Haɗuwa

Haɗuwa
Wikimedia disambiguation page (en)

Alamar tsakiya tana cikin Harshen Hungary, wanda ke haɗuwa sosai. (Alamu na sama da na ƙasa suna cikin Romanian da Jamusanci, bi da bi, duka harsuna masu canzawa.) Fassarar Turanci ita ce "Ma'aikatar Abinci da Aikin Gona: Babban Daraktan Abinci da Noma na Satu Mare County".

A cikin ilimin harshe, agglutination tsari ne na morphological wanda aka kafa kalmomi ta hanyar haɗuwa tare da morphemes (kassan kalma), kowannensu ya dace da fasalin syntactic guda ɗaya. Harsunan da ke amfani da agglutination a ko'ina ana kiransu harsunan agglutinative. Misali, a cikin harshen agglutinative na Turkiyya, kalmar ev開den ("daga gidajenku") ta ƙunshi morphemes ev-ler-i-n-iz-den. Sau da yawa ana rarrabe harsuna masu haɗuwa da harsuna marasa iyaka, waɗanda kalmomi suke monomorphemic, da harsunan fusional, waɗanda kalmomi zasu iya zama masu rikitarwa, amma morphemes na iya dacewa da siffofi da yawa.

Misalan harsuna masu haɗuwa

Kodayake agglutination alama ce ta wasu iyalai na harsuna, wannan ba yana nufin cewa lokacin da harsuna da yawa a cikin wani yanki duk suna da haɗuwa dole ne su kasance masu alaƙa da phylogenetically. A baya, wannan zaton ya jagoranci masana harsuna su gabatar da abin da ake kira Ural-Altaic harsunan, wanda ya hada da Uralic da Turkic harsunan، da Mongolian, Koriya, da Jafananci. Masana ilimin harshe na zamani suna kallon wannan shawarar a matsayin mai kawo rigima, kuma wasu suna magana da wannan a matsayin Haɗuwa da harshe a maimakon haka.

Wani la'akari yayin kimanta shawarar da ke sama shine cewa wasu harsuna da suka bunkasa daga harsuna masu mahimmanci sun rasa siffofin su masu mahimmanci. Misali, Estonian na zamani ya sauya zuwa nau'in fusional. (Ya kuma rasa wasu siffofi na musamman na iyalan Uralic, kamar jituwa ta wasali.)

Eurasia da Oceania

  Misalan harsuna masu haɗuwa sun haɗa da Harsunan Uralic, kamar Finnish, Estonian, da Hungarian. Wadannan suna da maganganu masu yawa a cikin amfani na yau da kullun, kuma yawancin kalmomi suna da bisyllabic ko fiye. Bayanan da aka bayyana ta hanyar adpositions a cikin Yammacin Indo-Turai yawanci ana samun su a cikin suffixes.

Hungarian yana amfani da haɗin kai mai yawa a kusan kowane bangare. Ƙididdigar suna bin juna a cikin tsari na musamman bisa ga rawar da ƙididdigar ke takawa, kuma ana iya tara mutane da yawa, ɗaya a kan ɗayan, wanda ke haifar da kalmomi da ke isar da ma'anoni masu rikitarwa a cikin siffofi. Misali shine fiaiéi, inda tushen "fi (ú) -" yana nufin "ɗan", wasula huɗu masu zuwa duk suna da ma'anar daban-daban, kuma duk kalmar tana nufin "[dukiya da yawa] na 'ya'yansa maza ne". Tsarin mallaka da kuma furcin jam'i suna da ban mamaki sosai (lura cewa Hungarian ba ya amfani da jinsi).

Farisa tana da wasu siffofi na agglutination, yin amfani da prefixes da suffixes da aka haɗe da tushen kalmomi da sunaye. Farisa yare ne na SOV, don haka yana da tsarin magana na ƙarshe. Farisa tana amfani da tushen suna + jam'i + ma'anar shari'a + ma'auni na ma'anar ma'anar kama da Turkiyya. Misali, kalmar nan "Mashinhayeshan-ra negah mikardam/ماشین های شان را__wol____wol____wol__" ma'ana 'Ina kallon motocinsu' lit. ' (a cikin motocinsu) (duba) (Ina yin) '. Kashe kalma ta farko:

Za mu iya ganin yanayin haɗuwa da gaskiyar cewa Farisa na iya sanya adadin da aka ba da ma'auni na dogara ga tushen ma'aunin (a cikin wannan misali, mota).

Kusan dukkanin Harsunan Austronesian, kamar Malay, da yawancin Harsunan Philippine, suma suna cikin wannan rukuni, don haka suna ba su damar samar da sababbin kalmomi daga siffofi masu sauƙi. An kafa kalmar Indonesian da Malay ta hanyar ƙara murya mai aiki, mai haifar da kuma fa'ida ga ma'anar magana, wanda ke nufin "daidaitawa". A cikin Tagalog (da kuma daidaitattun rajista, Filipino), an kafa shi ne daga tushen bagabag ("abin da ke damun / damuwa").

A Gabashin Asiya, Koriya yare ne mai haɗuwa. Amfani da '조사', '접사', da '어미' yana sa Koriya agglutinate. Suna wakiltar lokaci, lokaci, lambar, haddasawa, da siffofin girmamawa.

Har ila yau, Jafananci harshe ne mai haɗuwa, kamar Koriya, yana ƙara bayanai kamar ƙin yarda, murya mai wucewa, lokacin da ya gabata, digiri na girmamawa da causality a cikin aikatau. Misalai na yau da kullun za su kasance hatarakaseraretara, wanda ya haɗu da haɗuwa, mai wucewa ko mai yuwuwa, da haɗuwa da yanayin don isa ga ma'anoni biyu dangane da mahallin "idan (batutuwa) an yi aiki..." da "idan (abu) na iya yin (abu) aiki", da kuma tabetakunta (Rashin sha'awa), wanda ya haɗawa da sha'awa, ƙin yarda, da abubuwan da suka gabata don nufin "Ni / shi / ba sa son cin abinci".

• taberu (" (subject) zai ci (shi) ")
• tabetai (" (subject) yana so ya ci (shi) ")
• tabetakunai (" (subject) ba ya son cin abinci (it) ")
• tabetakunakatta (" (subject) ba ya so ya ci (shi) ")

Turkiyya, tare da duk sauran harsunan Turkiyya, wani harshe ne mai haɗawa: a matsayin misali mai tsanani, ana kiran kalmar Muvaffakiyetsizle fixeveremeye feververdenmişsinizcesine a matsayin kalma ɗaya a cikin Turkiyya, amma ana iya fassara shi zuwa Turanci kamar "kamar kana daga cikin waɗanda ba za mu iya juya cikin masu yin nasara ba". "-siniz" yana nufin nau'in jam'i na ku tare da "-sin" kasancewa nau'i ɗaya, kamar yadda "-im" yake "Ni" ("-im" yana nufin "ni" ba "Ni" ba. Editan asali dole ne ya yi kuskure da shi ga "-yim". Wannan ma'anar ta biyu ana amfani da ita kamar "Oraya Gideonyim" ma'anar "Sai na je can" ko "Lokacin da na isa can") da "-imiz" yana sa ya zama "mu". Hakazalika, wannan ma'anar tana nufin "mu" kuma ba "mu" ba.

Tamil is agglutinative. For example, in Tamil, the word "அதைப்பண்ணமுடியாதவர்களுக்காக" (ataippaṇṇamuṭiyātavarkaḷukkāka) means "for the sake of those who cannot do that", literally "that to do impossible he [plural marker] [dative marker] to become". Another example is verb conjugation. In all Dravidian languages, verbal markers are used to convey tense, person, and mood. For example, in Tamil, "சாப்பிடுகிறேன்" (cāppiṭukiṟēṉ, "I eat") is formed from the verb root சாப்பிடு- (cāppiṭu-, "to eat") + the present tense marker -கிற்- (-kiṟ-) + the first-person singular suffix -ஏன் (-ēṉ).

Agglutination kuma sanannen fasalin Basque ne. Misali, ana yin haɗuwa da aikat ta hanyar ƙara prefixes daban-daban ko suffixes zuwa tushen aikatau: dakar', wanda ke nufin "Ina kawo su", an kafa shi ne da (yana nuna halin yanzu), kar (tushen aikatau Irlanda → kawo), tza (yana nuna jam'i) da t (yana nuna batun, a wannan yanayin, "Ni"). Wani misali zai zama raguwa: Etxean = "A cikin gidan" inda etxe = gida.

Amurka

Alamar a cikin Mutanen Espanya, Turanci da Kichwa, harshe mai haɗuwa.

Ana amfani da Agglutination sosai a yawancin yarukan 'Yan asalin Amurka, kamar su Inuit, Nahuatl, Mapudungun, Quechua, Tz'utujil, Kaqchikel, Cha'palaachi da Kʼicheʼ, inda kalma ɗaya na iya ƙunsar isasshen morphemes don isar da ma'anar abin da zai zama jumla mai rikitarwa a wasu Harsuna. Sabanin haka, Navajo ya ƙunshi affixes don wasu amfani, amma yana rufe su a cikin irin waɗannan hanyoyin da ba a iya hangowa ba kuma ba za a iya raba su ba wanda galibi ana kiransa a matsayin harshe na fusional.  

Rashin da ba a sani ba

Kamar yadda aka ambata a sama, alama ce ta harsuna masu haɗuwa cewa akwai takaddama ɗaya-zuwa-ɗaya tsakanin ƙididdiga da rukunoni na syntactic. Misali, sunan na iya samun alamomi daban-daban don lamba, shari'a, mallaka ko amfani da haɗin kai da dai sauransu. An daidaita tsari na waɗannan ƙididdigar; don haka za mu iya kallon kowane sunan da aka ba shi ko aikatau a matsayin maɓallin da aka biyo baya da yawa, watau matsayi wanda wasu ƙididdigas zasu iya faruwa, kuma / ko kuma "ƙididdigar" da yawa don prefixes. Sau da yawa yanayin ne cewa mafi yawan misali na wani nau'in ilimin lissafi da aka ba shi da alama, watau ma'anar da ta dace ba kome ba ne.

Adadin ramuka don wani bangare na magana na iya zama abin mamaki. Misali, kalma mai iyaka ta Koriya tana da ramuka bakwai (ƙananan ƙuƙwalwar ƙuƙwalwa na ciki suna nuna ɓangarorin morphemes waɗanda za a iya watsar da su a wasu mahalli na sauti):

1. girmamawa: - (eu) si ((__hau____hau____hau__) ana amfani da shi lokacin da mai magana ke girmama batun jumlar
2. lokacin: - (eo) ) ss (na asali) don kammala (da baya) aiki ko jiha; lokacin da wannan ramin ya zama komai, ana fassara lokacin a matsayin yanzu (An furta 'ss' a matsayin 't' idan an sanya shi a bayan ma'ana. Misali, -__hau____hau____hau__ (eoss-eo) ana furta shi a matsayin (eosseo), amma -__hau__ (aoss-ta) ana furtawa shi a matsayin "eotta". Da fatan za a lura cewa wannan doka ta shafi duk lokuta na ƙarshen 'ss'. )
3. bangare na kwarewa-bambance: - (eo) ss (na asali) ninka alamar da ta gabata yana nufin "batun ya sami kwarewar da aikatau ya bayyana"
4. modal: -gess (pepe) ana amfani dashi tare da batutuwa na farko kawai don makomar gaba kuma tare da batutuwan mutum na biyu ko na uku kuma don yiwuwar yanzu ko baya
5. na yau da kullun: - (eu)- (ni) (() __wol____wol____wol__) yana nuna ladabi ga mai sauraro
6. bangare na baya: -deo; yana nuna cewa mai magana yana tunawa da abin da ya lura a baya kuma yana ba da rahoto a halin yanzu
7. yanayi: -da (다) don bayyanawa, -kka don tambaya, -ra/-la (라) don imperative, -ja (자) don propositive, -yo (interpret) don nuna ladabi da kuma adadi mai yawa na sauran alamun yanayi

Kodayake wasu haɗuwa da ƙayyadaddun ba su yiwuwa ba (misali ɗaya daga cikin ramukan ɓangaren ɓangaren da za a iya cika su da ƙayyar da ba ta da komai), ana iya kafa siffofin aikatau sama da 400 daga tushe ɗaya. ga wasu misalai da aka kafa daga kalmar tushen ga 'zuwa'; lambobin suna nuna waɗanne ramuka suna dauke da ƙayyadaddun da ba su da komai:

• 7 (maɓallin yanayi mai mahimmanci): maɓallin -ra (라) ya haɗu da tushen ga- (가) don bayyana ma'anar:

  ga-ra (가라) 'Ku tafi!'

• 7 (ma'auni na yanayi): idan muna so mu bayyana ra'ayi maimakon umarni, ana amfani da alamar yanayi mai kyau: -ja (자) maimakon -ra (라):

  ga-ja (가자) 'Bari mu tafi! '

• 5 da 7: Idan mai magana yana so ya nuna girmamawa ga mai sauraro, yana amfani da alamar ladabi - (eu)- (ni) ((__hau____hau____hau__) (a cikin rami na 5); ana iya amfani da alamun yanayi daban-daban a lokaci guda (a cikin layi na 7, sabili da haka bayan alamar ladabi):

  gap-ni-da 'Yana tafiya.'

  gap-ni-kka? (Little) 'Shin yana tafiya?'

• 6: Bayani game da baya:

  Jon-i jib-e ga-deo-ra 'Na lura cewa Yahaya yana zuwa gida kuma yanzu ina ba da rahoton hakan a gare ku.'

• 7: mai sauƙi:

  seon-saeng-nim-i jib-e gan-da 'Malamin yana zuwa gida. (ba ya nuna girmamawa ko ladabi) '

• 5 da 7: ladabi ga mai sauraro:

  seon-saeng-nim-i jib-e gap-ni-da ko seon-Saeng-nim jib-e ga-yo 'Malamin yana zuwa gida.'

• 1 da 7: girmamawa ga batun:

  seon-saeng-nim-i jib-e ga-sin-da 'Malamin (mai daraja) yana zuwa gida.'

• 1, 5 da 7: nau'o'i biyu na ladabi a cikin jumla ɗaya:

  seon-saeng-nim-i jib-e ga-syeo-yo (선생同同同) ko kuma seon-saeg-nim-I jib-e da ga-sip-ni-da (선同同) 'Malamin yana zuwa gida. (yana nuna girmamawa ga mai ji da malami) '

• 2, 3 da 7: siffofin da suka gabata:

  Jon-i hak-gyo-e ga-ss-da/gat-ta 'John ya tafi makaranta (kuma yana nan yanzu).'

  Jon-i hak-gyo-e gass-eoss-da/gass-eot-ta 'John ya tafi makaranta (kuma ya dawo).'

• 4 da 7: mutum na farko modal:

  nae-ga nae-il ga-gess-da/ga-get-ta 'Zan je gobe.'

• 4 da 7: mutum na uku:

  Jon-i nae-il ga-gess-da/ga-get-ta 'Ina tsammanin Yahaya zai tafi gobe.'

  Jon-i eo-je gass-gess-da/gat-get-ta 'Ina tsammanin Yahaya ya bar jiya.'

Suffixing ko prefixing

Kodayake yawancin harsuna masu haɗuwa a Turai da Asiya galibi suna da ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadadden ƙayyadyadaddun, an san Harsunan Bantu na gabashin da kudancin Afirka da ƙayƙwalwa masu rikitarwa, ƙayyadamuran ƙayyadada da sakewa. Wani fasalin wannan dangin harshe shine cewa sunaye sun fada cikin nau'ikan suna. Ga kowane nau'in suna, akwai takamaiman prefixes guda ɗaya da jam'i, wanda kuma ke aiki a matsayin alamun yarjejeniya tsakanin batun da aikatau. Bugu da ƙari, sunan yana ƙayyade prefixes na duk kalmomin da ke canza shi kuma batun yana ƙayyades prefixes of other elements in the same verb phrase.

Misali, sunayen Swahili -toto ("yaro") da -tu ("mutum") sun fada cikin aji na 1, tare da prefix guda ɗaya m- da prefix na jam'i wa-. Sunan -tabu ("littafi") ya fada cikin aji na 7, tare da prefix guda ki- da prefix na jam'i vi- . Za a iya kafa jimloli masu zuwa:

m-toto a-li-fika 'Yaron ya zo.' m-toto a-ta-fika 'Yaron zai zo.' wa-toto wa-li-fika 'Ya'yan sun iso.' wa-toto wa-ta-fika 'Yaran za su zo.'

m-tu a-li-lala 'Mutumin ya yi barci.' m-tu a-ta-lala 'Mutumin zai yi barci.' wa-tu wa-li-lala 'Mutane sun yi barci.' wa-tu wa-ta-lala 'Mutane za su yi barci.'

ki-tabu ki-li-anguka 'Littafin ya fadi.' ki-tabu ki-ta-anguka 'Littafin zai fadi.' vi-tabu vi-li-anguka 'Littattafan sun fadi.' vi-tabu vi-ta-anguka 'Littattafan za su faɗi.'

 

A cikin mahallin ilimin harshe mai yawa

Masanin harshe na Amurka Joseph Harold Greenberg a cikin takarda na 1960 ya ba da shawarar yin amfani da abin da ake kira agglutinative index don lissafin ƙimar lambobi wanda zai ba mai bincike damar kwatanta "digiri na agglutitativeness" na harsuna daban-daban. Ga Greenberg, agglutination yana nufin cewa ana haɗuwa morphs ne kawai tare da ɗan ƙarami ko babu gyare-gyare. An ce morpheme na atomatik ne idan ko dai yana ɗaukar nau'i ɗaya (morph), ko kuma idan an ƙayyade nau'in farfajiyarsa ta ƙa'idodin sauti waɗanda ke riƙe da duk irin waɗannan lokuta a cikin wannan harshe. A morph juncture - wani matsayi a cikin kalma inda biyu morphs hadu - ana ɗaukarsa agglutinative lokacin da duka biyu morphemes da aka haɗa su ne ta atomatik. Alamar agglutination daidai yake da matsakaicin rabo na yawan haɗuwa da haɗuwa zuwa yawan haɗuwa. Harsuna tare da manyan dabi'u na ƙididdigar agglutinative sune agglutinatives kuma tare da ƙananan dabi'u masu ƙididdigari sune fusional.

A cikin wannan takarda, Greenberg ya ba da shawarar wasu alamomi da yawa, da yawa daga cikinsu sun zama masu dacewa da nazarin agglutination. Alamar roba ita ce matsakaicin adadin morphemes a kowace kalma, tare da ƙarancin ƙimar da za a iya tsammani daidai da 1 don warewa (analytic) harsuna da ƙimar rayuwa ta ainihi da wuya ta wuce 3. Alamar haɗuwa daidai take da matsakaicin adadin tushen morphemes a kowace kalma (kamar yadda ya saba da derivational da inflectional morphemes). Alamun derivational, inflectional, prefixial da suffixial sun dace da matsakaicin adadin derivational da inflectionals morphemes, prefixes da suffixes.

	haɗuwa	haɗin kai	Haɗuwa	samo asali	juyawa	prefixing	ƙayyadaddun
Swahili	0.67	2.56	1.00	0.03	0.31	0.45	0.16
Magana da Turkiyya	0.67	1.75	1.04	0.06	0.38	0.00	0.44
Rubutun Turkiyya	0.60	2.33	1.00	0.11	0.43	0.00	0.54
Yakut	0.51	2.17	1.02	0.16	0.38	0.00	0.53
Girkanci	0.40	1.82	1.02	0.07	0.37	0.02	0.42
Turanci	0.30	1.67	1.00	0.09	0.32	0.02	0.38
Inuit	0.03	3.70	1.00	0.34	0.47	0.00	0.73

Phonetics da agglutination

Dangantaka daya-da-daya tsakanin wani affix da aikinsa na harshe na iya zama mai rikitarwa ta hanyar hanyoyin phonological masu aiki a cikin harshen da aka ba su. Misali, abubuwan da suka biyo baya guda biyu sun bayyana a yawancin yarukan Uralic da Turkic:

• gradation na ma'ana, ma'ana cewa akwai sauyawa tsakanin wasu nau'i-nau'i na ma'auni kamar yadda ɗayan ɗayan ɗayan ya bayyana a farkon syllable mai buɗewa ɗayan kuma a farkon sylable mai rufewa; (a cikin yarukan Uralic)
• consonant devoicing assimilation: irin wannan amma daban tsari daga sama, assimilating devoicing na wani tushe-ƙarshe unvoiced consonant; (a wasu Turkic harsuna)
• jituwa ta wasula, ma'ana cewa takamaiman ƙananan wasula ne kawai ke zaune a cikin kalma da ba a haɗa ta ba.

Misalai da yawa daga Finnish za su kwatanta yadda waɗannan dokoki biyu da sauran matakai na phonological ke haifar da karkatarwa daga dangantaka daya-da-daya tsakanin morphs da aikin su na syntactic da semantic. Babu wata doka ta phonological da aka yi amfani da ita a cikin raguwar Talo 'gida'. Koyaya, misali na biyu ya kwatanta nau'ikan abubuwan da suka faru na sauti.

Gidan 'gidan'	märkä payta 'shinkafa mai laushi'	Tushen suna dauke da tarin sassan -rk- da -t-
Talo-n 'na gidan'	märä-n paida-n'of a rigar shirt'	Matsayi na ma'ana: ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadadden -n ya rufe syllable na baya; rk -> r, t->d
Talo-ssa 'a cikin gidan'	märä-ssä paida-ssa 'in rigar rigar'	jituwa ta wasula: kalma da ke dauke da ä bazai ƙunshi wasula a, o, u ba; ana amfani da allomorph na ƙarshen -ssa /ssä
Talo-i-ssa 'a cikin gidaje'	mär-i-ssä paido-i-ssa 'in riguna masu laushi'	Dokokin sauti kuma suna nuna canje-canje daban-daban na wasali lokacin da alamar jam'i -i- ta sadu da wasali na ƙarshe

Ƙarfin Ƙarfin

Yana yiwuwa a gina misalai masu tsananin gaske na agglutination, waɗanda ba su da amfani na gaske, amma suna kwatanta ikon ka'idojin harshe don agglutinate. Wannan ba tambaya ce ta "kalmomi masu tsawo" ba, saboda wasu harsuna suna ba da izinin haɗuwa mara iyaka tare da kalmomi masu haɗari, ƙididdigar ƙyama ko irin wannan, wanda za'a iya (kuma ana) bayyana shi tare da tsarin nazari a cikin ainihin amfani.

Turanci yana iya haɗawa da morphemes na asali kawai (Jamusanci), a matsayin ba-duka-wani-wani-ko, amma gabaɗaya ana tattara kalmomin da suka fi tsayi daga siffofin Latin ko asalin Tsohon Girkanci. Misali na gargajiya shine anti-lyblishmentarianism. Harsunan Agglutinative sau da yawa suna da haɗuwa mai rikitarwa fiye da harsuna masu warewa, don haka suna iya yin haka har zuwa mafi girma. Misali, a cikin harshen Hungary, kalma kamar elnemzeti沉íthetetl donek, wanda ke nufin "don [mahimmanci na] rashin amincewa" na iya samun amfani na ainihi. Hakazalika, akwai kalmomin da ke da ma'ana, amma mai yiwuwa ba a taɓa amfani da su ba kamar legeslegmegszentségteleníttethetetlenebbjeitekként, wanda ke nufin "kamar mafi yawan waɗanda ba za a iya bayyana su ba", amma yana da wuyar fassara ko da ga masu magana da asali. Yin amfani da agglutination na juyawa, ana iya fadada waɗannan. Misali, rikodin duniya na Guinness na hukuma shine Finnish scalptptämmy替ydelläns__ilo____ilo____ilo__ "Ina mamakin idan - ko da tare da ingancinsa na ba a sanya shi ba". Yana da kalmar da aka samo ta hanyar (Ving) a matsayin tushen kuma an tsawaita shi tare da ƙarshen juyawa -lläns__ilo____ilo____ilo__ . Koyaya, wannan kalmar ba ta da masaniya, saboda - harmon "kuma" ana amfani dashi ne kawai a cikin sassan da ba su dace ba, -Jami'a -kö (tambaya) ne kawai a sassan tambaya.

Wani shahararren haɗin Turkiyya shine Çekoslovakyalı withoutamadık reconddanmış, ma'ana " (A bayyane yake / Na ji hakan) Kuna ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda ba mu iya canzawa zuwa Czechoslovakians ba". Ana amfani da wannan tarihin tarihi a matsayin wasa ga mutanen da ke da wuyar canzawa ko waɗanda suka fito a cikin rukuni.

A gefe guda, Afyonkarahisar Nairobirabildik salaridenmişsinizcesine kalma ce mai tsawo wacce ba ta mamakin mutane kuma tana nufin "Kamar ku ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda muka iya sa mutane su yi kama da Afyonkarahisar". Wani ƙari na baya-bayan nan ga da'awar ya zo tare da gabatar da kalmar da ke biyowa a cikin harshen Turkiyya muvaffakiyetsizle fixecile fixeveremeye fevermeele feverdenmişsinizcesine, wanda ke nufin wani abu kamar " (kunyi magana) kamar dai kuna ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda ba mu iya juya zuwa mai yin mutanen da ba su yi nasara ba" (wani wanda bai yi ilimi ba don yin su ba).

Har ila yau, yaren Georgian harshe ne mai haɗuwa sosai. Misali, kalmar gadmosakontrrevolucieleblebisnairebisatvisaco (გ Déya) za ta nufin " (wasu ba a ƙayyade ba) ya ce kuma ga waɗanda suke kamar waɗanda ke buƙatar sake / baya da sake juyin juya hali".

Mashahuran 'yan wasan kwaikwayo na Aristophanes sun haɗa da kalmar Helenanci λοπαδο­τεμαχο­σελαχο­γαλεο­κρανιοψανο­δριμ­υπο­τριμματο­σιλιοκαραβομε­λιτο­κατακεχυ­χλεπι­πι­πίκοσσυφο­φατττο­φαττο­periστερστερ­αλεκτονοπτο­κελλκιύλοπελειοκκκι­κύκύκκύκίκκκκίίίολαγγοit a magnes a fictional, kalmar An halicce shi ne don yin ba'a ga yanayin dogon fili a cikin Girkanci na Attic a lokacin.  

Harshen Slavic ba a dauke su agglutinative amma fusional. Koyaya, matsanancin derivations kama da waɗanda aka samu a cikin harsuna masu haɗuwa sun wanzu. Wani sanannen misali shine kalmar Bulgarian непротивоконституциословател spokeйте, ma'ana kada ku yi magana a kan kundin tsarin mulki kuma na biyu kada ku yi aiki a kan kundin mulki. Ya ƙunshi tushen guda uku kawai: adawa da, kundin tsarin mulki, kalma aro sabili da haka ba ta da abun da ke ciki da kalmar kalma. Sauran -uwa ɗaure morphemes don ƙin yarda (ba, mai gabatar da kara ba, in ba haka ba an rubuta shi daban a cikin aikatau), mai ƙarawa (-ателств), mai canzawa-da-verb (-ува), yanayin da ya dace na mutum na biyu mai yawa wanda ya ƙare (-йте). Yana da ban mamaki, amma yana da wasu amfani, misali, jigogi na jaridu a ranar 13 ga Yuli 1991, ranar da aka karɓi kundin tsarin mulkin Bulgaria na yanzu tare da jayayya da muhawara, har ma da abin kunya.

Sauran amfani da kalmomin agglutination da agglutinative

Kalmomin agglutination da agglutinative sun fito ne daga kalmar Latin agglutinare, 'don manne tare'. A cikin ilimin harshe, ana amfani da waɗannan kalmomi tun 1836, lokacin da Wilhelm von Humboldt ya buga aikin da ya gabata Über die Verschiedenheit des menschlichen Sprachbaues und ihren Einfluß auf die geistige Entwicklung des Menschengeschlechts [lit.: A kan bambance-bambance na ginin harshe da tasirinsa akan ci gaban tunanin ɗan adam] ya gabatar da rarraba harsuna cikin keɓewa, juyawa, haɗuwa da <i id="mwAkI">haɗawa</i>.

Musamman a wasu tsofaffin wallafe-wallafen, ana amfani da agglutinative a wasu lokuta a matsayin ma'anar na roba. A wannan yanayin, yana kunshe da abin da muke kira harsuna masu haɗuwa da juyawa, kuma yana da ma'anar <i id="mwAkw">nazari</i> ko <i id="mwAk0">warewa</i>. Baya ga bayyane motsi na etymological (bayan duka, ƙarshen juyawa ma "mai mannewa" ga tsokoki), wannan amfani na gaba ɗaya ya cancanci gaskiyar cewa bambancin tsakanin harsuna masu haɗuwa da juyawa ba mai kaifi ba ne, kamar yadda muka riga muka gani.

A rabi na biyu na karni na 19, masana harsuna da yawa sun yi imanin cewa akwai sake zagayowar halitta na harshe: kalmomin aiki na nau'in keɓewa suna manne da kalmomin su, don haka harshe ya zama agglutinative; daga baya morphs sun haɗu ta hanyar matakai na sauti, kuma abin da ke fitowa shine harshe mai juyawa; a ƙarshe ana sau da yawa a cikin magana mai sauri, juyawa an cire shi kuma harshe ya koma ga nau'in warewa.

Sashe mai zuwa daga Ubangiji (1960) ya nuna duk ma'anonin da kalmar agglutination zata iya samu.

(Agglutination...) ya ƙunshi walda tare da kalmomi biyu ko fiye da ke Haɗuwa akai-akai a matsayin rukuni na haɗin kai a cikin ɗayan ɗaya, wanda ya zama mai wahala ko ba zai yiwu a bincika daga baya.

Agglutination yana ɗaukar nau'o'i daban-daban. A cikin Faransanci, walda ya zama cikakkiyar haɗuwa. Latin hanc horam 'a wannan sa'a' ita ce ƙungiyar adverbial ta Faransanci. Tsohon Faransanci tous jours ya zama ko da yaushe, kuma dès jà ('tun yanzu') déjà ('ya riga ya'). A cikin Turanci, a gefe guda, ban da haɗuwa mai ban sha'awa kamar gaisuwa daga Allah ya kasance tare da ku, walnut daga Wales nut, taga daga iska-eye (O.N. Vindauga), raka'a da ke samar da siffofin da aka haɗa suna riƙe da asalin su. Kalmomi kamar blackbird da beefeater wani nau'i ne na kifi; suna riƙe da raka'a amma ainihin ma'anarsu ba za a iya cirewa daga waɗannan raka'a ba. (...)

Saussure ya fi son rarrabe tsakanin kalmomin da aka haɗa da gaske ko haɗuwa.

Harsuna masu haɗuwa a cikin sarrafa harshe na halitta

A cikin sarrafa harshe na halitta, harsuna masu wadataccen yanayin suna haifar da matsaloli daban-daban fiye da keɓe harsuna. Game da harsuna masu haɗuwa, babban cikas yana cikin adadi mai yawa na siffofin kalmomi waɗanda za a iya samun su daga tushe ɗaya. Kamar yadda muka riga muka gani, ƙarni na waɗannan siffofin kalmomi yana da ɗan rikitarwa ta hanyar hanyoyin sauti na takamaiman harshe. Kodayake dangantakar mutum-da-daya tsakanin tsari da aikin haɗin kai ba ta lalace a cikin Finnish ba, cibiyar da ta dace don Harsunan Finland (Kotus) ta lissafa Nau'ikan raguwa 51 don sunayen Finnish, adjectives, sunaye, da lambobi.

Har ma da matsaloli da yawa suna faruwa tare da fahimtar siffofin kalmomi. Hanyoyin harshe na zamani sun dogara ne akan amfani da corpora; duk da haka, lokacin da yawan nau'ikan kalmomi masu yiwuwa suka fi girma, kowane corpus zai ƙunshi ƙananan ƙananan su. Hajič (2010) ya yi iƙirarin cewa sararin kwamfuta da iko suna da arha sosai a zamanin yau cewa duk nau'ikan kalmomi masu yiwuwa za a iya samar da su a gaba kuma a adana su a cikin nau'in ƙamus wanda ke lissafa duk fassarorin da za a iya fassara na kowane nau'in kalma. (Dole ne a inganta tsarin bayanai na ƙamus don binciken ya kasance mai sauri da inganci.) A cewar Hajič, shine rarrabewar waɗannan siffofin kalmomi wanda yake da wahala (mafi yawa ga harsuna masu juyawa inda rashin tabbas ya fi girma fiye da harsuna aglutinative).

Sauran marubutan ba su raba ra'ayin Hajič ba cewa sarari ba matsala ba ne kuma maimakon lissafa duk nau'ikan kalmomi masu yiwuwa a cikin ƙamus, ana aiwatar da nazarin nau'ikan kalma ta hanyar ƙididdigar da ke ƙoƙarin raba nau'ikan farfajiyar cikin jerin morphemes da ke faruwa a cikin tsari wanda harshe ya ba da izini. Matsalar irin wannan bincike shine yawan iyakokin morpheme na al'ada ga harsuna masu haɗuwa. Kalmar harshe mai juyawa tana da ƙarshen ɗaya kawai sabili da haka yawan yiwuwar rarraba kalma a cikin tushe kuma ƙarshen yana da layi ne kawai tare da tsawon kalmar. A cikin harshe mai haɗuwa, inda aka haɗa ƙididdiga da yawa a ƙarshen kalma, yawan rarrabuwa daban-daban waɗanda dole ne a bincika su don daidaito suna da yawa. An yi amfani da wannan hanyar misali a ci gaban tsarin Larabci, inda agglutination ke faruwa lokacin da aka haɗa labarai, prepositions da conjunctions tare da kalma mai zuwa da sunayen suna tare da kalmar da ta gabata. Dubi Grefenstette et al. (2005) don ƙarin bayani.

Dubi kuma

• Ƙaddamarwa
• Harshen Agglutinative
• Ma'anar ma'anar
• Halitta da kalma
• Kalmomi mafi tsawo
  • Jerin sunayen wurare masu tsawo
  • Wikipedia:Sunayen wurare masu ban mamaki #Sunayen wuri masu tsawo
  • Hubert Blaine Wolfeschlegelsteinhausenbergerdorff Sr.

Bayanan littattafai

• Kimmo Koskenniemi & Lingsoft Oy: Finnish Morphological Analyser, Lingsoft Language Solutions, 1995-2011.
• Bernard Comrie (editor): The World's Major Languages, Oxford University Press, New York - Oxford 1990.
• Keith Denning, Suzanne Kemmer (ed.): A kan harshe: zaɓaɓɓun rubuce-rubucen Joseph H. Greenberg, Stanford University Press, 1990. Zaɓuɓɓukan sassan suna samuwa a cikin googlebooks.
• Victoria Fromkin, Robert Rodman, Nina Hyams: Gabatarwa ga Harshe, Thompson Wadsworth, 2007.
• Joseph H. Greenberg: Hanyar ƙididdiga ga nau'ikan harshe, 1960. Ana samunsa ta hanyar JSTOR da kuma Denning et al. (1990), shafi na 3-25.  Har ila yau, akwai ɗan gajeren bayani mai kyau.
• Gregory Grefenstette, Nasredine Semmar, Faïza Elkateb-Gara: Gyara Tsarin Tsarin Harshe na Harshe don Harsunan Turai don Kula da Larabci a cikin Hanyar Bayanai da Aikace-aikacen Bayanai, Hanyoyin Kwamfuta ga Harsunan Semitic - Ayyukan Bincike, Jami'ar Michigan 2005, shafi na 31-38.  Ana samunsa a [1].
• Jan Hajič: Rayuwa da tarihi: farkon fassarar na'ura mai lissafi da harsuna tare da wadataccen yanayin, IceTAL'10 Ayyuka na taron kasa da kasa na 7 kan Ci gaba a cikin sarrafa harshe na halitta, Springer-Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, 2010. Abstract samuwa a [2].
• Helena Lehečková: Úvod do ugrofinistiky, Statní pedagogické nakladatelství, Praha 1983.
• Robert Lord: Koyar da kanka Comparative Linguistics, The English Universities Press Ltd., St Paul's House, London 1967 (bugawa ta farko 1966).
• Hans Christian Luschützky: Uvedení daga typologie Nolaů, Filozofická fakulta Univerzity Karlovy, Praha 2003.
• J. Vendryes: Harshe - Gabatarwa ta Harshe ga Tarihi, Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner Co., Ltd., London 1925 (wanda Paul Radin ya fassara)