wato kashi 2 cikin dari na jimillar duniya) a shekarar 2019/2020, yayin da juna jari na yanayi a yankin Afirka da ke kudu da Sahara ya kasance dalar Amurka biliyan $43.8 (kashi 3 cikin dari na jimillar duniya).[91][105]

A cewar binciken Bankunan Afirka na Bankin Zuba Jari na Turai na shekarar 2021, hukumomin Afirka suna kara fahimtar bukatar magance hatsarin da ke tattare da canjin yanayi kuma suna fara amfani da damammaki a fannin samar da kudaden kore (green financing). Misali, kashi 54 cikin dari na bankunan da aka yi bincike a kansu sun dauki canjin yanayi a matsayin wani lamari na dabarun aiki, kuma fiye da kashi 40 cikin dari suna da ma'aikata da ke mayar da hankali kan fannonin da suka shafi yanayi.[106] Bankunan Afirka da ke kudu da Sahara suna kara fadada ayyukansu na dijital, lamarin da annobar COVID-19 ta hanzarta shi. Mafi yawancin bankunan da aka gudanar da bincike a kansu sun bayyana cewa annobar ta hanzarta takun sauyin dijital (digital transformation), kuma wannan sauyi zai kasance na din-din-din.[107][108][93] Matalauta da marasa galihu sune suka fi fuskantar barazana, inda ma'aikata 'yan gudun hijira, 'yan gudun hijirar yaki, da sauran rukunoni da aka ware a cikin al'umma ke fuskantar wahala mafi tsanani. Kudin shiga na kowane mutum (GDP per capita) ba shi da tabbacin zai koma matakan shekarar 2019 har sai zuwa shekarar 2024, tare da barazanar sake faduwa kasa, kuma rikicin ya mayar da baya ga raguwar da aka yi hasashen samu na yawan matalauta, a cewar IMF.

Idan aka kwatanta da hasashen kafin rikicin, wannan na iya haifar da kararin mutane miliyan 30 a yankin Afirka da ke kudu da Sahara da za su rayu cikin matsananciyar talauci nan da shekarar 2021, gami da kararin mutane miliyan tara a yankin Gabas Ta Tsakiya da Arewacin Afirka (MENA).[109]

Ya zuwa shekarar 2023, kusan kashi daya bisa uku na dukkan kudaden tallafin yanayi na Afirka yana kwarara ne zuwa manyan kasuwanni guda biyar: Maroko (kashi 7 cikin dari na juna jari na yanayi na Afirka a cikin 2019/2022), Najeriya (kashi 7), Kenya (kashi 7), Habasha (kashi 6), da Afirka ta Kudu (kashi 5).[91]

A cikin shekaru goman da suka gabata, juna jari na kai-tsaye na ketare na kore (greenfield foreign direct investment) a fadin duniya ya ragu a kan matakin kashi 3 cikin dari a kowace shekara, inda gudunmuwar Afirka ga duniya ta fado daga kashi 12 cikin dari a shekarar 2017 zuwa kasa da kashi 6 cikin dari a shekarar 2021.[91][110]

Matakan karba-da-daidaitawa a Arewacin Afirka

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Ma'aikata na musamman kan canjin yanayi a bankunan Afirka da aka gudanar da bincike a kansu a cikin binciken Bankunan Afirka na Bankin Zuba Jari na Turai (% na bankunan Afirka da aka gudanar da bincike a kansu)

Babban matakan daidaitawa a arewacin Afirka suna da alaka da karuwar hadarin karancin ruwa (sakamakon haduwar canjin yanayi da ke shafar samun ruwa da kuma karuwar bukatarsa). Ragwar samun ruwa, a gefe guda, yana cudanya da karuwar yanayin zafi don haifar da bukatar daidaitawa tsakanin noman alkama na ruwan sama[111][112] da kuma sauyin hadarin cututtuka (misali daga cutar leishmaniasis).[113][114] Mafi yawancin ayyukan gwamnati na daidaitawa sun mayar da hankali ne a kan fannin samar da ruwa, misali ta hanyar kawar da gishirin ruwan teku (desalination), canja wurin ruwa tsakanin kwaruruka da kuma ginin madatsun ruwa.[115] An kuma lura cewa hijira tana zama wata hanya ta daidaitawa ga daidaikun mutane da gidaje a arewacin Afirka.[116] Kamar yankuna da dama, duk da haka, misalan ayyukan daidaitawa na zahiri (sabanin niyyar yin aiki, ko kimanta fuskantar barazana) daga Arewacin Afirka suna da iyaka – wani bincike mai zurfi da aka wallafa a shekarar 2011

Matakan karba-da-daidaitawa a Yammacin Afirka

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Samun ruwa babban hadari ne na musamman a Yammacin Afirka, inda munanan abubuwan da ke faruwa kamar fari ke haifar da rikice-rikicen bil'adama da ke da alaka da lokutan yunwa, karancin abinci, raba mutane da muhallansu, hijira gami da rikici da rashin tsaro. Dabarun daidaitawa za su iya kasancewa na muhalli, na al'ada/na fannin noma (agronomic) da kuma na tattalin arziki.[117]

Dabarun daidaitawa suna bayyana fili a fannin aikin noma, inda wasu daga cikinsu bincike na yau da kullum ko tashoshin gwaji suka samar ko suka inganta su.[118] Sauye-sauyen aikin noma na gargajiya da aka lura da su a arewacin Ghana sun shafi amfanin gona, kasa, ko kuma sun shafi ayyukan al'adu.[118][119] Daidaitawar aikin noma na dogaro da dabbobi sun hada da dabarun gargajiya kamar daidaita yawan abincin da ake ba dabbobi, adana isasshen abinci a lokacin wadata don ciyar da dabbobi a lokacin rani, warkar da raunuka da maganin da aka yi da bawon wasu bishiyoyi, da kuma rike nau'ikan dabbobi na gida wadanda riga suka saba da yanayin arewacin Ghana;[120] da fasahoyin samar da dabbobi da suka hada da kiwo, lafiya, abinci/mai gina jiki, da kuma wurin kwana.[121]

Zabi da kuma amfani da dabarun daidaitawa sun dogara ne a matakai daban-daban a kan abubuwan da suka shafi alkaluman jama'a (demographic factors) kamar girman iyali, shekaru, jinsi, da ilimin shugaban iyali; abubuwan tattalin arziki kamar tushen kudin shiga; girman gona; ilimi game da zabukan daidaitawa; da kuma tsammanin abubuwan da za su faru a nan gaba.[122]

Matakan karba-da-daidaitawa a Gabashin Afirka

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

A Gabashin Afirka zabukan daidaitawa sun bambanta, ciki har da inganta amfani da bayanan yanayi, ayyuka a fannin aikin noma da kiwon dabbobi, da kuma fannin albarkatun ruwa.

Yin amfani da ingantattun bayanan yanayi da na sararin samaniya, hasashen yanayi, da sauran kayan aikin gudanarwa yana ba da damar samun bayanai akan lokaci da kuma shirye-shiryen mutane a fannoni kamar aikin noma da ke dogaro da yanayi. Wannan yana nufin kwarewa a kan bayanan ruwa da yanayi (hydro-meteorological information) da tsarin gargadi na dauri.[123] An bayyana cewa al'ummomin gargajiya suna da ilimi a kan canje-canjen yanayi na tarihi ta hanyar alamun muhalli (misali bayyana da kuma hijirar wasu tsuntsaye, malam buɗe-littafi da sauransu), don haka inganta ilimin gargajiya an dauke shi a matsayin muhimmiyar dabarar daidaitawa.

Daidaitawa a fannin aikin noma[124] ya kunshi kara amfani da taki na takin gargajiya da taki na musamman don amfanin gona, amfani da nau'ikan amfanin gona masu juriya da kuma amfanin gona masu nuna da wuri. Taki na gargajiya, musamman takin dabbobi, ana tunanin yana rike da ruwa kuma yana da kwayoyin cuta (microbes) masu mahimmanci wadanda ke fasa abubuwan gina jiki don samar da su ga tsirrai, idan aka kwatanta da takin zamani wanda ke da sinadarai wadanda lokacin da aka sake su ga muhalli saboda yawan amfani da su ke fitar da iskar gas mai dumama yanayi.[125] babban rauni daya na fannin aikin noma a Gabashin Afirka shi ne dogaro da aikin noma na ruwan sama.[126] Mafita ta daidaitawa ita ce ingantaccen tsarin ban ruwa da ingantaccen tsarin adana ruwa da amfani da shi. Noman ban ruwa na digo (drip irrigation) an gano shi musamman a matsayin wani zabi mai kiyaye ruwa domin yana tura ruwa kai tsaye zuwa tushen shuka tare da karancin barna. Kasashe kamar Rwanda da Kenya sun ba da fifiko wajen samar da wuraren ban ruwa ta hanyar amfani da tsarin ruwa na magudanar juriya daga koramu da koguna na din-din-din a yankunan da ke fuskantar barazanar fari mai tsawo.[127] Lokacin da aka yi ruwan sama mai karfi, yankuna da dama suna fuskantar ambaliyar ruwa sakamakon filaye marasa gashi saboda sare bishiyoyi da karancin ciyayi a kasa. Dabarun daidaitawa da aka duba don wannan shi ne inganta kokarin kiyaye kariya ga kasa, ta hanyar dasa bishiyoyi na gida, kare wuraren dake rike da ruwa da kuma gudanar da filayen kiwo ta hanyar rarraba shiyyoyi.[128]

Ga fannin kiwon dabbobi, zabukan daidaitawa sun kunshi gudanar da samarwa ta hanyar dorewar gudanar da kasa da makiyaya a cikin tsarin muhalli. Wannan ya kunshi inganta hanyoyin samar da ciyawa da abincin dabbobi misali ta hanyar ban ruwa da amfani da ruwan da aka tace daga kazanta, da kuma mayar da hankali kan zuba jari wajen adana ciyawa don amfani da ita a lokacin rani. Kula da dabbobi ana daukarsa ne a matsayin hanyar rayuwa maimakon aikin tattalin arziki. A duk fadin kasashen Gabashin Afirka musamman a yankunan busassun filaye (ASALs), an bayyana cewa inganta sayar da dabbobi a matsayin kasuwanci wani zabi ne na daidaitawa.[129] Wannan ya kunshi amfani da tsarin tattalin arziki wajen samar da abincin dabbobi, gano asalin dabbobi, inganta bukatar kayayyakin dabbobi kamar nama, madara da fata da kuma hadawa da kasuwanni na musamman don inganta kasuwanci da samar da kudin shiga.[130]

A fannin albarkatun ruwa, zabukan sun hada da ingantaccen amfani da ruwa ga gidaje, dabbobi da amfani na masana'antu da kuma kare hanyoyin samun ruwa. Kamfen kamar dasa bishiyoyi na gida a wuraren da ke rike da ruwa, sarrafa ayyukan bil'adama kusa da wuraren rike da ruwa musamman aikin noma da matsugunai an gudanar da su don taimakawa wajen kare albarkatun ruwa da kuma samar da damar samun ruwa ga al'ummomi musamman lokacin matsalolin yanayi.

Kwamoras – "NAPA ita ce fadada aiki na Takardar Dabarun Rage Talauci (PRSP), domin ta kunshi a cikin abubuwan da ta sanya a gaba na daidaitawa, aikin noma, kamun kifi, ruwa, gidaje, lafiya, har ma da yawon bude ido, ta hanyar da ba kai tsaye ba, ta hanyar sake gina gangaren kwatami da yaki da zaftarewar kasa, don haka kiyaye duwatsun karkashin teku ta hanyar takaita tabo da ke fitowa daga kasa.[131]"

Kenya ta kafa Dokar Canjin Yanayi ta shekarar 2016 wadda ta kafa hukuma don kula da ci gaba, gudanarwa, aiwatarwa da kuma tsara hanyoyin inganta juriya ga canjin yanayi da ci gaba mai karancin carbon don ci gaba mai dorewa, ta hanyar Gwamnatocin Kasa da na Sassa (Counties), kamfanoni masu zaman kansu, kungiyoyin farar hula, da sauran masu ruwa da tsaki. Kenya ta kuma samar da Tsarin Aikin Canjin Yanayi na Kasa (NCCAP 2018–2022 Archived 23 Disamba 2019 at the Wayback Machine) wanda ke da nufin ci gaba da manufofin ci gaban kasar ta hanyar samar da hanyoyi da matakai don cimma ci gaba mai juriya ga yanayi mai karancin carbon a hanyar da ta ba da fifiko ga daidaitawa.

Matakan karba-da-daidaitawa a Tsakiyar Afirka

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Angola – "Manufar Shirye-shiryen Ayyuka na Kasa na Karba-da-daidaitawa ita ce gano tare da isar da gaggawa da bukatun kasar nan take game da daidaitawa ga canjin yanayi, don kara juriya ga Angola ga sauyin yanayi da canjin yanayi don tabbatar da nasarar shirye-shiryen rage talauci, manufofin ci gaba mai dorewa da kuma Manufofin Ci Gaban Karni da Gwamnati ke bi."[132]

Matakan karba-da-daidaitawa a Kudancin Afirka

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

An gudanar da tsare-tsare da dama a matakin gida (takamaiman wurare), matakin kasa da na shiyya da nufin karfafa juriya ga canjin yanayi. Wasu daga cikin wadannan sun hada da: Shirin Canjin Yanayi na Shiyya (RCCP),[133] SASSCAL,[134] ASSAR,[135] Karba-da-daidaitawa ga Canjin Yanayi na UNDP,[136] RESILIM,[137][138] FRACTAL.[139] Afirka ta Kudu ta aiwatar da Babban Shirin Bincike na Hanyoyin Daidaitawa na Dogon Lokaci (LTAS) daga watan Afrilu 2012 zuwa Yuni 2014. Wannan binciken ya kuma samar da takardun gaskiya da rahoton fasaha da ya shafi yankin SADC mai taken "Climate Change Adaptation: Perspectives for the Southern African Development Community (SADC)".[140]

Madagascar – fannonin da aka ba wa fifiko don daidaitawa sune: aikin noma da kiwon dabbobi, gandun daji, lafiyar jama'a, albarkatun ruwa da yankunan gabar teku.[141]

Malawi – NAPA ta gano abubuwa masu zuwa a matsayin ayyuka mafi fifiko don daidaitawa: "Inganta juriyar al'umma ga canjin yanayi ta hanyar samar da dorewar hanyoyin rayuwa a karkara, Maido da gandun daji a Upper da Lower Shire Valleys don rage daskarewar kasa da matsalolin kwararar ruwa da ke tattare da hakan, Inganta ayyukan gona a karkashin ruwan sama mara tabbas da sauye-sauyen yanayi, Inganta shirin Malawi don fuskantar fari da ambaliyar ruwa, da kuma Inganta sanya idanu kan yanayi don bunkasa karfin gargadin dauri na Malawi da yanke shawara da kuma dorewar amfani da albarkatun Tafkin Malawi da yankunan gabar tafkin[142]". Kuma a cewar Rahoton Yanayi da Ci Gaban Kasa (CCDR) na Bankin Duniya na Malawi, kasar za ta iya "daukar matakai don kaddamar da zuba jari a cikin ababen more rayuwa masu juriya ga yanayi da kuma dakatar da lalacewar kasa da asarar gandun daji don inganta yawan aikin gona da kama carbon" [143]"

Mauritius – yakamata daidaitawa ta mayar da hankali kan fannoni masu fifiko kamar haka: albarkatun gabar teku, aikin noma, albarkatun ruwa, kamun kifi, lafiya da jin dadin rayuwa, canjin amfanin kasa da gandun daji da kuma rayuwun halittu daban-daban.[144]

Mozambique – "Tsare-tsaren daidaitawa da aka gabatar sun shafi fannoni daban-daban na ci gaban tattalin arziki da zamantakewa, kuma sun bayyana ayyukan da suka shafi rage tasirin bala'o'i, samar da matakan daidaitawa ga canjin yanayi, yaki da zaftarewar kasa a yankunan da ke da matsananciyar kwararar hamada da yankunan gabar teku, dasa bishiyoyi da kuma gudanar da albarkatun ruwa."[145]"

Rwanda ta samar da Shirin Aiki na Kasa na Karba-da-daidaitawa (NAPA 2006) wanda ke dauke da bayanai don jagorantar masu tsara manufofi na kasa da masu tsara shirye-shirye a kan matsaloli masu fifiko da daidaitawa a fannonin tattalin arziki masu mahimmanci.[146] Kasar ta kuma samar da manufofi na sassa daban-daban kan daidaitawa ga canjin yanayi kamar Vision 2020, Manufar Muhalli ta Kasa da Manufar Aikin Noma da sauransu.[147]

Tanzania – Tanzania ta bayyana matakan daidaitawa masu fifiko a cikin NAPA dakarunta, da dabarun sassa na kasa daban-daban da kuma sakamakon bincike.[148] NAPA ta yi nasarar karfafa sanya batun canjin yanayi a cikin manufofin sassa a Tanzania; sai dai kuma, hadin gwiwar sassa daban-daban da ke da muhimmanci wajen aiwatar da dabarun daidaitawa ya kasance mai iyaka saboda kalubalen hukumomi kamar rashin daidaiton iko, karancin kasafi da kuma tsarin tsuke fuska na sassa.[98] Mafi yawancin ayyukan a Tanzania sun shafi aikin noma da gudanar da albarkatun ruwa (ban ruwa, kiyaye ruwa, taran ruwan sama); sai dai kuma, makamashi da yawon bude ido su ma suna taka muhimmiyar rawa.[149]

Zambia – "NAPA ta gano bukatun gaggawa na daidaitawa guda 39 da kuma fannoni guda 10 masu fifiko a cikin sassan aikin noma da samar da abinci (kiwon dabbobi, kamun kifi da amfanin gona), makamashi da ruwa, lafiyar bil'adama, albarkatun kasa da namun daji."[150]

Zimbabwe – "Sauran matakan dabarun da tsarin NAP zai dauka sune: Karfafa rawar da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu ke takawa wajen tsara daidaitawa, Habaka karfin Gwamnati na samar da ayyukan da bankuna za su iya ba da kudi ta hanyar horarwa, Inganta gudanar da bayanan baya na yanayi don sanar da tsara canjin yanayi, Tsara dabarun tattara albarkatu na gaba don gano asali da neman kudaden tallafin yanayi na kasa da kasa tunda bukatar kudi a halin yanzu ta kasance mafi yawanci bayan abu ya faru, tare da mayar da hankali kan agajin gaggawa maimakon rage hadarin canjin yanayi, shiri da daidaitawa, Samar da daidaitaccen tsarin sa ido da manufofin kimantawa ga shirye-shirye da ayyuka, tunda hukumomi da dama a cikin gwamnati ba su da tsari na bai-daya na sa ido da kimantawa a halin yanzu."[151]

Lesotho – "Babban burin tsarin NAPA sun kunshi: gano al'ummomi da hanyoyin rayuwa da suka fi fuskantar barazana ga canjin yanayi, samar da jerin ayyukan da za su samar da tushen shirin aiki na kasa na karba-da-daidaitawa, da kuma isar da gaggawa da bukatun kasar nan take da kuma abubuwan da suka sa gaba domin gina karfin daidaitawa ga canjin yanayi."[152]"

Namibia – muhimman batutuwa na daidaitawa sune "Samar da abinci da dorewar tushen albarkatun halittu, Dorewar tushen albarkatun ruwa, Lafiyar bil'adama da jin dadin rayuwa gami da bunkasa ababen more rayuwa."[153]

Afirka ta Kudu ta amince a watan Agusta 2020 da Dabarunta na Kasa na Karba-da-daidaitawa ga Canjin Yanayi, wanda "ke aiki a matasayin tattaunawa ta bai-daya don kokarin daidaitawa ga canjin yanayi a Afirka ta Kudu, kuma yana samar da tsari inda za a iya bayyana manufofin daidaitawa ga canjin yanayi na kasa don samar da jagoranci ga dukkan sassan tattalin arziki."[154]"

Ilimin gargajiya da sabbin dabarun cikin gida

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Yayin da manyan shirye-shiryen gwamnati da asusun kasa da kasa ke tafiyar da manyan manufofin sauyin yanayi, al'ummomin yau da kullum a fadin Afirka sun dogara kacokan ga ilimin yanayin kasa na gargajiya (TEK) domin tsira[155]. Wannan wani sashi ne na fahimta, fasaha, da falsafar da al'ummomin gida suka bunkasa danyen daruruwan shekaru ta hanyar saduwa kai tsaye da dabi'a. Wadannan ayyuka da aka gwada cikin lokaci suna ba mutane hanyoyi masu amfani na cikin gida don hango yanayi, adana ruwa, da kuma kiyaye aikin gona da rai duk da sauyin yanayi.

Hasashen yanayi na gargajiya

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Tun kafin zuwan wayoyin salula da manhajojin yanayi na zamani, al'ummomin manoma da makiyaya na karkara sun yi amfani da nasu hanyoyin na hango yanayi. Masana na cikin gida suna lura da alamun dabi'a da kyau don hango fari ko mamakon ruwan sama, kamar:

  • Hanyoyin hijira na ba-zata na tsuntsayen gida.
  • Takamaiman lokaci na shekara da wasu bishiyoyi ke fara fure.
  • Sauye-sauyen jagorancin iska da bayyanar taurari da daddare.

Alal misali, kungiyoyin makiyaya a Gabashin Afirka suna kallon yadda dabbobinsu ke nuna hali sannan suna bin diddigin zirga-zirgar namun daji don yanke shawarar hanyoyin da za su bi, domin tabbatar da cewa dabbobinsu sun sami ruwa da ciyawa a lokacin fari.[156] A yau, masana kimiyya suna fahimtar cewa hada wadannan alamun gargajiya da kimiyyar yanayi na zamani yana haifar da gargaɗin da manoman gida ke amincewa da shi kuma suke amfani da shi.

Dabarun adana kasa da ruwa

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

A yankunan da ke fuskantar fadada kwararar hamada da ruwan sama maras tabbas, al'ummomi sun dawo da dabarun sarrafa filaye na da can masu dabarun gaske.[157] A yankin Sahel, musamman a Burkina Faso da Nijar, manoma suna amfani da tsohuwar dabarar hakar kasa da ake kira Zaï[158]

Maimakon yin huda a fili madaidanci, manoma suna gina ramuka masu zurfi a cikin kasa mai tauraro sannan su cika kasan da abubuwan gina jiki na dabi'a kamar takin gargajiya (takin dabba). Wannan tsari mai dabarun gaske yana yin abubuwa guda biyu: yana kama kowane digo na ruwan sama da ba a cika samunsa ba, sannan takin yana janyo gara, wadanda ke hakar rami a karkashin kasa da ke sanyaya kasar da ke da tauraro ta dabi'a domin saiwar shuka ta iya girma.[158]

Manoma kuma suna gina ganyayen duwatsu wadangan katanga ne na duwatsu marasa tsawo da ake jerawa a kan magudanar ruwa na dabi'a na tuddansu. Lokacin da aka yi ruwan sama na ba-zata kuma mai karfi, wadannan layukan duwatsu suna rage gudu ga ruwan da ke gudu da karfi, suna hana shi wanke saman kasa mai kyau da ke dauke da abinci sannan suna ba ruwan lokacin da zai taba cikin kasa.[157] A kudanci da gabashin Afirka, al'ummomi suna amfani da dabarun aikin gona na dabi'a tare da bishiyoyi ta hanyar ajiye takamaiman bishiyoyi, kamar Faidherbia albida, daidai a cikin gonakin amfanin gona. Wadannan bishiyoyi suna zubar da ganye a lokacin damina sannan su fito da su a lokacin rani, ma'ana ba sa toshe hasken rana daga samun amfanin gona; maimakon haka, suna kara abinci ga kasa ta dabi'a kuma suna rage yanayin zafi na kasa lokacin tsananin zafi. [159]

Banbancen amfanin gona da adana iri

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Domin tabbatar da cewa ba su rasa dukkan abincinsu ba a lokacin dogon fari, manoman gida suna aiki kamar nasu masana kimiyya ta hanyar adana irin amfanin gona na gida.[160] Irin amfanin gona na kasuwanci na zamani galibi suna buƙatar cikakken adadin ruwa da takin zamani masu tsada don su tsira. Sabanin haka, amfanin gona na gargajiya kamar geryo, dawa, da rari sun saba danyen daruruwan shekaru don jure fari da kwari ta dabi'a.

Al'ummomi suna gudanar da bankunan adana iri na cikin gida don raba wadannan ire-iren amfanin gona masu juriya da juna ta yadda kowa zai kasance yana da amfanin gona da ya dace da sauyin yanayin gidansu.[161] Suna kuma yin aikin hada shuka (intercropping), wato nufin dasa amfanin gona daban-daban daidai kusa da juna, kamar masara da wake.[157] Waken mai ganye yana sanyaya kasar don kiyaye damshinta, yana tabbatar da cewa ko da masarar ta mutu saboda zafi, iyalai har yanzu suna da madadin amfanin gona da zasu girbe.

Al'umma da al'ada

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Rashin daidaito a binciken sauyin yanayi

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Duk da cewa Afirka na daya daga cikin nahiyoyin da sauyin yanayi zai fi shafa, rashin daidaito na tsari da sauran son kai da ke da alaka da binciken kimiyya da tallafi na nufin cewa kadan ne kawai daga cikin kimiyyar da aka wallafa game da sauyin yanayi da tallafin binciken sauyin yanayi ke zuwa ga masana kimiyyar Afirka.[162] Wani bincike da aka gudanar kan kudaden bincike daga shekarar 1990 zuwa 2020 na sauyin yanayi, ya gano cewa kashi 78% na kudaden bincike kan sauyin yanayi a Afirka an kashe su ne a cibiyoyin Turai da Arewacin Amurka, kuma an kashe kudade da dama ga tsoffin kasashen da Burtaniya ta yi wa mulkin mallaka fiye da sauran kasashe.[163] Wannan tsari na parachute science (binciken saukar lafima), a daya bangaren yana hana masu bincike na cikin gida gudanar da ayyuka masu muhimmanci saboda ba su da tallafin kudi na gudanar da bincike na gwaje-gwaje, sannan yana rage zuba jari ga dabarun masu bincike na cikin gida da kuma batutuwa masu muhimmanci ga kasashen Kudancin Duniya (Global South), kamar dabarun juriya da sauyin yanayi.[162]

Kimanin dorewar ci gaba na gaskiya yana da wahala saboda rashin tsarin zuba jari mai dorewa, da kuma karancin bayanai da iyakancewar damar gudanarwa. A halin yanzu, kasa da rabin manyan asusun fansho na Afirka ne ke bayar da rahoton bayanai kan manufofin dorewa da yadda ake aiwatar da su.[164][91]

Hukumar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Kasuwanci da Ci gaba - Ma'aikatan Kasa da Kasa na Kididdiga da Rahoto (UNCTAD-ISAR) ta kafa Kungiyar Hadin Gwiwar Yankin Afirka don Dorewa da Rahoton SDG a shekarar 2022. Hadin gwiwar yana da mambobi 53 ya zuwa watan Maris na shekarar 2023, ciki har da cibiyoyin sadarwa na kasa na nauyin da ya rataya a wuyan kamfanoni ga al'umma da/ko ma'aikatun gwamnati daga kasashen Afirka 27.[91][165][166]

Manazarta

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  1. ↑ United Nations, UNEP (2017). "Responding to climate change". UNEP – UN Environment Programme (in Turanci). Retrieved 2022-07-01.
  2. ↑ World Meterological Organization (2024-09-02). "Africa faces disproportionate burden from climate change and adaptation costs". World Meteorological Organization (in Turanci). Retrieved 2025-09-16.</refSaunyi yanayi yana ƙara taɓarɓarewar tattalin arziki a yanzu. Manyan sassan al'ummar Afirka sun dogara ne da rayuwar da ke da alaƙa da yanayi kamar noma (kashi 55 - 62% na ma'aikata a yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara) kuma sun riga sun rayu cikin talauci, wanda hakan ke ƙara tsananta musu ga girgizar ƙasa. Sakamakon lafiya ya ƙara ta'azzara yayin da damuwa ta zafi, cututtuka masu yaɗuwa (kamar malaria da dengue ), da rashin abinci mai gina jiki suka zama ruwan dare. Fiye da rabi (56%) na sama da abubuwan da suka faru na kiwon lafiyar jama'a 2,000 da aka yi rikodin su a Afirka tsakanin 2001 da 2021 suna da alaƙa da sauyin yanayi. Karancin albarkatu yana taimakawa wajen ƙaura da rikici, musamman a yankuna masu rauni. Yankunan birane, waɗanda galibi ake siffanta su da matsugunan da ba na yau da kullun ba, suna fuskantar ƙarin haɗari daga ambaliya da zafi mai tsanani. Aikin noma yana daya daga cikin bangarorin da suka fi rauni, kamar yadda yawancin manoman Afirka suka dogara da amfanin gona mai Ruwan sama. Ragewa da ruwan sama mara tabbas, haɗe da yanayin zafi mafi girma, yana fitar da asarar danshi na ƙasa, hamada (musamman a cikin Sahara) da kuma canza wuraren da suka dace. Wadannan canje-canje sun rage yawan amfanin gona, suna lalata tsaron abinci da kuma kara yunwa. Lafiyar Dabbobi tana ƙara lalacewa ta hanyar damuwa ta zafi da sauya yanayin cututtukan. Tsarin halittu na bakin teku da na ruwa suna fuskantar teku mai zafi da kuma matakan da ke tashi, wanda ke barazana ga kamun kifi da kuma yawan jama'a a bakin teku.<ref>Fonjong, Lotsmart; Matose, Frank; Sonnenfeld, David A. (2024-12-01). "Climate change in Africa: Impacts, adaptation, and policy responses". Global Environmental Change. 89. Bibcode:2024GEC....8902912F. doi:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2024.102912. ISSN 0959-3780.
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  5. ↑ Ngongolo, Kelvin; Gayo, Leopody (2025-05-21). "Climate change impacts and mitigation strategies in Sub-Saharan Africa's livestock production sector. A brief review". Pastoralism: Research, Policy and Practice (in English). 15. Bibcode:2025PRPP...1514225N. doi:10.3389/past.2025.14225. ISSN 2041-7136.CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
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  8. ↑ Hausfather, Zeke; Peters, Glen (29 January 2020). "Emissions – the 'business as usual' story is misleading". Nature. 577 (7792): 618–20. Bibcode:2020Natur.577..618H. doi:10.1038/d41586-020-00177-3. PMID 31996825.
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  123. ↑ Snow, John (28 October 2016). A New Vision for Weather and Climate Services in Africa. UNDP.
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Mahaɗu

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  • Future Climate For Africa programme
  • African Climate Policy Centre (ACCP) goal is to contribute to poverty reduction through successful mitigation and adaptation to climate change in Africa and to improve the capacity of African countries to participate effectively in multilateral climate negotiations.
  • African Monsoon Multidisciplinary Analysis 2050 (AMMA-2050) aim to address the challenges of understanding how the monsoon will change in future decades, to 2050, and how this information can be most effectively used to support climate-compatible development in the region.
  • Samfuri:Usurped (CARIAA) builds resilience by supporting collaborative research on climate change adaptation to inform adaptation policy and practice.
  • West African Science Service Center on Climate Change and Adapted Land Use (WASCAL) is a research-focused Climate Service Centre designed to help tackle this challenge and thereby enhance the resilience of human and environmental systems to climate change and increased variability in West Africa.
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