Duba tsatso na Gallazawa

{{databox}}
[[File:16-06-23_07_End_Solitary_Confinement.jpg  |thumb| End Solitary Confinement ]] 
[[File:Tormento_a_indigenas_por_envonenderos.jpg  |thumb|Daji]] 
[[File:Vietconginterrogation1967.jpg|thumb| An kama sojan Viet Cong, an rufe ido da kuma ɗaure a cikin wani yanayi na damuwa da sojojin KasarAmurka a lokacin Yaƙin Vietnam, a shekara ta 1967]]
'''Azabtarwa''' (Gallazawa) ita ce da gangan ajiwa mutum ciwo mai tsanani ko wahala. Dalilan azabtarwa Kuma sun haɗa da hukunci, cire iƙirarin, wata tambayoyi don bayani, ko tsoratar da wasu, dalillai

Jihohi sun sha azabtar da su a tsawon tarihi, tun daga zamanin baya har zuwa yau. A karni na sha takwas da na sha tara, kasashen yamma sun soke amfani da azabtarwa a hukumance a tsarin shari'a, amma ana ci gaba da amfani da azaba. Ana kuma amfani da hanyoyi daban-daban na azabtarwa, sau da yawa a hade; Mafi yawan nau'in azabtarwa na jiki shi ne duka. Tun daga karni na ashirin (20), masu azabtarwa da yawa sun gwammace hanyoyin da ba su da tabo ko na tunani don ba da ƙin yarda. Masu azabtarwa suna aiki a cikin muhallin ƙungiya mai izini wanda ke sauƙaƙe da ƙarfafa halayensu. Waɗanda aka azabtar da su na farko su ne talakawa da marasa galihu da ake zargi da aikata laifuka na yau da kullun. A wasu lokuta kuma ana ganin hukuncin kotuna da hukunce-hukuncen kisa a matsayin nau'in azabtarwa, ko da yake wannan yana da cece-kuce a duniya.

Babban maƙasudin azabtarwa shine a lalata hukumar da halayen wanda aka azabtar; kowane nau'i na azabtarwa na iya yin mummunan tasiri na jiki ko na hankali ga wadanda abin ya shafa. Hakanan azabtarwa na iya yin mummunan tasiri ga mai aikata laifin da cibiyoyi. Binciken ra'ayin jama'a ya nuna gaba ɗaya adawa ga azabtarwa, koda yake wasu tsirarun mutane suna goyon bayan amfani da azabtarwa a wasu lokuta. An haramta azabtarwa a ƙarƙashin dokar ƙasa da ƙasa ga duk jihohi a kowane yanayi, ƙarƙashin duka dokokin al'ada na duniya da yarjejeniyoyin daban-daban; sau da yawa wannan yana dogara ne akan hujjar cewa azabtarwa ta keta mutuncin ɗan adam. Yin adawa da azabtarwa ya taimaka wajen kafa ƙungiyoyin kare haƙƙin ɗan adam bayan [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|yakin duniya na biyu]], kuma azabtarwa na ci gaba da kasancewa muhimmiyar batun [[Hakkokin ɗan'adam|haƙƙin ɗan]] adam. Ko da yake lamarin ya ragu, yawancin ƙasashe har yanzu ana azabtar da su kuma ya yaɗu a duk faɗin duniya.
[[File:Torture in the Joseon Period.JPG|200px|right|thumbnail|Wani nau'in azabtarwa]]
== Ma'anoni ==
Azaba (daga kalmar [[Harshen Latin|Latin]] {{Lang|la|torcere}} murgudawa) {{Sfn|Pérez-Sales|2016}} an bayyana shi a matsayin ganganci na ciwo mai tsanani ko wahala ga wanda aka azabtar, wanda yawanci ana fassara shi a matsayin wanda ke ƙarƙashin ikon mai laifi. {{Sfn|Nowak|2014}} {{Sfn|Carver|Handley|2016}} Dole ne a yi maganin don wata manufa ta musamman, kamar tilasta wa wanda aka azabtar ya yi ikirari, ba da bayanai, ko hukunta su. {{Sfn|Nowak|2014}} {{Sfn|Pérez-Sales|2016}} Ma'anar Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya game da azabtarwa kawai tana la'akari da azabtarwa da gwamnati ke yi. {{Sfn|Carver|Handley|2016}} {{Sfn|Nowak|2014}} {{Sfn|Hajjar|2013}} Yawancin tsarin shari'a sun haɗa da wakilai da ke aiki a madadin jihar, kuma wasu ma'anar za su ƙara ƙungiyoyin da ba na jiha ba, ƙungiyoyin laifuka, ko masu zaman kansu da ke aiki a wuraren kulawa na jihohi (kamar asibitoci). Mafi fa'idodin ma'anar sun ƙunshi kowa a matsayin mai yuwuwar mai yin laifi. {{Sfn|Pérez-Sales|2016}} Matsakaicin tsananin da za a iya rarraba  a matsayin azabtarwa shine mafi yawan rikice-rikice na ma'anar azabtarwa; A tsawon lokaci, ƙarin ayyuka ana ɗaukar azabtarwa. {{Sfn|Hajjar|2013}} {{Sfn|Carver|Handley|2016}} {{Sfn|Saul|Flanagan|2020}} Hanyar manufa, wanda masana irin su Manfred Nowak da Malcolm Evans suka fi so, ya bambanta azabtarwa da sauran nau'i na zalunci, rashin tausayi, ko wulakanci ta hanyar la'akari kawai manufar da aka yi amfani da ita ba don haka ba. tsanani. {{Sfn|Carver|Handley|2016}} {{Sfn|Nowak|2014}} Sauran ma'anoni, irin su wanda aka yi amfani da shi a cikin Yarjejeniyar Inter-Amurka don Hanawa da azabtar da ko Kuma azaba, suna mayar da hankali kan manufar mai azabtarwa "don shafe halayen wanda aka azabtar." {{Sfn|Wisnewski|2010}}

== Tarihi ==

=== sharewa ===
[[File:History_of_Egypt,_Chaldea,_Syria,_Babylonia_and_Assyria_(1903)_(14761195044).jpg|thumb| Shugabannin Elam guda biyu sun yi fatali da rai bayan Yaƙin Ulai, agajin Assuriya]]
A mafi yawan tsofi, na da, da farkon al'ummomin zamani, ana ɗaukar azabtarwa bisa doka da ɗabi'a kuma ana aiwatar da su. {{Sfn|Einolf|2007}} Akwai shaidar archaeological na azabtarwa a farkon Neolithic Turai, kimanin shekaru 7,000 da suka wuce. {{Sfn|Meyer ''et al.''|2015}} Ana yawan ambaton azaba a majiyoyin tarihi akan Assuriya da Achaemenid Farisa .  {{Sfn|Frahm|2006}} Ƙungiyoyi sun yi amfani da azabtarwa duka biyu a matsayin wani ɓangare na tsarin shari'a da kuma a matsayin hukunci, ko da yake wasu masana tarihi sun raba tarihin azabtarwa daga tarihin azabtarwa.  {{Sfn|Barnes|2017}} A tarihi, ana ganin azabtarwa a matsayin amintacciyar hanya don fitar da gaskiya, hukunci da ya dace, da kuma hana laifukan da za a yi a gaba. {{Sfn|Evans|2020}} An tsara azabtarwa bisa doka tare da tsauraran ƙuntatawa akan hanyoyin da aka yarda; {{Sfn|Evans|2020}} Hanyoyi na yau da kullum a Turai sun haɗa da rack da strappado. {{Sfn|Beam|2020}} Sannan Kuma A yawancin al'ummomi, ana iya azabtar da 'yan ƙasa ta hanyar shari'a kawai a ƙarƙashin yanayi na musamman don wani babban laifi kamar cin amana, sau da yawa kawai lokacin da wasu shaidun sun kasance. Sabanin haka, an sha gallazawa wadanda ba ’yan kasa ba kamar baki da bayi. 

azabtarwa ba kasafai ba ne a farkon tsakiyar Turai amma ya zama ruwan dare tsakanin 1200 zuwa 1400. {{Sfn|Beam|2020}}   Saboda alkalai na tsakiyar zamanai sun yi amfani da babbar ma'auni na musamman, wani lokaci sukan ba da izinin azabtarwa inda dalilai masu ma'ana suka ɗaure mutum da babban birni. laifi idan ba shaidu biyu ba, kamar yadda ake bukata a yanke wa wani laifi idan babu wani ikirari.   Har yanzu azabtarwa wani tsari ne mai tsada da aiki wanda aka yi amfani da shi kawai don manyan laifuffuka. {{Sfn|Beam|2020}} Yawancin wadanda aka azabtar da su an zarge su da kisan kai, cin amana, ko sata. {{Sfn|Beam|2020}} Kotunan majami'u ta Tsakiya da Inquisition sun yi amfani da azabtarwa a ƙarƙashin ƙa'idodin tsari iri ɗaya kamar kotunan duniya. {{Sfn|Wisnewski|2010}} [[Daular Usmaniyya]] da Qajar Iran sun yi amfani da azabtarwa a lokuta da dalilai masu ma'ana da suka daure wani da wani laifi, ko da yake a al'adance [[Shari'a|shari'ar Musulunci ta]] dauki shaidar da aka samu a karkashin azabtarwa a matsayin rashin yarda. {{Sfn|Einolf|2007}}

=== Sharewa da ci gaba da amfani ===
[[File:Goya_y_Lucientes,_Francisco_de_-_The_custody_of_a_criminal_does_not_require_torture_-_Google_Art_Project_(cropped).jpg|thumb| "Karkon mai laifi baya buƙatar azabtarwa" na Francisco Goya, {{Circa|1812}}]]
A cikin ƙarni na sha bakwai, azabtarwa ta kasance doka, amma aikinta ya ƙi.  {{Sfn|Beam|2020}} A lokacin da aka soke shi, a cikin ƙarni na Sha takwas 18th da farkon 19th, azabtarwa ya riga ya zama mahimmanci ga tsarin shari'ar laifuka na ƙasashen Turai.  {{Sfn|Beam|2020}} Ka'idodin dalilin da yasa aka soke azabtarwa sun haɗa da haɓakar ra'ayoyin wayewa game da darajar ɗan adam, {{Sfn|Hajjar|2013}} {{Sfn|Wisnewski|2010}} rage ma'aunin shaida a cikin shari'o'in laifuka, ra'ayoyin da suka fi dacewa da suka daina ganin zafi kamar yadda yake. fansa ta ɗabi'a, {{Sfn|Einolf|2007}} {{Sfn|Wisnewski|2010}} da faɗaɗa gidajen yari a matsayin madadin kisa ko hukunci mai zafi. {{Sfn|Hajjar|2013}} {{Sfn|Beam|2020}} Yin amfani da azabtarwa ya ragu bayan an shafe shi kuma an ƙara ganin shi a matsayin wanda ba a yarda da shi ba. {{Sfn|Einolf|2007}} {{Sfn|Barnes|2017}} Ba a sani ba idan azabtarwa kuma ta ragu a cikin jihohin da ba na Yamma ba ko Turawa a cikin karni na sha tara. {{Sfn|Einolf|2007}} A kasar Sin, an haramta azabtar da shari'a wanda aka yi fiye da shekaru dubu biyu, tun daga daular Han {{Sfn|Evans|2020}}  bulala, da ''lingchi'' ( rarrabuwa ) a matsayin hanyar kisa a 1905. {{Sfn|Bourgon|2003}} karni na ashirin da ashirin da daya. {{Sfn|Pérez-Sales|2016}}

Turawan mulkin mallaka sun yi amfani da azabtarwa sosai don shawo kan juriya; azabar mulkin mallaka ya kai kololuwa a lokacin yake-yaken ‘yan mulkin mallaka a karni na ashirin. {{Sfn|Einolf|2007}} {{Sfn|Hajjar|2013}} An kiyasta cewa an azabtar da mutane 300,000 a lokacin Yaƙin 'Yancin Aljeriya (1954-1962), {{Sfn|Pérez-Sales|2016}} da Ingila da Portugal suma sun yi amfani da azabtarwa a yunƙurin ci gaba da daulolinsu. {{Sfn|Barnes|2017}} Ƙasashe masu zaman kansu a Afirka, Gabas ta Tsakiya, da Asiya sau da yawa suna amfani da azabtarwa a cikin karni na ashirin, amma ba a sani ba ko wannan karuwa ne fiye da matakan karni na sha tara. {{Sfn|Einolf|2007}} Amfani da azabtarwa a Turai ya karu saboda ƙirƙira ƴan sandan sirri, {{Sfn|Wisnewski|2010}} [[Yaƙin Duniya na I|Yaƙin Duniya na]] ɗaya da [[Yaƙin Duniya na II]], da haɓakar ƙasashen gurguzu da na facist. {{Sfn|Einolf|2007}}

Hakanan gwamnatocin gurguzu da masu adawa da kwaminisanci sun yi amfani da azabtarwa a lokacin yakin cacar baki a Latin Amurka, tare da kiyasin mutane Kimanin 100,000 zuwa 150,000 da gwamnatocin da Amurka ke marawa baya suka azabtar da su. {{Sfn|Einolf|2007}} {{Sfn|Hajjar|2013}} Ƙasashen da ba a cika samun azabtarwa ba a cikin karni na ashirin, su ne tsarin dimokuradiyya masu sassaucin ra'ayi na yammacin duniya, to amma ko da a can an yi amfani da azabtarwa ga tsirarun kabilu ko wadanda ake zargi da aikata laifuka daga masu zaman kansu, da kuma lokacin yaƙe-yaƙe na kasashen waje. {{Sfn|Einolf|2007}} Bayan [[September 11 attacks|harin 9/11]], gwamnatin Amurka ta fara wani shirin azabtarwa a ketare a matsayin wani bangare na " yakin ta da ta'addanci." {{Sfn|Hajjar|2013}} An bayyana yadda Amurka ke azabtar da mutane a Abu Ghraib a fili, wanda ya ja hankalin duniya. {{Sfn|Hajjar|2013}} Ko da yake gwamnatin George W. Bush ta yi watsi da haramcin azabtarwa na kasa da kasa, ta sanya wa hanyoyinta lakabi "ingantattun dabarun tambayoyi" kuma ta musanta cewa azabtarwa ne. {{Sfn|Wisnewski|2010}} {{Sfn|Hajjar|2013}} {{Sfn|Saul|Flanagan|2020}} Wani bincike na 2016 ya kammala cewa azabtarwa ta ragu a kasashe 16 tun daga 1985 amma yawanci a wasu ƙasashe ma, koda yake ya kara tsananta a wasu. {{Sfn|Carver|Handley|2016}}

== Yaduwa ==
[[File:Cooking_underneath_the_Howra_bridge_in_Kolkata_(4281290768).jpg|thumb| Indiyawan marasa gida a ƙarƙashin gadar Howrah a [[Kolkata]] . Talakawa da marasa galihu suna cikin haɗarin azabtarwa.]]
[[File:Protesters_use_tennis_rackets_to_bat_away_tear_gas._(50267655062).jpg|thumb|An yi amfani da hayaki mai sa hawaye yayin zanga-zangar Hong Kong na 2019-2020 . Ana ɗaukar amfani da hayaki mai sa hawaye a kan masu zanga-zangar wani lokaci a matsayin nau'i na azabtarwa. {{Sfn|Carver|Handley|2016}}]]
Ko da yake 'yan kaɗan ne idan kowace ƙasa ta yarda da azabtarwa, yawancin ƙasashe suna aikata shi. {{Sfn|Kelly|2019}} {{Sfn|Hajjar|2013}} Haramcin azabtarwa bai hana jihohi azabtarwa gaba daya ba; maimakon haka, suna canza waɗanne fasahohin da ake amfani da su, ƙaryatawa, ɓoyewa, ko fitar da shirye-shiryen azabtarwa. {{Sfn|Barnes|2017}} Yin auna yawan azabtarwa yana da wahala saboda yawanci ana aikata shi a asirce, kuma ba da rahoton irin waɗannan lokuta yana shafar bayanan haƙƙin ɗan adam  cin zarafi ya fi fitowa fili a cikin al'ummomi masu buɗe ido inda ake da niyyar kare haƙƙin ɗan adam. {{Sfn|Carver|Handley|2016}} Ko da yake an mayar da hankali a kwanan nan don haɗawa da wasu wuraren da ake tsare da su, irin su tsare-tsare na shige da fice ko wuraren tsare matasa, {{Sfn|Rejali|2020}} {{Sfn|Kelly ''et al.''|2020}} akwai ƙididdiga masu yawa a ƙarƙashin azabtarwa saboda ba su haɗa da mutanen da ba sa son bayar da rahoto. Azaba da ke faruwa a wajen tsarewa - gami da hukuncin wuce gona da iri, tsoratarwa, da sarrafa taron jama'a - a tarihi ba a ƙidaya su ba. {{Sfn|Kelly|2019}} {{Sfn|Kelly ''et al.''|2020}} {{Sfn|Jensena ''et al.''|2017}} Akwai ma karancin bayanai kan yawaitar azabtarwa kafin karni na ashirin. {{Sfn|Einolf|2007}}

Dimokuradiyyar masu sassaucin ra'ayi ba sa iya cin zarafin 'yan kasarsu, amma suna cin zarafi, ciki har da azabtar da 'yan kasa da aka sani ko musamman wadanda ba 'yan kasa ba wadanda ba za su yi la'akari da dimokuradiyya ba. {{Sfn|Einolf|2007}} {{Sfn|Hajjar|2013}} Masu jefa ƙuri'a na iya goyan bayan tashin hankali ga ƙungiyoyin da aka gani a matsayin barazana; manyan cibiyoyi ba su da tasiri wajen hana azabtarwa ga tsiraru ko baki. {{Sfn|Evans|2020}} Yawancin canje-canjen siyasa, irin su sauyi zuwa dimokuradiyya, ana yawan ambaton su a matsayin dalilin canje-canje a cikin abin da ya faru na azabtarwa. {{Sfn|Carver|Handley|2016}} Ana iya azabtar da azabtarwa lokacin da al'umma ke jin tsoro saboda yaƙe-yaƙe ko rikice-rikice, {{Sfn|Einolf|2007}} {{Sfn|Evans|2020}} amma nazarin ya kasa zana alaka mai dacewa tsakanin amfani da azabtarwa da hare-haren ta'addanci. {{Sfn|Rejali|2020}}

Ana azabtar da wasu sassa na jama'a, waɗanda aka hana su kariya daga azabtarwa da wasu ke jin daɗi. {{Sfn|Wolfendale|2019}} {{Sfn|Celermajer|2018}} {{Sfn|Evans|2020}} Ana azabtar da fursunonin siyasa ko a lokacin rikici na makamai sun sami kulawar da ba ta dace ba. {{Sfn|Oette|2021}} {{Sfn|Carver|Handley|2016}} Yawancin wadanda aka azabtar da su ana zargin su da laifuka; Adadin wadanda abin ya shafa sun fito ne daga matalautan al'ummomi ko marasa galihu, musamman samari marasa aikin yi, [[Talauci|talakawan birni]], da mutanen LGBT . {{Sfn|Kelly|2019}} {{Sfn|Carver|Handley|2016}} Talauci na dangi da rashin daidaiton da ya haifar musamman yana barin matalauta cikin mawuyacin hali. {{Sfn|Kelly ''et al.''|2020}} Sauran kungiyoyi musamman masu saurin azabtarwa sun hada da [['Yan gudun hijira|'yan gudun hijira]] da bakin haure, kabilanci ko kabilanci, 'yan asali, da mutanen da ke da nakasa . {{Sfn|Oette|2021}} Ba a ganin cin zarafi na yau da kullun ga matalauta da marasa galihu a matsayin azabtarwa, kuma masu yin ta suna ba da hujjar tashin hankalin a matsayin halaltacciyar dabarar 'yan sanda, {{Sfn|Celermajer|2018}} yayin da wadanda abin ya shafa ba su da kayan aiki ko kuma tsaye don neman mafita. {{Sfn|Kelly ''et al.''|2020}} Laifin rashin matsuguni, aikin jima'i, ko aiki a cikin tattalin arziki na yau da kullun na iya ba da uzuri ga cin zarafin 'yan sanda akan matalauta. {{Sfn|Oette|2021}}  Ana ganin azabtarwa a matsayin wani abu na musamman, rashin kula da wannan tashin hankalin na yau da kullum. {{Sfn|Oette|2021}} {{Sfn|Jensena ''et al.''|2017}}

== Yin zalunci ==
Yawancin masu azabtarwa suna kallon ayyukansu a matsayin bautar babbar manufa ta siyasa ko akida wacce ke ba da hujjar azabtarwa a matsayin halaltacciyar hanya ta kare ƙasa. {{Sfn|Wisnewski|2010}} {{Sfn|Wolfendale|2019}} {{Sfn|Evans|2020}} Al'adun azabtarwa suna da daraja kamun kai, horo, da ƙwarewa a matsayin kyawawan dabi'u, suna taimakawa masu azabtarwa su ci gaba da kasancewa mai kyau. {{Sfn|Wolfendale|2019}} Masu azabtarwa waɗanda ke yin wahala fiye da wajibi don karya wanda aka azabtar ko yin aiki ba bisa ka'ida ba (ramuwar gayya, jin daɗin jima'i) takwarorinsu sun ƙi su ko kuma sun sauke wani aiki. {{Sfn|Pérez-Sales|2016}}  sau da yawa masu laifin suna kallon waɗanda ake azabtarwa da su a matsayin manyan barazana da maƙiyan ƙasa . {{Sfn|Wisnewski|2010}} Masifa Jessica Wolfendale, ta yi jayayya cewa tun da "yanke hukuncin azabtar da mutum ya ƙunshi ƙin ganin matsayin wanda aka azabtar a ''matsayin mutum'' a matsayin ƙayyadaddun abin da za a iya yi musu", an riga an ga waɗanda abin ya shafa a matsayin waɗanda ba su kai cikakken ɗan adam ba a da. ana azabtar da su. {{Sfn|Wolfendale|2019}} Masanin ilimin halayyar dan adam Pau Pérez-Sales ya gano cewa mai azabtarwa zai iya yin aiki daga dalilai iri-iri kamar sadaukar da kai, riba, shiga rukuni, guje wa azabtarwa, ko guje wa laifi daga ayyukan azabtarwa na baya. {{Sfn|Pérez-Sales|2016}}

Haɗin kai da ƙoƙarin halin da ake ciki yana kai mutum ya zama mai azabtarwa. {{Sfn|Pérez-Sales|2016}} A yawancin lokuta inda ake amfani da azabtarwa bisa tsari, masu azabtarwa ba su da hankali ga tashin hankali ta hanyar fallasa su ta jiki ko ta hankali yayin horo. {{Sfn|Collard|2018}} {{Sfn|Wisnewski|2010}} {{Sfn|Celermajer|2018}} Wolfendale ya bayar da hujjar cewa horon soja yana da nufin haifar da biyayya marar tambaya, don haka ya sa jami'an soji su zama masu azabtarwa. {{Sfn|Wisnewski|2010}} Ko da lokacin da gwamnati ba ta ba da umarnin azabtarwa ba, {{Sfn|Wisnewski|2010}} masu aikata laifuka na iya jin matsin lamba na tsara don azabtarwa saboda ana ganin ƙin a matsayin rauni ko rashin namiji. {{Sfn|Rejali|2020}} Manyan jami'an 'yan sanda da na musamman sun fi fuskantar azabtarwa, watakila saboda tsantsan yanayinsu da kuma kariya daga sa ido. {{Sfn|Wisnewski|2010}}

azabtarwa na iya zama illa na karya tsarin shari'ar laifuka wanda rashin kudi, rashin 'yancin kai na shari'a, ko cin hanci da rashawa yana lalata ingantaccen bincike da shari'a na [[Ƴancin gwaji|gaskiya]] . {{Sfn|Celermajer|2018}} {{Sfn|Carver|Handley|2016}} {{Sfn|Celermajer|2018}} {{Sfn|Carver|Handley|2016}} ’Yan sandan da ba su da ma’aikata ko kuma ba su da horo sun fi fuskantar azabtarwa yayin da suke yi wa wadanda ake tuhuma tambayoyi. {{Sfn|Carver|Handley|2016}} {{Sfn|Celermajer|2018}} A wasu ƙasashe, irin su [[Kirgistan|Kyrgyzstan]], ana iya azabtar da wadanda ake zargi a ƙarshen wata saboda ƙimar aiki. {{Sfn|Carver|Handley|2016}}

Masu azabtarwa ba za su iya ci gaba ba in ba tare da goyon bayan wasu da ke goyon bayan faruwar ta ba da kuma da yawa daga masu kallo da suka yi watsi da azabtarwa.  Soja, hankali, ilimin halin dan Adam, likitanci, da ƙwararrun shari'a na iya taimakawa wajen gina al'adar azabtarwa. {{Sfn|Wolfendale|2019}} Ƙarfafawa na iya ba da fifiko ga yin amfani da azabtarwa a matakin hukuma ko daidaikun mutane; wasu masu aikata laifin suna samun kwarin gwiwa ne da fatan ci gaban sana'a.  {{Sfn|Rejali|2020}} Ofishin gwamnati ya rarraba alhakin azabtarwa, yana taimaka wa masu aikata laifuka su ba da uzuri ga ayyukansu.   Ci gaba da ɓoyewa da kuma ɓoye cin zarafi daga jama'a yana da mahimmanci don kiyaye shirin azabtarwa, wanda za'a iya aiwatar da shi ta hanyoyi daban-daban, kama daga tantancewa kai tsaye, musun ko lalata azabtarwa a matsayin wani abu dabam, don kawar da cin zarafi daga waje. yankin jiha.  {{Sfn|Evans|2020}} Tare da musun hukuma, azabtarwa yana haifar da rashin jin daɗi daga waɗanda aka azabtar da kuma rashin hukunci (ba a gurfanar da su ba) ga masu laifi {{Sfn|Evans|2020}} - Laifukan laifuka don azabtarwa ba su da yawa. {{Sfn|Carver|Handley|2016}}

Azaba yana da wuya ko ba zai yuwu a ɗauka ba, yana miƙe zuwa mafi tsananin fasaha da manyan ƙungiyoyin waɗanda abin ya shafa sama da abin da manyan masu yanke shawara suke so.  {{Sfn|Wolfendale|2019}} {{Sfn|Rejali|2020}} Haɓaka azabtarwa yana da wahala musamman a cikin ayyukan yaƙi da tawagar. {{Sfn|Rejali|2020}}  azabtarwa da takamaiman dabarun azabtarwa sun yaɗu a tsakanin ƙasashe daban-daban, musamman ma sojojin da ke dawowa gida daga yaƙe-yaƙe na ketare, amma wannan tsari ba a fahimta ba.  {{Sfn|Rejali|2020}}

== Manufar ==

=== Hukunci ===
[[File:Aceh_caning_2014,_VOA.jpg|thumb| Hukuncin Canja a Banda Aceh, Indonesiya a cikin 2014, daidai da dokar laifuka ta Musulunci a Aceh]]
Azabtarwa ta samo asali ne tun zamanin da, kuma har yanzu ana aiki a cikin karni na 21st. {{Sfn|Hajjar|2013}} Lokacin da tsarin shari'a ya lalace ko kuma gidajen yari sun cika da yawa, 'yan sanda na iya hukunta samari nan take su sake su ba tare da wata tuhuma ba; wannan al'ada ta zama ruwan dare a kasashe da dama na duniya. {{Sfn|Oette|2021}} {{Sfn|Kelly ''et al.''|2020}} Ana iya yin irin wannan azabtarwa a ofishin 'yan sanda {{Sfn|Celermajer|2018}} gidan wanda aka azabtar, ko kuma wurin jama'a. {{Sfn|Jensena ''et al.''|2017}} A Afirka ta Kudu, an lura da 'yan sanda suna mika wadanda ake zargi ga 'yan banga. {{Sfn|Kelly ''et al.''|2020}} Ana yawan aikata irin wannan tashin hankali a bainar jama'a domin a hana wasu. Yana nuna wariya ga ƴan tsiraru da ƙungiyoyin wariya kuma yana iya samun goyon bayan ra'ayin jama'a, musamman idan mutane ba su amince da tsarin shari'a na hukuma ba. {{Sfn|Kelly ''et al.''|2020}}

Rarraba hukuncin kotuna a matsayin azabtarwa yana da cece-kuce a duniya, ko da yake an hana shi karara a karkashin yarjejeniyar Geneva. {{Sfn|Nowak|2014}} Wasu marubuta, irin su John D. Bessler, sun yi iƙirarin cewa hukuncin kisa wani nau'i ne na azabtarwa da ake yi don hukunci. {{Sfn|Nowak|2014}} {{Sfn|Bessler|2018}} Ana iya aiwatar da hukuncin kisa ta hanyoyi na ban tausayi, kamar jifa, konewa, ko yanke gungu. {{Sfn|Quiroga|Modvig|2020}} A farkon Turai na zamani, kisa jama'a wata hanya ce ta nuna ikon gwamnati, da ba da tsoro da biyayya, da hana wasu yin haka. {{Sfn|Beam|2020}} Cutarwar tunani na hukuncin kisa, alal misali, al'amarin jeri na mutuwa, wani lokaci ana ɗaukarsa nau'i na azabtarwa na tunani. {{Sfn|Bessler|2018}} Wasu kuma suna bambanta hukuncin jiki tare da tsayayyen hukunci daga azabtarwa, saboda ba ya neman karya nufin wanda aka azabtar. {{Sfn|Evans|2020}}

=== Tsayawa ===
Hakanan ana iya amfani da azabtarwa ba tare da nuna bambanci ba don tsoratar da mutane ban da wanda aka azabtar kai tsaye ko kuma hana adawa da gwamnati. {{Sfn|Hajjar|2013}}  An yi amfani da azabtarwa don hana bayi tserewa ko tawaye.   masu kawo sauyi sun yi jayayya cewa saboda azabtarwa da aka yi a asirce, ba zai iya zama abin hanawa ba. {{Sfn|Barnes|2017}} A cikin karni na ashirin, sanannun misalan sun haɗa da Khmer Rouge {{Sfn|Hajjar|2013}} da gwamnatoci masu adawa da gurguzu a Latin Amurka, waɗanda sukan azabtar da su da kuma kashe wadanda aka kashe a matsayin wani ɓangare na bacewar tilas . {{Sfn|Hajjar|2013}}  Hukumomin da ba su da ƙarfi sun fi fuskantar azabtarwa don hana adawa;  Yawancin gwamnatocin kama-karya ba su da tasiri wajen gano abokan hamayya, wanda ke haifar da danniya mara hankali.  Ko da yake wasu masu tayar da kayar baya suna amfani da azabtarwa, da yawa sun rasa abubuwan da suka dace don shirin azabtarwa kuma a maimakon haka suna tsoratar da kisa.  Bincike ya gano cewa azabtarwa na jihohi na iya tsawaita tsawon rayuwar ƙungiyoyin ta'addanci, da ƙara ƙarfafa masu tayar da kayar baya don yin amfani da tashin hankali, da kuma tayar da 'yan adawa.  Masu bincike James Worrall da Victoria Penziner Hightower suna jayayya cewa tsarin azabtarwa na gwamnatin Siriya a lokacin yakin basasa na Siriya ya nuna cewa amfani da yaduwa na iya yin tasiri wajen sanya tsoro a cikin wasu kungiyoyi ko unguwannin lokacin yakin basasa.  Wani nau'i na azabtarwa don hana shi shine cin zarafi ga baƙi, kamar yadda aka ruwaito a lokacin turawa a kan iyakokin waje na [[Tarayyar Turai]]  {{Sfn|Guarch-Rubio ''et al''.|2020}}

=== Ikirari ===
A cikin tarihi, ana amfani da azabtarwa don cire furci daga fursunoni. A shekara ta 1764, dan kasar Italiya Cesare Beccaria ya yi tir da azabtarwa a matsayin "tabbatacciyar hanya ta wanke 'yan iska masu karfi da kuma la'antar raunana amma marasa laifi." {{Sfn|Evans|2020}} {{Sfn|Wisnewski|2010}} An bayyana irin wannan shakku game da tasirin azabtarwa tsawon ƙarni a baya, ciki har da Aristotle. {{Sfn|Wisnewski|2010}} {{Sfn|Barnes|2017}} {{Sfn|Hajjar|2013}}  Yin amfani da azabtarwa don tilasta wa waɗanda ake tuhuma yin ikirari yana da sauƙi ta hanyar dokokin da ke ba da damar tsare da yawa kafin shari'a.  Bincike ya gano cewa tambayoyin tilastawa ya fi tasiri fiye da tambayoyin tunani don fitar da ikirari daga wanda ake zargi, amma a cikin haɗari mafi girma na ikirari na ƙarya. {{Sfn|Pérez-Sales|2016}} Yawancin waɗanda aka azabtar za su faɗi duk abin da mai azabtarwa yake so ya ji don kawo ƙarshen azabtarwa.   Wasu da suke da laifi sun ƙi yin ikirari a ƙarƙashin azabtarwa,  musamman idan sun yi imanin cewa ikirari zai kawo ƙarin azabtarwa ko azabtarwa kawai.  Tsare-tsaren shari'a na zamanin da sun yi ƙoƙarin kiyayewa daga haɗarin ikirari na ƙarya a ƙarƙashin azabtarwa ta hanyar buƙatar waɗanda suka yi ikirari su ba da cikakkun bayanai game da laifin da za a iya gurbata da kuma ba da izinin azabtarwa kawai idan an riga an sami wasu shaidu a kan wanda ake tuhuma. {{Sfn|Barnes|2017}} {{Sfn|Beam|2020}} A wasu ƙasashe, ana azabtar da abokan hamayyar siyasa don tilasta su su yi ikirari a bainar jama'a a matsayin wani nau'i na farfagandar ƙasa. An yi amfani da wannan dabara a gwaje-gwajen nunin Gabashin Bloc da kuma a Iran. {{Sfn|Hajjar|2013}}

=== Tambayoyi ===
Yin amfani da azabtarwa don samun bayanai yayin tambayoyi yana da adadi kaɗan na azabtarwa a duniya; amfani da azabtarwa don samun ikirari ko tsoratarwa ya fi yawa. {{Sfn|Rejali|2020}} Ko da yake an yi amfani da azabtarwa ta tambayoyi a yaƙe-yaƙe na al'ada, ya fi zama ruwan dare a cikin yaƙe-yaƙe ko rikici na makamai na duniya . {{Sfn|Hajjar|2013}} Yanayin lokacin bam yana da wuyar gaske, idan ba zai yiwu ba a duniyar gaske, {{Sfn|Carver|Handley|2016}} {{Sfn|Hajjar|2013}} amma an kawo shi don tabbatar da azabtarwa don yin tambayoyi. Hotunan almara na azabtarwa a matsayin ingantacciyar hanyar tambayoyi sun haifar da rashin fahimta da ke tabbatar da amfani da azabtarwa. {{Sfn|Rejali|2020}} Gwaje-gwaje na gwada ko azabtarwa ta fi tasiri fiye da sauran hanyoyin tambayoyi ba za a iya yin su ba saboda dalilai na ɗabi'a da aiki.    Yawancin malaman azabtarwa suna shakka game da ingancinsa wajen samun sahihin bayanai, ko da yake azabtarwa wani lokacin yana samun basirar aiki.  {{Sfn|Rejali|2020}}   wasu masu azabtarwa ba sa bambanta tsakanin tambayoyi da ikirari. 

== Hanyoyin ==
[[File:AbuGhraibAbuse-standing-on-box.jpg|left|thumb| Sojojin Amurka sun azabtar da Ali Shallal al-Qaisi a gidan yarin Abu Ghraib da ke Iraki.]]
An cim ma azabtarwa ta hanyar fasaha iri-iri da aka yi amfani da su a cikin tarihi da kuma a duk faɗin duniya.  Duk da haka, akwai kamanceceniya masu kama da juna a cikin hanyoyin azabtarwa saboda akwai ƙayyadaddun hanyoyin da za a iya haifar da ciwo yayin da rage haɗarin mutuwa. {{Sfn|Einolf|2007}} Masu tsira sun ba da rahoton cewa ainihin hanyar da aka yi amfani da ita ba ta da mahimmanci. {{Sfn|Pérez-Sales|2016}} Yawancin nau'ikan azabtarwa sun haɗa da abubuwa na zahiri da na hankali, {{Sfn|Pérez-Sales|2020}} {{Sfn|Pérez-Sales|2016}} kuma a mafi yawan lokuta, ana haɗa hanyoyin da yawa. {{Sfn|Rejali|2009}} Hanyoyi daban-daban na azabtarwa sun shahara a ƙasashe daban-daban.  An fi amfani da ƙananan hanyoyin fasaha fiye da na zamani kuma yunƙurin haɓaka fasahar azabtarwa ta kimiyya ta kasance gazawa.  Haramcin azabtarwa ya sa an yi sauye-sauye zuwa waɗanda ba sa barin tabo don sanya azabtarwa ta fi jin daɗi ga mai azabtarwa ko jama'a, ɓoye ta daga kafofin watsa labarai, da hana wadanda aka azabtar da su daga shari'a.  {{Sfn|Pérez-Sales|2016}} Yayin da suke fuskantar ƙarin matsin lamba da bincike, dimokuradiyya ta jagoranci sababbin abubuwa a cikin ayyukan azabtarwa. {{Sfn|Rejali|2020}}  {{Sfn|Evans|2020}} {{Sfn|Pérez-Sales|2016}}

Duka ko rauni a fili shine mafi yawan nau'in azabtarwa na jiki.  Suna iya zama ko dai ba su da tsari  ko kuma su mai da hankali ga wani sashe na musamman na jiki, kamar yadda a cikin falanga ( tafin ƙafafu ), maimaita bugun kunne biyu, ko girgiza wanda aka tsare ta yadda kawunansu ya koma baya da baya.   Sau da yawa, ana dakatar da mutane a wurare masu raɗaɗi kamar rataye Falasdinawa ko juye-juye tare da duka.  kuma ana iya yi wa mutane wuƙa ko huda raunuka, a cire musu farce, ko kuma a yanke sassan jikinsu.  Har ila yau ana yawan konewa, musamman konewar sigari, amma kuma ana amfani da wasu kayan aikin da suka haɗa da ƙarfe mai zafi, ruwan zafi, rana, ko acid.  Ana amfani da tilastawa wasu abubuwa daban-daban, gami da ruwa, abinci, ko wasu abubuwa, ko allurai azaman nau'ikan azabtarwa.  Ana amfani da wutar lantarki sau da yawa don azabtarwa, musamman don guje wa wasu hanyoyin da za su iya barin tabo. {{Sfn|Einolf|2007}} Ciwon asphyxiation (ciki har da hawan ruwa ) yana azabtar da wanda aka azabtar ta hanyar yanke isar da iskar su. 

azabtarwa ta ilimin halin ɗan adam ya haɗa da hanyoyin da ba su ƙunshi wani abu na zahiri ba, wasu waɗanda ba su haɗa da sarrafa jiki ba tare da taɓawa ba, da hare-hare na zahiri waɗanda a ƙarshe ke kai hari ga hankali.  Barazanar kisa, kisa na izgili, ko tilastawa shaida azabtar da wani mutum yawanci ana ba da rahoton cewa sun fi muni fiye da azabtarwa ta jiki kuma suna da alaƙa da mummunan sakamako.  Sauran dabarun azabtarwa sun haɗa da rashin barci, cunkoso ko kullewa kawai, hana abinci ko ruwa, rashin hankali (kamar sutura ), fallasa zuwa matsanancin haske ko amo (misali azabtarwa na kiɗa ),  da kuma wulakanci (wanda zai iya zama). dangane da jima'i ko kuma a kan addinin wanda aka azabtar da shi ko kuma na kasa).   Matsayin azabtarwa yana aiki ta hanyar tilasta wa mutum ya ɗauki matsayi, sanya nauyinsu akan wasu tsokoki, haifar da ciwo ba tare da barin alamar ba, misali tsaye ko tsutsa na tsawon lokaci.  kuma ana amfani da fyade da cin zarafi azaman hanyoyin azabtarwa. {{Sfn|Hajjar|2013}} Bambance-bambancen al'adu da daidaikun mutane suna shafar yadda hanyoyin azabtarwa daban-daban ke fahimtar wanda aka azabtar. Yawancin waɗanda suka tsira daga ƙasashen Larabawa ko na Musulmai sun ba da rahoton cewa tsiraici tilas ya fi duka ko keɓe. 

== Tasiri ==
[[File:Torture_after_the_putsch.jpg|thumb| Likita dan Vietnam Que Phung Trän Huynh, wanda aka azabtar ya mutu bayan juyin mulkin Pinochet a Chile a 1973]]
Azaba na ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da mutum zai iya fuskanta. {{Sfn|Pérez-Sales|2016}} azabtarwa na nufin karya nufin wanda aka azabtar {{Sfn|Pérez-Sales|2016}} da lalata hukumar da halin wanda aka azabtar. {{Sfn|Wisnewski|2010}}  Jean Améry wanda ya tsira daga azaba ya yi jayayya cewa shi ne "mafi munin al'amari da ɗan adam zai iya riƙe a cikin kansa" ya dage cewa "duk wanda aka azabtar, ya zauna a azabtar da shi." {{Sfn|Hajjar|2013}}  Yawancin wadanda aka azabtar, ciki har da Améry, sun mutu ta hanyar kashe kansu. {{Sfn|Wisnewski|2010}} Masu tsira sukan fuskanci matsalolin zamantakewa da na kuɗi.  Halin da ake ciki yanzu, kamar rashin tsaro na gidaje, rabuwar iyali, da rashin tabbas na neman [[Hakkin Neman Mafaka|mafaka]] a cikin ƙasa mai aminci, yana tasiri sosai ga jin dadin masu tsira. 

Mutuwa ba sabon abu bane sakamakon azabtarwa.  Sakamakon kiwon lafiya na iya haɗawa da neuropathy na gefe, lalacewar hakora, rhabdomyolysis daga lalacewar tsoka mai yawa,  raunin kwakwalwa,  [[Cutar da ake kamuwa ta jima'i|kamuwa da jima'i]], da ciki daga fyade .  An ba da rahoton jin zafi na yau da kullun da nakasa da ke da alaƙa, amma akwai ɗan bincike kaɗan game da wannan tasiri ko yiwuwar jiyya.  Abubuwan da aka fi sani da azabtarwa a kan waɗanda suka tsira sun haɗa da damuwa, damuwa, damuwa, da damuwa barci.   Binciken da ba a kula da shi ba game da wadanda suka tsira daga azabtarwa sun gano cewa tsakanin 15 da 85 bisa dari sun hadu da ka'idojin bincike don cututtukan cututtuka na post-traumatic (PTSD), tare da haɗari mafi girma ga azabtarwa na tunani idan aka kwatanta da azabtarwa ta jiki. {{Sfn|Pérez-Sales|2016}} azabtarwa yana haifar da haɗari mafi girma na mummunan sakamako fiye da kowane sanannen ɗan adam. {{Sfn|Pérez-Sales|2016}} Ko da yake ra'ayi na al'ada shine tsoro yana haifar da rauni, Pérez-Sales yayi jayayya cewa asarar iko yana bayyana rauni a cikin wadanda suka tsira daga azabtarwa. {{Sfn|Pérez-Sales|2016}} Kamar yadda azabtarwa wani nau'i ne na tashin hankali na siyasa, ba duk masu tsira ba ko ƙwararrun gyare-gyare suna goyan bayan yin amfani da nau'ikan kiwon lafiya don ayyana kwarewarsu, {{Sfn|Pérez-Sales|2016}} da yawancin waɗanda suka tsira suna fuskantar juriya na tunani . {{Sfn|Pérez-Sales|2016}}

Wadanda suka tsira daga azabtarwa, iyalansu, da sauran mutane a cikin al'umma na iya buƙatar tallafi na dogon lokaci, magani, tunani da zamantakewa.  Yawancin waɗanda suka tsira daga azabtarwa ba sa bayyanawa sai dai idan ma'aikacin kiwon lafiya ya tambaye su musamman.  Abubuwan da suka shafi tunanin mutum sun nuna mahimmancin ƙididdiga amma ƙananan ƙananan asibiti a cikin alamun PTSD waɗanda ba su ci gaba da biyo baya ba. Sauran sakamakon, kamar damuwa na tunani ko ingancin rayuwa, ba su nuna wani fa'ida ba ko kuma ba a auna su ba.  Yawancin karatu sun fi mayar da hankali kan alamun PTSD, kuma akwai rashin bincike kan hanyoyin haɗin kai ko haɗin kai. 

Ko da yake akwai ƙarancin bincike game da sakamakon azabtarwa a kan masu aikata laifuka, {{Sfn|Hajjar|2013}} za su iya samun rauni na halin kirki ko alamun rauni kamar wadanda aka azabtar, musamman ma lokacin da suka ji laifi game da ayyukansu. {{Sfn|Rejali|2020}} {{Sfn|Wisnewski|2010}} azabtarwa yana da illa ga cibiyoyi da al'ummomin da suke aikata ta kuma suna lalata ƙwarewar sana'a. Masu azabtarwa suna manta da mahimman ƙwarewar bincike saboda azabtarwa na iya zama hanya mafi sauƙi don cimma ƙimar yanke hukunci ta hanyar tilastawa kuma galibi ikirari na ƙarya fiye da aikin ɗan sanda mai cin lokaci. Wannan deskilling yana ƙarfafa ci gaba da ƙara amfani da azabtarwa.  {{Sfn|Rejali|2020}} {{Sfn|Wisnewski|2010}} Rashin amincewa da azabtarwa na jama'a na iya cutar da sunan kasa da kasa na kasashen da ke amfani da azabtarwa, tayar da 'yan adawa, ƙarfafa mummunar adawa ga jihar azabtarwa, {{Sfn|Saul|Flanagan|2020}}   da kuma ƙarfafa abokin gaba ga abokan gaba. kansu suna amfani da azabtarwa. 

== Ra'ayin jama'a ==
Bincike ya gano cewa yawancin mutane a ƙasashe daban-daban na duniya suna adawa da amfani da azabtarwa gaba ɗaya {{Sfn|Rejali|2020}}  amma wasu tsiraru suna son tabbatar da amfani da shi a wasu lokuta.  Wasu mutane suna da ra'ayi dabam-dabam game da azabtarwa, yayin da wasu kuma yarda da azabtarwa ya dogara da mahallin,  tare da ƙarin mutane da ke son ba da izini ga azabtarwa ga wani wanda aka bayyana a matsayin dan ta'adda, musulmi, ko mai laifi. {{Sfn|Hatz|2021}} Taimakawa ga azabtarwa a cikin takamaiman lokuta yana da alaƙa da imani mara kyau game da tasirin azabtarwa. {{Sfn|Houck|Repke|2017}} Mutanen da ba addini ba sun fi goyon bayan amfani da azabtarwa fiye da masu addini. Ga mutanen da suke da addini, ƙara yawan addini yana ƙara adawa ga azabtarwa.  Ra'ayin jama'a yana da mahimmancin ƙuntatawa game da amfani da azabtarwa ta jihohi, kuma adawa da azabtarwa na iya karuwa bayan kwarewa na danniya na siyasa.  A gefe guda kuma, lokacin da jama'a suka goyi bayan azabtarwa ga wasu sassa na jama'a, kamar masu shan miyagun ƙwayoyi ko wadanda ake zargi da aikata laifuka, wannan zai iya sauƙaƙe amfani da azabtarwa. {{Sfn|Celermajer|2018}}

== Hani ==
[[File:Torture,_proposed_poster_in_The_Nature_of_the_Enemy_series.gif|thumb| Fassara na Amurka, 1942 ko 1943]]
A cikin duniyar yau, kusan ko'ina ana ɗaukar azabtarwa a matsayin abin ƙyama. {{Sfn|Wisnewski|2010}} Ana sukar azabtarwa a kan dukkan manyan tsare-tsare na ɗabi'a, gami da deontology, consequentialism, da ɗabi'a masu kyau.  {{Sfn|Wisnewski|2010}} Wasu masana falsafa na wannan zamani suna jayayya cewa azabtarwa ba a yarda da ita ta dabi'a ba, yayin da wasu ke ba da shawarar keɓance ga ƙa'idar gama gari a cikin rayuwa ta ainihi daidai da yanayin lokacin bam. {{Sfn|Wisnewski|2010}}  Haramun da aka yi wa azabtarwa, wanda aka sanya shi a matsayin dabbanci da zalunci, ya samo asali ne daga muhawarar da aka yi game da kawar da shi. {{Sfn|Barnes|2017}}  A ƙarshen karni na sha tara, ƙasashe sun fara yin Allah wadai a duniya saboda amfani da azabtarwa. {{Sfn|Barnes|2017}} Saboda azabtarwa ta zama alamar banbance tsakanin wayewa da dabbanci, ƙa'idodin ƙasa da ƙasa sun buƙaci a hana azabtarwa da azabtarwa-ko da an yi wa mutanen mulkin mallaka. {{Sfn|Kelly ''et al.''|2020}} {{Sfn|Barnes|2017}} An ƙarfafa haramcin a cikin karni na ashirin don mayar da martani ga amfani da azabtarwa daga Nazi Jamus da [[Tarayyar Sobiyet|Tarayyar Soviet]], wanda aka yi Allah wadai da shi sosai duk da sirrin da gwamnatocin suka yi. {{Sfn|Barnes|2017}} An gigita da zaluncin Nazi a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta tsara 1948 [[Gamayyar Sanarwa na Yancin Dan'adam|Universal Declaration of Human Rights]], wanda ya haramta azabtarwa. {{Sfn|Wisnewski|2010}} {{Sfn|Barnes|2017}}

azabtarwa ita ce al'amarin farko da ya tunzura samar da fafutukar kare hakkin bil'adama . {{Sfn|Hajjar|2013}} A cikin 1969, shari'ar Girkanci shine karo na farko da wata kungiya ta kasa da kasa (Hukumar Turai ta Hakkokin Dan Adam ) ta gano cewa wata jiha ta aikata azabtarwa. {{Sfn|Barnes|2017}} A farkon 1970s, [[Amnesty International|Amnesty International ta]] kaddamar da yakin duniya na yaki da azabtarwa, ta nuna yadda ake amfani da ita duk da haramcin kasa da kasa, kuma daga karshe ya kai ga Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya game da azabtarwa (CAT) a 1984 {{Sfn|Barnes|2017}} na iya hana amfani da shi ta gwamnatocin da ke da dalilai da dama na amfani da azabtarwa.   azaba ta kasance tsakiyar ƙungiyar kare haƙƙin ɗan adam a ƙarni na ashirin da ɗaya. {{Sfn|Kelly|2019}}
[[File:CAT_members.svg|thumb| Ƙungiyoyin Yarjejeniyar yaƙi da azabtarwa a cikin duhu kore, jihohin da suka sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar cikin haske kore, da sauransu cikin launin toka.]]
Haramcin azabtarwa wani al'ada ne na yau da kullun a cikin dokokin duniya, ma'ana cewa an haramta shi ga duk jihohi a kowane yanayi. {{Sfn|Evans|2020}} {{Sfn|Saul|Flanagan|2020}} Yawancin malaman fikihu suna ba da hujjar cikakken hani na shari'a game da azabtarwa bisa keta mutuncinta . {{Sfn|Pérez-Sales|2016}} CAT da Yarjejeniyar Zaɓuɓɓuka ta mayar da hankali kan rigakafin azabtarwa, wanda aka rigaya an haramta shi a cikin dokokin haƙƙin ɗan adam na duniya a ƙarƙashin wasu yarjejeniyoyin kamar Yarjejeniyar ƙasa da ƙasa akan 'yancin ɗan adam da siyasa. {{Sfn|Carver|Handley|2016}} {{Sfn|Hajjar|2013}} CAT ta ƙayyade cewa azabtarwa dole ne ya zama laifi na  {{Sfn|Kelly ''et al.''|2020}} shaidar da aka samu a ƙarƙashin azabtarwa ba za a iya shigar da ita a kotu ba, kuma an haramta fitar da mutum zuwa wata ƙasa inda zai iya fuskantar azabtarwa. {{Sfn|Saul|Flanagan|2020}} Ko da yake ba bisa ka'ida ba ne a ƙarƙashin dokar ƙasa, alkalai a ƙasashe da yawa suna ci gaba da amincewa da shaidar da aka samu ta hanyar azabtarwa ko cin zarafi.  {{Sfn|Carver|Handley|2016}} Wani bincike na 2009 ya gano cewa kashi 42 cikin 100 na jam'iyyun CAT suna ci gaba da yin amfani da azabtarwa a cikin tsari. {{Sfn|Evans|2020}}

A cikin dokokin jin kai na ƙasa da ƙasa da ke aiki a lokacin rikice-rikice na makamai, Dokar Lieber ta 1863 ta fara haramta azabtarwa. {{Sfn|Nowak|2014}} An gurfanar da azabtarwa a lokacin shari'ar Nuremberg a matsayin laifi ga bil'adama. {{Sfn|Barnes|2017}} An amince da azabtarwa ta duka Yarjejeniyar Geneva ta 1949 da Dokar Rome ta 1998 na [[Kotun Shari'ar Miyagun Laifuka|Kotun Hukunta Manyan Laifukan Duniya]] a matsayin [[Laifin Yaƙi|laifin yaki]] . {{Sfn|Nowak|2014}} {{Sfn|Hajjar|2013}} A cewar Dokar Roma, azabtarwa kuma na iya zama laifi ga bil'adama idan an aikata shi a matsayin wani ɓangare na harin da aka tsara a kan farar hula. {{Sfn|Nowak|2014}}

== Rigakafi ==
[[File:Monumento_Tortura_Nunca_Mais_-_Recife.jpg|thumb| Abin tunawa da azabtarwa a Recife, Brazil, na sculptor {{Interlanguage link|Demétrio Albuquerque|pt}}, yana nuna jikin mutum tsirara a matsayin pau de arara .]]
Azabtarwa laifi ne  dama kuma yana yaduwa a cikin yanayin tsare mutane ba tare da izini ba. {{Sfn|Carver|Handley|2016}}  Ana iya kawar da haɗarin azabtarwa da kyau tare da kariya mai kyau, aƙalla a cikin kwanciyar hankali. {{Sfn|Rejali|2020}}  Wani bincike na 2016 wanda Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun  ta Ƙarfafa ta yi ya gano cewa ma'auni mafi karfi da ke da alaƙa da yawan azabtarwa shine ayyukan tsarewa.  {{Sfn|Carver|Handley|2016}} {{Sfn|Carver|Handley|2016}}  Ziyarar ƙungiyoyin sa ido masu zaman kansu zuwa wuraren da ake tsare da su na iya taimakawa wajen rage yawan azabtarwa.  Saboda ba za a iya amfani da tanadin doka a aikace ba, yin aiki ya fi dacewa da abin da ya faru na azabtarwa fiye da haƙƙin doka. {{Sfn|Carver|Handley|2016}} Canje-canje ga tsarin shari'a na iya zama marasa tasiri musamman a wuraren da doka ta iyakance haƙƙin mallaka ko kuma a yi watsi da ita akai-akai. {{Sfn|Kelly ''et al.''|2020}}

A ilimin zamantakewa, azabtarwa yana aiki azaman al'ada, ƙoƙarin rigakafin takaici saboda masu azabtarwa na iya samun hanyar kewaye dokoki. {{Sfn|Rejali|2020}}  Ana iya guje wa kariya daga azabtarwa a tsare ta hanyar lakada wa waɗanda ake tuhuma duka yayin zagaye ko kan hanyar zuwa ofishin 'yan sanda. {{Sfn|Carver|Handley|2016}} {{Sfn|Kelly|2019}} Gabaɗaya horar da 'yan sanda don inganta ikonsu na bincikar laifuka ya fi tasiri wajen rage azabtarwa fiye da takamaiman horo da aka mayar da hankali kan 'yancin ɗan adam.  {{Sfn|Carver|Handley|2016}} gyare-gyaren 'yan sanda na ci gaba yana da tasiri lokacin da cin zarafi ya kasance cikin tsari. {{Sfn|Carver|Handley|2016}} {{Sfn|Kelly|2019}} Masanin kimiyyar siyasa Darius Rejali ya soki binciken rigakafin azabtarwa don rashin gano "abin da za a yi idan mutane ba su da kyau; cibiyoyi sun karye, rashin ma'aikata, da cin hanci da rashawa; kuma tashin hankali na yau da kullum shine na yau da kullum."{{Sfn|Rejali|2020}}

== Manazarta ==
{{reflist|2}}